LNG An Introduction

14th April 2009
LIQUEFIED
NATURAL GAS
(LNG)
An Introduction
Presented By: N. MANIKANDAN
Contents
I. LNG OVERVIEW
II. TECHNIPS LNG CAPABILITY
III. LNG MANUFACTURING PROCESS
IV. LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGIES
V. CRITICAL EQUIPMENT
VI. LNG REGASIFICATION
Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction
LNG OVERVIEW
LNG is Natural Gas reduced to liquid state by cooling it to 162C
LNG is colorless, odorless, non-toxic and the gaseous form is lighter
than air
Natural gas required to manufacture LNG from gas reservoirs often
offshore
Gas produced from two different kinds of reservoirs, each requiring a
different processing technique.
Gas reservoirs produced at High Pressure
Oil reservoirs oil-gas dispersion/mixed phase or oil reservoir
gas caps; relatively lower pressure
LNG OVERVIEW
Methane (CH4 )
LIQUID AT 1 Bar
n-Butane 0.5C
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
i-Butane 12C
LPG
NATURAL Butane (C4H10)

NGL
HEAVIER FRACTIONS also referred to as:
GAS
ex-well
C5 +
Pentanes Plus
Propane 42C
Ethane 88C
Ethylene 103C
Methane 161C
Natural Gasoline
Oxygen 184C
Condensate
Nitrogen 196C
Non-Hydrocarbons
H2 253C
Helium 269C
H2O, CO2, H2S, N2, Hg, etc.

Why should Natural Gas be liquefied?
Liquefaction reduces gas volume by approx. 600 times.

More economical for liquid transport
through ship between countries/continents
through road carriers in land.
For remote gas fields (especially offshore) pipeline transportation

of gas is expensive hence natural gas is liquefied before
transportation
WHY WE NEED LNG?

9Growing power demand in the world and forecast
that by 2050 energy needs will double that of today
gas is a cheaper source of fuel.
9Oil companies under pressure to reduce gas flaring
develop strategies for dealing with gas.
9Growing demand for cleaner fuels gas is the
preferred choice for large-scale power plants.
9Reservoir recovery on an average about 60% of
the gas in the reservoir is recoverable, as compared
to 33% of an oil deposit.
NG A CLEAN FUEL COMPARED TO DIESEL

Flue gas from Flue gas from
Diesel burning
NG burning
Values in grams/kWH power generation
CO
15.5
NOx
HC
0.5
PM
0.15
0.05
How is LNG/NG Measured?

Natural Gas is measured in
Volume units, i.e. cubic feet or cubic meters

Energy Units, i.e. Million BTU or Million kCalories
VOLUME UNITS
Supplies to Power plants measured in Million standard cubic feet/day (MMSCFD)

or Million standard cubic meter/day (MMSCMD).
Resources and reserves calculated in Trillions of standard cubic feet (Tcf).
A Gas field containing 3.65 TCF around 12 MMSCMD gas for 25 years
A rough way of visualizing a trillion cubic feet of gas imagine enough of
product to fill a cube with its sides two miles long
ENERGY VALUES
Amount of energy obtained from the burning unit volume of Natural Gas measured in
British Thermal Unit (BTU) or kCalorie or kJoule.
At sea level, it takes about 75 BTU (19 kCal) to make a cup of tea.
A cubic feet of natural gas gives off about 1050 BTU (depends on quality of
gas) one cubic feet of Natural Gas may make 14 cups of tea
1 BTU = 0.252 kCalories = 1.055 kJoules
How is LNG/NG Measured?
1 Ton LNG
~1420 Std. m3 Gas
~51.7 Million BTU
~13 Million kCal
~54.5 Giga Joules
100 MW power plant requires ~ 0.5

MMSCMD Gas(~ 352 Tons/day)
15 MMTPA LNG Plant requires ~ 1 TCF
Natural Gas Per Annum
LNG Chain
Upstream
Regasification
Transportation
Treatment and
Liquefaction
Marketing
10
FEATURES OF LNG CHAIN

Gas Wells
Land/Offshore
Raw Gas
Pretreatment
Extracted NGL
Sweet Gas
NG
Liquefaction &
Fractionation
Vaporization
LNG
LNG
Storage
Storage
LNG
Loading
Natural gas
distribution
network
LNG
LNG
Transportation
LNG
Unloading
(Ship/Road tanker)
11
TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF LNG

COMPONENT
COMPOSITION (vol %)
Methane
>85
Ethane
<9.2
Propane
<3.0
Butanes
<2.0
Pentanes
<0.25
Nitrogen
<1.25
Water
<0.5 ppm
Carbon Dioxide
<50ppm
H2S
<3ppm
Mercury
0.01 ppb
12
TECHNIPS
LNG Capability
Technip in the LNG chain

GAS FIELDS
LIQUEFACTION
TERMINALS
Nigeria
Algeria
Freeport
Obite
Amenam
Nigeria
Enagas
Barcelona
Brunei
OPP
Qatar
Qatargas
QGII
Indonesia
Tunu
Peciko
Egypt
Samian Sapphire
NLNG Tr 1+2
NLNG Tr 3
NLNG Tr 4+5
NLNG Tr 6
NLNG Tr 7+8
OK LNG
Gulf LNG
Qatar
Qatargas expansion
QGII
QGIII/IV
Rasgas III
Yemen
Iran
Indonesia
Bontang I
Turnkey solutions for reduced cost marine works

14
Technip and LNG in short

Camel, Algeria, 1964
QGII, Qatar, 2008
We built the first ever LNG Plant, 45 years

ago...
We have been active ever since,
introducing many concepts that are
widely used
Tealarc process abandoned in 1993 in
favour of APCI liquefaction technology
under license
YLNG and OK LNG confirm our position
in the first tier of EPC contractors in LNG
15
Camel, Algeria, 1964
Camel, Algeria , 1964
16
Three Mega LNG Projects in Qatar

Qatargas II: construction of 2 of the worlds
largest LNG trains (4 & 5) with a total capacity of
15.6 million tons/year
Qatargas III and IV: construction 2 additional
trains (6 & 7)
Rasgas III: construction 2 trains (6 & 7)
Qatargas II
Saudi
Arabia
Qatar
Technip, in a joint venture,

is building the 6 largest LNG trains in the
world, with a capacity of 7.8 million
tons/year each.
17
LNG plants are huge!

Qatargas II View from Flare stack 24th May 2007
18
Yemen LNG
Client: Total, Yemen Gas &
partners
Capacity: 2 x 3.35 million
tons/year
Execution: Technip leader of
Yemgas JV
Yemen LNG
Commissioning: 2009
Using its LNG expertise and supported by

its presence in the Middle East, Technip and
its partners are building Yemens first LNG
plant.
19
Aerial view of Balhaf plant (Yemen LNG), Oct 2008
20
Shtokman LNG (FEED)

Client: Shtokman Development AG
Gazprom 51%
Total 25%
StatoilHydro 24%
Location: Teriberka, near Murmansk
One 7.5 Mt/y LNG train, APCI C3/MCR
One gas export train
FEED by Technip to be completed mid-2009
Shtokman LNG site
Technip is engineering the

LNG and gas plant facilities
for the first phase of
development of the largest
undeveloped gas field in the
world.
21
II. LNG MANUFACTURING

PROCESS
22
LNG Manufacturing Process

f Receiving gas from wells and manifolds
f Pressure control/reduction
f Inlet gas-condensate-water separation
f Feed gas compression
f Acid gas removal
f Gas Dehydration
Feed gas pretreatment
f Mercury removal
f Liquefaction
LIQUEFACTION FORMS THE HEART OF ANY LNG

MANUFACTURING FACILITY
f End flash
f LNG Storage and loading
f Fractionation of C1, C2, C3, C4 and NGL (i.e. Demethanizer, Deethanizer,
Depropanizer and Debutanizer)
f Condensate/NGL Storage and loading
23
LNG PLANT BLOCK DIAGRAM

Non Associated
Natural Gas
Liquefaction Process License
Associated
Gas
Sulphur
Recovery
Field
Facilities
Pipeline
Reception
Acid Gas
Removal
Dehydration
Mercury
Removal
LNG Storage
Loading
Fuel gas
N2 Rejection
NGL
Extraction
Liquefaction
LNG
Refrigeration
LNG Train
Refrigerant Make up
Fractionation
Condensate
Stabilisation
C5+ Gasoline (LPG)
Field condensate
24
III. NG LIQUEFACTION
TECHNOLOGIES
25
Available Technologies for Liquefaction

Mixed Refrigerant Cycle (MRC)
Single Mixed Refrigerant
Propane + Mixed Refrigerant
Dual Mixed Refrigerant
Cascade Refrigeration Cycle (CRC)

Simple/pure component cascade
Mixed Fluid Cascade
Expander Cycle (EC)

Nitrogen Cycle (different versions to suit plant capacity)
Technology selection based on Plant Capacity,

type of facility, feed gas composition changes,
trade-off between operating cost versus capital
cost.
26
CYCLE EFFICIENCY COMPARISON
27
Main Liquefaction Technologies

Process
C3/MCR
Licensor
APCI
Cycles
Plants in Operation
Exclusive
Contractor
None
1. C3
2. N2, C1, C2, C3
90% market
1. C3
2. C2=
3. C1
Trinidad, Egypt Idku,

Darwin Australia, Eq.
Guinea
Bechtel
Yemen, Nigeria (Bonny &

OK), Brunei, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Australia,
Qatargas, Rasgas, Oman,
CoP LNG
Process
ConocoPhillips
MFCP
Statoil/Linde 1. C2, C3
2. C1, C2, C3
3. N2, C1, C2
1. C3
APCI
2. C1, C2, C3
3. N2
SGSI
1. C2, C3
2. N2, C1, C2, C3
Snohvit (never reached

capacity)
Linde
6 under construction in
Qatar
QG Tr4 s/u 2008
1 under construction
Sakhalin s/u 2008
None
Axens
Pars LNG
(Technip/JGC FEED)
None
AP-X
DMR
Liquefin
1. C2, C3
2. N2, C1, C2, C3
None
28
Types of refrigeration cycles for Liquefaction

f Reverse Rankine Cycles
fUsed in large liquefaction plants

f Mixed Refrigerant Cycles
f Pure Component Cycles
f Hybrid e.g. pure propane cycle and one mixed refrigerant cycle
f Reverse Brayton Cycles
fSmall peak shaving units, LNG carrier boil off gas re-liquefaction
f Nitrogen cycles
29
MIXED REFRIGERANT CYCLE (MRC)

Sweet gas pre-cooling done by propane
Liquefaction done by main mixed refrigerant (MR)
Mixture comprises of Nitrogen and hydrocarbons (C1
to C3).
Mixture composition specified such that liquid
refrigerant evaporates over a temperature range
similar to that of liquefaction.
Advantages
9
Simple configuration
Higher thermodynamic efficiency
Fewer items of machinery
Only one or two compressors for refrigerant compression

30
TYPICAL NATURAL GAS REFRIGERANT COOLING CURVE
TEMPERATURE
Basic principles for cooling and liquefying the gas using refrigerants
involve matching as closely as possible the cooling & heating curves of
the process gas and refrigerant.
Nat. Gas Cooling curve
Refrigerant Cooling curve
HEAT
31
APCI PROPANE PRECOOLED MIXED REFRIGERANT PROCESS (C3/MCR)
32
NG Liquefaction with Mixed Refrigerant (C3/MCR)

HP-MR
Temperature (C)
PROPANE
TG
Water or Air
20
TG
Propane Cycle
Dew Pt
-20
-40
-60
-80
B Pt
Liquefaction Refrigerant
-100
-120
-140
-160
3000
2600
2200
1800
1400
1000
600
200
3400
H (kcal/kmole)
-180
33
LICENSORS FOCUS
THREE ASPECTS OF LNG PRODUCTION
COMPRESSION REQUIRED FOR REFRIGERATION CYCLES
POWER TO DRIVE REFRIGERATION CYCLES
- EARLIER PLANTS USED STEAM TURBINES
- CURRENT INDUSTRY NORM IS COMBUSTION GAS TURBINES OR
ELECTRIC MOTORS
MAIN CRYOGENIC HEAT EXCHANGER TO CHILL THE INCOMING GAS
- SPIRAL WOUND HEAT EXCHANGER (SWHE) DOMINATED MARKET
- BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGERS CHALLENGE
DOMINANCE OF SWHE
34
IV.CRITICAL EQUIPMENT
35
CRITICAL EQUIPMENT IN LNG PLANT

CRYOGENIC HEAT EXCHANGERS
LARGE COMPRESSORS CENTRIFUGAL AND/OR AXIAL
LARGE DRIVERS FOR COMPRESSORS (>50MW DRIVERS)
GAS TURBINES OR MOTORS
LARGE COOLERS FOR COMPRESSOR INTERSTAGE (AIR
COOLED OR SEA WATER COOLED)
LARGE UTILITY SYSTEMS
LARGE CRYOGENIC STORAGE TANKS
36
Types of Heat Exchangers for Liquefaction

(Main Cryogenic Heat Exchangers MCHE)
fSpiral wound Heat Exchangers

(SWHE)
9Cylindrical tall tower, packed with spiral wound
bundle of narrow tubes.
9Transportation constraint limit the size max size
4.5m dia x 30m tall, as a single piece.
9Flexible to operate
9Proprietary item less competition
37
Air Products Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger
APCI documents
38
REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS
Propane pre-cooling
Centrifugal compressor
Side-streams at 3 or 4 pressure levels
Typically 50 MW
Gas Turbine plus Starter/Helper Motor
Mixed refrigerant liquefaction and sub-cooling

Large volumetric flows
Two casing arrangements (LP and HP)
Axial LP / centrifugal HP compressor (45 48 bar)
Typically 80 MW Gas Turbine (e.g. Frame 7) plus Starter/Helper Motor
LP compressor - axial or centrifugal
HP centrifugal compressor
39
Centrifugal Compressors
40
PROPANE COMPRESSOR (CENTRIFUGAL)
41
Gas Turbines - General Electric
Frame 9
42
Heat rejection air and water cooling

Liquefaction plants reject a large amount of heat to the surroundings to
provide cooling for the refrigeration compressor systems
Water cooling
Air cooling
Typical cooling water requirement

about 70,000m3/h
43
Typical Utilities for LNG Production

fElectric power
typical power requirement about 300 MWe for 5 MMTPA LNG plant
using all motor driven refrigeration compressors,.

Depending on Train Capacity each Refrigeration Compressor in MRC
consumes 50 to 75MW power (turbine or motor driven)
fHot water/Hot oil as heating medium in

fractionation section, glycol regeneration, solvent recovery in acid gas
removal unit.
Hot water generated by heat recovery from gas turbine exhaust
Typical process demand of thermal energy from hot water is about
100MWth for a 5 MMTPA LNG plant.
Nitrogen high purity (99.9%) used in refrigerant make-up
44
LNG STORAGE TANKS

Capacity: 30,000 m3 ~200,000 m3
Typically about 44 to 80m dia and 22 to 36m Height
Types of Storage Tanks
Above-ground
Conventional single wall tank with Dike
Double containment tank (steel roof)
Full containment tank (concrete roof + steel )
Under-ground
The UG tanks are of continuous membrane walls, sidewalls and Basement
slabs and Roof.
Design Pressure: 290 ~ 310 mbarg / -5 ~ -10 mbarg, Design Temperature: 166C to 170C.
Storage Tank Protection (Vacuum & Relief Devices)
Pressure relief valve: Set Pr 260 mbarg to flare

Pressure relief valve: Set Pr 280 mbarg to Atm
Vacuum relief valve: Set Pr -5 mbarg In breath N2
45
LNG STORAGE FACILITY Contd.
Storage Tank Selection

Criteria
Location
Environmental considerations
Operational conditions
Safety and economic efficiency
46
Full containment tank
TANK DESIGN PRESSURE

15 to 300 mbarg
CARBON STEEL VAPOUR BARRIER
GLASSWOOL
Filling, Emptying, Instrumentation,

ALL PENETRATIONS THROUGH THE CONCRETE DOME
9% Ni STEEL
INNER TANK
REINFORCED
CONCRETE ROOF
NG
POST-TENSIONED
CONCRETE SHELL
PERLITE
SUSPENDED DECK
RESILIENT
BLANKET
Liquid Gas at 160C
9% Ni THERMAL
CORNER PROTECTION
HEATING SYSTEM
CONCRETE
SLAB
9% Ni SECONDARY BOTTOM
CELLULAR GLASS
47
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
The MOC of major/critical Equipment in Pre-cooling and liquefaction units:
Aluminum and SS for MCHE

Refrigeration Compressors 3.5Ni/13Cr
LNG Expanders SS
Endflash unit SS vessels and SS pumps
SS-316 for columns/vessels
The MOC of major/critical Equipment in LNG storage:
Storage tank 9% Ni Steel

LNG Pumps: Aluminum Alloy (Casting & Impeller)
48
LNG IMPORT FACILITY

Unloading Jetty
Liquid Unloading Arms & Vapour Return Arms
Liquid Unloading & Vapour return pipelines
LNG Storage tanks
Boil-off Gas (BOG) Compressor
LNG pumps (LP and HP Pumps)
LNG Vaporizers
Metering Systems for gas distribution/send-out
49
LNG REGASIFICATION
LIQUID PRODUCT VAPORIZED/REGASIFIED BEFORE
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION BY PIPELINE
PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION FROM LIQUID STATE
TO GASEOUS STATE REQUIRES HEAT INPUT INTO
THE LNG
THE VAPORIZATION EQUIPMENT ACCOMPLISHES
HEAT TRANSFER IN A SAFE, EFFICIENT MANNER.
WIDELY USED VAPORIZATION EQUIPMENT
OPEN RACK VAPORIZER
SUBMERGED COMBUSTION VAPORIZER
50
LNG REGASIFICATION BLOCK FLOW

DIAGRAM
VAP
LNG
VAPOUR
RETURN
ARM
BOG COMPR
EXPORT GAS
METERING
BOG
RECONDENSER
UNLOADING
ARMS
LNG VAPORISER *
LNG BOOSTER
PUMP
STORAGE
TANK
M
TO GAS
DISTRIBUTION
PIPELINE
IN TANK
PUMPS
SEA WATER
INTAKE
SEA WATER
DISCHARGE
51
151 to 105C
0 150 mbarg
0 19000 Nm3/h
(NET BOG)
BOG Compressor
30 to 0C
3 6 Barg
FSRU PROCESS
SCHEMATIC
TO VENT MAST
Recondenser
Vapour Return
Arm
Hybrid
Arm
160.5C
6 - 7 Barg
LNG Storage Tanks

(MOSS Spheres)
4 x 34250 m3
Metering
Intermediate Fluid
Vaporiser
LNG
Unloading
Arms
Natural Gas
0C; 84 Barg
14.7 MMSCMD
5.37 BCM/Yr
155C
87 Barg
157C
2 Barg
12,000 m3/h
M
145 to
150C
3 6 Barg
Sea water from power plant

turbine condenser
Sea water
return
PROPANE
DRUM
To 32
Subsea Pipeline
(via turret,
PLEM)
HP Send Out Pump

52
LNG Vaporizers
LNG re-gasified in vaporizing units by heating,
through heat exchange with seawater or by
burning gas.
Open-Rack type LNG Vaporizer (ORV) uses sea
water as the heat source.
Submerged Combustion Vaporizer (SCV) uses NG
as the heat source
SCV used when ORV is under maintenance or for
peak shaving.
Multiple ORVs and only one SCV are used.
SCV capacity is generally 15 to 25% of ORV
capacity.
53
Open-Rack Vaporizer
ORV composed of panel-shaped heat transfer tubes
made of aluminum alloy.
LNG flows upward inside the finned heat transfer tubes,
sea water flows down along the outer surfaces of the
tubes.
Performance Improvement and reduction of sea water
flow rate for conventional ORVs are limited due to ice
formation on the outer surface of heat transfer tubes.
Approx. sea water
evaporated at 5C T
requirement:
32
m3/ton
LNG
To protect the ORV against corrosion by seawater, an

aluminum-zinc alloy is thermal-sprayed on the panels and
upper and lower headers exposed to seawater.
54
Open-Rack Vaporizer
55
56
Submerged Combustion Vaporizer
57
Distribution Facility
Gas Distribution by Pipeline
Power Plants
Petrochemical/Fertilizer Plants
Heavy/Light Industries (Steel/Automobile)
City Domestic Consumption
Liquid Distribution by Road Tanker
Small Consumers
Remote Housing Facility
58
SUCCESS OF AN LNG PLANT DEPENDS ON
STRONG THERMODYNAMIC
FUNDAMENTALS
SOUND ENGINEERING
PRACTICES
WELL DEFINED EVALUATION
CRITERIA
59
Thank you
for
your attention
60

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14th April 2009

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

NATURAL Butane (C4H10)

H2O, CO2, H2S, N2, Hg, etc.

Why should Natural Gas be liquefied?

Liquefaction reduces gas volume by approx. 600 times.

For remote gas fields (especially offshore) pipeline transportation

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

WHY WE NEED LNG?

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

NG A CLEAN FUEL COMPARED TO DIESEL

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

How is LNG/NG Measured?

Volume units, i.e. cubic feet or cubic meters

Supplies to Power plants measured in Million standard cubic feet/day (MMSCFD)

How is LNG/NG Measured?

100 MW power plant requires ~ 0.5

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

FEATURES OF LNG CHAIN

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF LNG

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

Technip in the LNG chain

Turnkey solutions for reduced cost marine works

Technip and LNG in short

QGII, Qatar, 2008

We built the first ever LNG Plant, 45 years

Camel, Algeria, 1964

Camel, Algeria , 1964

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

Three Mega LNG Projects in Qatar

Technip, in a joint venture,

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

LNG plants are huge!

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

Using its LNG expertise and supported by

Aerial view of Balhaf plant (Yemen LNG), Oct 2008

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

Shtokman LNG (FEED)

Shtokman LNG site

Technip is engineering the

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

II. LNG MANUFACTURING

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

LNG Manufacturing Process

Feed gas pretreatment

LIQUEFACTION FORMS THE HEART OF ANY LNG

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

LNG PLANT BLOCK DIAGRAM

Liquefaction Process License

C5+ Gasoline (LPG)

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

Available Technologies for Liquefaction

Cascade Refrigeration Cycle (CRC)

Expander Cycle (EC)

Technology selection based on Plant Capacity,

CYCLE EFFICIENCY COMPARISON

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction

Main Liquefaction Technologies

Trinidad, Egypt Idku,

Yemen, Nigeria (Bonny &

Snohvit (never reached

Liquefied Natural Gas - An Introduction