Paper 1: A new DC Offset and I/Q Mismatch Compensation Technique for a CMOS

Direct Conversion
WLAN Transmitter: 2007

Uses adequate pair of DC test signals for detection of Tx non-idealities

Envelope detector used is a Class- B Biased NMOS Dynamic Range
Compressor
The polarity of the power levels on using two test signals for each estimation
of imbalance parameter is used as a fluctuation of power level test which is
detected by a comparator instead of a multi-bit ADC
DC offset compensation I/Q Gain mismatch compensation I/Q Phase
Mismatch Compensation
DC offset Compensation:
DC Test signals

X 1 (V c , 0)

and

X 2 (V c ,0) are inputs to the modulator

sequentially (alternatively). Correspondingly,

P1

and

P2

are the

modulator output powers.

Since,

X 1|=|
X 2|
|

P1=P2
If

until

P1 P2 , DC offset exists and we need to adjust

CI

P1=P2

The polarity of

P1P2

test for finding optimum

when DC Offset is not present

is detected by an envelope detector and is used as a

C I using binary search algorithm. The

magnitudes of each output are then compared using sample-and-hold based

comparator.
Similar process is repeated for Q path!

No requirement for the detector to be linear as only polarity is used as a

condition. The non-linear property automatically compresses the dynamic
range of the signal essentially taking the place of variable gain circuit.
I/Q Gain Compensation:

DC Test signals

X 3 (V c , 0)

and

X 4 (0,V c ) are inputs to the modulator

P3

sequentially (alternatively). Correspondingly,

and

P4

are the

modulator output powers.

P3=P4

when no internal gain mismatch is present

P3P4 >0 , gain in I path is larger than the Q path and mismatch

If

decreases as the gain

the Q arm), increases.
If

mismatch compensation parameter, k (which is in

P3P4 <0 , gain in Q path is larger than the I path

k is also searched using binary search algorithm

I/Q Gain Compensation:

DC Test signals
and

P6

X5(

V c Vc
, )
2 2

and

X6(

Vc

Vc

are the inputs and

are the corresponding output powers.

If I and Q are orthogonal,

If is less than 90 ,

P5=P6

P5P6 >0

and mismatch reduces with

Paper 2: Digital Precompensation of Imperfections in QMs: 2000

No training sequence
Adaptive LMS compensation independent of the statistic of the
transmitted data

Separate treatment of the three existing errors:

P5

The output of the Quadrature modulator is:

'
o ( t ) =( x ( t ) + x ) cos ( c t ) +(1+ )( y ( t )+ y ) sin ( c t+ )

Where

: Quadrature Error when the two signals

cos ( c t )

and

sin ( c t )

arent perfectly orthogonal

: Gain Imbalance between paths x and y

: Residual Error due to a continuous component added on the

complex envelope

(i)

s (t )

Quadrature Error

''

The envelope of

o' ( t )

where

s ( t )=x ( t )+iy (t)

is squared to obtain

E Q2 ( t )

Mean is obtained after multiplication with signum function i.e we

normalize the complex signal.

q=2 sin ( ) E [| x ( t )|]E [| y (t )|]

(ii)

Residual Carrier

' x'

and

' y '

After obtaining

Ec 2 ( t ) , we multiply by
x

to obtain residual errors

x =2 x E [|x ( t )|]

(iii)

and

Gain Imbalance Error

and

sign(x ( t ) )

respectively as

y =2 y E[| y ( t )|]

''

b=(2 + 2 )(E [ y 2 ( t ) ] E [|x ( t )|]E [ y 2 ( t )| y ( t )|])

Improved Technique:

and

sign( y ( t ))

 2 ( n )=E2s ( n ) E2r ( n ) ;
2
2
2
E r ( n )= x + y

An adaptive setting of the reference squared envelope level using

simple LMS
Solution converges in about 2000 iterations for each error
Non-linearities in the ED will be taken into account for future
research

Paper 3: Adaptive Losses for the Imbalance and Offset Losses in DC Tx,
1993

A complete offline technique for compensation

LMS Algorithm is used for compensation

Adaptation of Gain and Phase Imbalance

4 test signals are used:

(1)

v m =[0, A]

v m(3)=[ A , A] T / 2

(2)

v m =[ A , 0 ]

v m(4) =[A , A ]T / 2

Adaptation is complete when all 4 phases give the same output

ve

from

the ED.
Error Signals are difference between test signal outputs in pairs:

f g ( e g , e p ) =Ge 'v q(1)Ge 'v q(2 ) Ge' A e g

f p ( e g , e p )=G e' v q(3)Ge' v q(4 ) Ge' A e p
'

Ge :

Gain around the loop

e g , e p : Misadjustment errors

Paper 4: Joint I/Q Mismatch and Distortion Compensation in DC Tx, June 2013

Compensates both frequency and non-frequency dependent compensation

parameters
Uses recursive algorithms (LMS) to estimate the impairments from the
instantaneous power of the transmitted signal
ED based circuit measures the output power in the square-law region and
analysis is done on an ideal diode model!
Estimation and compensation are performed in the regular operation mode
Convergence Analysis is covered
Models Modulator Imbalances are frequency independent since LO is a single
tone

(Gain Imbalance),

(Phase Imbalance),

d id q (DC offsets)

Imperfect LPFs in I and Q branch as frequency dependent

The instantaneous power measurement of a transmitted RF signal :

z ( n )= p ( n ) +w (n) ;
2

p ( n )=| y ( n)| + p o ;

po : DC and

w (n) : noise in the feedback circuit

The error function of interest is the mean square of the difference between
the instantaneous power measurement of the output signal and the
estimated output

MSE= 2 ( n , c^ ) >; ( n , c^ )=z ( n ) p ( n , c^ )

expectation

where we take the sample average for