TRC2200: Thermo Fluids & Power Systems

LECTURE 16

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Lecturer: Alpha Agape Gopalai

Recap: Energy Balance for a Closed System

For any process, the first law of thermodynamics dictates

Overview
Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work commonly encountered
in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines and compressors.
Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of the
conservation of energy principle for closed (fixed mass) systems.
Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.

Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at
constant pressure.
Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems that involve
heat and work interactions for general pure substances, ideal gases, and
incompressible substances.

Moving Boundary Work

Moving boundary work is one form of mechanical work associated
with a moving boundary.
Consider a gas undergoing a quasi-equilibrium expansion process in a
piston cylinder device.

Moving Boundary Work

Therefore, for process 1-2, total boundary work is

Note: We assume that

the process is in quasi
equilibrium

Moving Boundary Work

Boundary work is dependent
on path. Area under each
process curve is different.

In a cycle, net work is equal to

the area enclosed.

Time to Think
A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and 150 oC. As a result of heat
transfer to the surroundings, the temperature and pressure inside the
tank drop to 650C and 400 kPa, respectively. Determine the boundary
work done during this process.

Time to Think
A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and 150 oC. As a result of heat
transfer to the surroundings, the temperature and pressure inside the
tank drop to 650C and 400 kPa, respectively. Determine the boundary
work done during this process.
Isomeric system
OR
Isochoric

Time to Think..
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contain 5 kg of steam at 400 kPa
and 200oC. Heat is now transfer to the steam until the temperature
reaches 250oC. If the piston is not attached to a shaft and its mass is
constant, determine the work done of the steam during this process

Time to Think..
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contain 5 kg of steam at 400 kPa
and 200oC. Heat is now transfer to the steam until the temperature
reaches 250oC. If the piston is not attached to a shaft and its mass is
constant, determine the work done of the steam during this process

Isobaric system

Time to Think..

Time to Think..
A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and
80oC. The air is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such way that the
temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Determine the
work done during the process.

Time to Think..
A piston cylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and
80oC. The air is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such way that the
temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Determine the
work done during the process.

Time to Think..

Moving Boundary Work

Positive work (sign) indicates that the work is done by the system
Negative work (sign) indicates that the work is done on the system
Actual expansion and compression processes of gases are often
polytropic. i.e. PVn=constant
When n = 1, then PV = constant, which is an expression for the
isothermal process.

Time to Think..
A piston cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is
maintained at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater is
turned on. Heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs.
a) Show that boundary work and change of internal energy can be
combined into change of enthalpy.
b) Find the final temperature
What is our first course of action?
Step 1: Problem statement. Open vs closed system?
Step 2: Schematics. System, Boundary and Surrounding Interactions.

Time to Think..
A piston cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is
maintained at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater is
turned on. Heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs.
This is a:
1. Isobaric System
2. Closed System

Step 3: Assumptions & Approximations

We are not given any information
about elevation or velocity. Therefore,
we can assume the system to be a
stationary system

Time to Think..
A piston cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is
maintained at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater is
turned on. Heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs.
Step 4: Physical Laws

Isobaric System

Time to Think..
A piston cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is
maintained at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater is
turned on. Heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs.

From Table A-4

But how to use this information to solve for final

temperature?
Solving for h2

Time to Think..

Time to Think..
A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition contains 5kg
of water at 200 kPa and 25oC and the other side is evacuated. The
partition is then removed, the water is allowed to exchange heat with
its surroundings until the temperature in the tank returns to the initial
value of 25oC. Determine (a) volume of water in the tank, (b) final
pressure, (c) heat transfer from the process.

What is our first course of action?

Step 1: Problem statement. Open vs closed system?
Step 2: Schematics. System, Boundary and Surrounding Interactions.

Time to Think..
A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition contains 5kg
of water at 200 kPa and 25oC and the other side is evacuated. The
partition is then removed, the water is allowed to exchange heat with
its surroundings until the temperature in the tank returns to the initial
value of 25oC. Determine (a) volume of water in the tank, (b) final
pressure, (c) heat transfer from the process.
This is a:
1. Isochoric or Isomeric System
2. Closed System
Step 3: Assumptions & Approximations
We are not given any information
about elevation or velocity. Therefore,
we can assume the system to be a
stationary system

Time to Think..
Step 4: Physical Laws

Time to Think..
An insulated rigid tank initially contains 0.7 kg of helium at 27oC and
350 kPa, A paddle wheel with a power rating of 0.015 kW is operated
within the tank for 30 minutes. Determine (a) the final temperature,
(b) the final pressure.

Time to Think..
An insulated rigid tank initially contains 0.7 kg of helium at 27oC and
350 kPa, A paddle wheel with a power rating of 0.015 kW is operated
within the tank for 30 minutes. Determine (a) the final temperature,
(b) the final pressure.
Assumptions:
Helium is an ideal gas
Stationary System, delta KE = delta PE = 0
Volume is constant, no boundary work
Insulated tanks, adiabatic system
Specific heat at constant volume Table A2.

Time to Think..
Final Temperature

Final Pressure

Time to Think..
a

Time to Think..
a

Time to Think..
Final Temperature, T3

Total work done, W13

Time to Think..
Heat Transfer, Q13

OR

Using Table A-21 to find u

Using Table A-2 to find Cv

Lecture Summary
Moving Boundary Work
Energy Balance for Closed System
Internal energy, enthalpy and specific heats of ideal gases

Attendance Code