Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. The superficial degree of divergence D of a diagram counts the power of momenta. For a diagram with L
loops, IB internal boson lines and IF internal fermion lines, D = dL 2IB IF in d-dimensional spacetime
1
1
because each scalar propagator tends to 2 , each fermionic propagator tends to and we integrate over
k
k
X
fr
nr IB IF +
each loop. Consider a theory with interaction vertices r br fr . Use Eulers formula
r
X
X
L = 1 and formula for the number of internal lines 2IB =
nr br EB , 2IF = 2
nr fr EF to rewrite
r
X
d2
d1
D =d
EB
EF +
nr r ,
2
2
r
r =
d2
br + (d 1)fr d .
2
X
3
d2
For d = 4, we find D = 4 EB EF +
nr r with r = br + 3fr 4. In d-dimensions, [] =
and
2
2
r
d1
d2
[] =
, so [r ] = d
br (d 1)fr = r and negative coupling dimension corresponds to a
2
2
non-renormalisable theory.
X
2. For a scalar field in d = 2, D = 2 2
nr so any polynomial interaction is renormalisable. The only
r
divergent connected 1PI diagrams in theory are those with only one vertex, i.e.
and
. These are
subtracted upon renormalisation and is consistent with normal-ordering, which removes . For a fermionic
EF X
field in d = 2, D = 2
+
nr (fr 2) so only interactions with fr 2 is renormalisable.
2
r
Z
1
1
(n)
3. From power-counting, we see that Id =
dd k 2
diverges if d 2n 0. We use the
d
(4)
(k
+
m 2 )n
Z
Z
2
d/2
to write
identities x () =
d 1 ex and dd k ek =
0
Z
Z
Z
2
1
d
m2n+d
1
(n)
d
n d
n1 (k2 +m2 )
2 1 em =
Id =
d
k
d
e
=
.
d
d
(2)d (n)
2
(4) 2 (n) 0
(4) 2 (n)
0
4
d
= 0, 1, 2, . . ., which agrees with power-counting if d is even. Note that there is no
2
pole at odd d, so we have analytically continued the original integral.
4. With c, c0 > 0, consider
Z
Z
Z
Z
x1
x1
x1
y 1
0
I1 (c) =
dx
,
I2 (c, c ) =
dx
,
I
(c)
=
dx
dy
.
3
x+c
(x + c)(x + c0 )
x+c 0
(y + c)(x + y + c)
0
0
0
(n)
Id
has poles at n
=
,
c c 0
x + c x + c0
sin
c c0
Z
Z
Z
x1
y 1
I1 and I2 have simple poles at integer values of . I3 has double poles at integer values of and at halfc
1
1
integers at 1/2, 1/2, 3/2, etc. Near = 0, I1 + c log c and I2 . Since () E , (1 )
c
1
c
2c
12
1 + E , (2 1) + E 1 and c
c(1 2 log c), so I3 (c) 2
+
log c. Thus the log c
2
2
2
subdivergence may be subtracted by considering I3 I1 .
Z
d eA , rescaling = sx and using the identity (sx) = s1 (x), we find
5. Using A1 =
1
=
A1 A2 An
ds s
d
Rn
+
i i Ai
n1
ds s
d x
Rn
+
xi
es
xi A i
P
P
Z
i xi )
(1 i xi )
n (1
n
= (n)
= (n 1)!
.
d x P
d x P
( i x i Ai ) n
( i x i Ai ) n
x[0,1]n
x[0,1]n
Z
1+D
m2 + B 2
are
and 0 =
1+A
(1 + A)2
"
!
"
#
#
2
2
m
2
1
2
5
2
2
2 2
3
2
2
3 ),
m0 = m +
+ m
+ O( ) = m 1 + +
1+
+ O(
2
2
12
2
12
!
"
"
#
#
2
2
3
1
9
17
3
2
4 ) = 16 2
+
3
4 ).
1+
+ 3
1+
+ O(
+
+ O(
0 = 16 2
2
6
2
6
1
f1 =
+ O(4 ),
2
4
2
16
1536
d
16
768 4
52
d
52
b1 =
m2 = b1 =
+ O(3 ).
2
4
2
16
3072
d
16
1536 4
93
d
d
d
d
4
2
3
1 f2 =
+O( ) = f1 and b2 = 4 +O( ) = m2 +
The double poles satisfy
b1 ,
d
128 4
d
d
d
as expected.
7. To one loop, the 1PI diagrams that contribute to F2 (p, p) in 4 theory are
k
p
-p
-p
= p2 m2
2
dd k
1
.
(2)d k 2 + m2
(1)
Id from problem 3. In dimensional regularisation, d = 4 , we find
2
m2 e 2 log m2 2
m2
m2
2
2
=
1
=
1
+
+O()
=
1
+
+
log
m
log
4
+O().
E
E
2
16 2
(4)2 2
(4)2 2
I4
In the M S scheme, we subtract the divergent and finite parts. So we are left with
m2
m2
F2 (p, p) = p2 m2 +
1
log
.
32 2
2
The 1PI diagrams that contribute to F4 (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 ) are
p1
p3
p1
p3
+
p2
p4
p1
p2
p-k
p4
p3
p3
p4
p-k
p2
+
p2
p1
p-k
p4
(k + m ) + ((p k) + m ) = ( + )
p
k
+
2
p2
+m +
( + )2
#
( + )(k 02 + m02 ).
(2)
f (p2 ),
=
2
( + )2 d
32 2 0
2
32 2
0
0
The one-loop diagrams correspond to p2 = s, t, u, respectively. Including the tree level contribution,
4 (p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 ) =
2
(f (s) + f (t) + f (u)) ,
32 2
s = (p1 + p2 ),
t = (p1 + p3 ),
u = (p1 + p4 ).
It is straightforward to check that the Greens functions satisfy the Callan-Symanzik equations
2
2
2
2
32
m2
2 = 2m m m + O(2 ) = O(2 ),
+
+
F
16 2 16 2 m2
m2 3 32 2
16 2
32
m2
2 32
32
+
+
F4 = 2
+ O(3 ) = O(3 ).
2
2
2
2
16 16 m
32
16 2
1
1
3
s
2
log
. We check
32 2
2
that it satisfies the Callan-Symanzik equation to all orders
32
m2
3
2 2s
32 1
+
+
F4 =
F42 = 0.
16 2 16 2 m2
32 2 s 3
16 2 2
Suppose F4 (p, p, p, p) = 0 for p2 = m2 , then s = 4m2 , t = u = 0 and we can express 0 in terms of
0 = +
2
2
32
m2
2
f
(4m
)
+
2f
(0)
+
log
32 2
16 2 32 2
2
= 0 +
02
302
m2
log
+O(03 ).
16 2 32 2
2
Z
g(s)
0
h
s i
d log 1 (1 ) 2 ,
m
I
=
2
+
2
(2)d k 2 + m2
2 d
2 (4)3 2
2
2
m
log
2
g m4 e 2
1 3 E
gm4
1
m2
1
1 3 E
=
+
+
O()
=
log
+
log
4
+ O().
2 (4)3 2
4
2
128 3
4
2
2
2
2
1 gm4
. The two point function is identical to that in problem 7.
128 3
Z
g 2
dd k
1
g 2 (2)
=
=
I
d
2
2
2
2
2
(2) (k + m )((p k) + m )
2 6
g 2 (m02 )1 2
m02
2
m02
=
1
=
1
+
+
log
log
4
+ O().
E
2 (4)3 2
2
128 3
2
-p
p- k
Z 1
1 g2
1 2
1 g2
2
2
2
d m + (1 )p =
m + p . The three point function
The divergent part is
64 3 0
64 3
6
can be computed again using Feynmans parametric identity
p2
p1
1
(k 2 + m2 )((p1 k)2 + m2 )(p2 k)2 + m2 )
Z
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
3
(1 )
= 2 2 g 3 dd k d d
d
3.
2
2
[(k + m ) + ((p1 k)2 + m2 ) + ((p2 k)2 + m2 )]
0
0
0
3
= 2 g 3
p 2- k
p3
p 1- k
dd k
p1 + 3 p2
(3)
. The integral over k 0 is Id
++
3
2
(3)
g 3 I6
(m02 ) 2
g3
= 2 g
=
2
128 3
(4)3 2 (3)
3
2
2
m02
E log 2 + log 4 + O().
1 g3
. These divergences can be cancelled by adding the counter term
64 3
1
1
1
1
1 2
1 2
2
00
3
2
2
4
2 2 2
3 3
2
g () + V () =
Lc.t. =
+ 3 gm + 3g m + g () + g .
3!(4)3 2
3!(4)3
2
1 2
1 1 2
1 1
12
2
4
g m + p
to
gm to each 1-point vertex, A + B =
which effectively adds E =
128 3
64 3
6
1
1 1
each 2-point vertex and C =
2 g 3 to each 3-vertex. Since [] = 2 and [m] = 1. It follows that
(4)3
2
[Lc.t. ] = 6 , as expected.
9. We work out the bare parameters, beta function and anomalous dimension as we did for for problem 6
m2 + B
1 g2
1 g2
1 5g 2
2
2
4
2
m0 =
=m 1
1+
+ O(g ) = m 1 +
+ O(g 4 ),
1+A
64 3
384 3
384 3
3 1 g2
1+C
1 g2
1 3g 2
2g
2g
g0 = 2 g
1
+
=
+ O(g 5 ),
=
64 3
2 384 3
256 3
(1 + A)3/2
d
3g 3
d
5g 2
g = g
1 f1 =
,
m2 = g b1 =
.
3
dg
256
dg
192 3
The divergent part is