حقوق الطفل في اللإسلام

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e T
K c K |f ] w
pY}A eL Y feU rhA [ fU] m

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Y }wnJ {x q>
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US bhR
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ncA Y U }hQ U
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U qdS nei ()
J f_e= hU meT K cK |f]w T w{T `\T :Un_> US R gÛ :
{S pdÙ f_e= gÛ .nghdL bx U nfU L dL }g^x dR pdÙ {bU f_e= = ~hheU
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aJ heU @ nfU L dL {bx Y :nbx gdU :}î nhU
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. {i}dU
ph aR dx A [U Y nw}_ZU }eU }H @ {L dL {> ph nx @ :hmT
geG G < v ZTm< _T {Ajw :nS Qn}U L ]i~U
@ eX mv|^H |dT \_=
|dT \_= :nS QfL ]i~dU }B ph R hbaU }\x Y :}î cw
= Y nU rx{U p_hZU nH :}î _T cw @ _T X mfG
hx}U nae= pex}cU px J {hhb= ~Un= U px hx}U h= eU cex ncfU nY{bY
}eU ZT phfU cR = }x}b> Y ncfU nT :}î U {hU }T neT
px f= }Y gR YnY ng{= ngfx }nH ZT nY ~n@ ~heY nT U a]U nY nw}_I [=
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22
oav|dT :m Tm>
nw{I
pUa]U A}Y w Y {AT U {_= pbw}eU pdA}Y >j>
:nbeU R ai }]x |U ydeU

kU phHnA
ngY n= dbx kH w pbw}eU pdA}Y R nfnf= Y Yn_i hT

g@nax |B pdA}eU |w gnf= {A d=
{S .g_eU }hQ >nR}[=
c>}x _Y Y{][hR >nR}[> ga>

_Y Yn_U gfY }hcU x
phahcU
gx w}ha> ph=}U afU ned_U nT .px=}U n]B _=
{[U |w R >nI nxn x n \x x{dU lR w}eU Y Yn_U

:>jx nehR hdL \U hd> ni nY |w
}gddT
f`dT
U pHnU Y) ecU pdA}e= a]U }Y {_= i afU nedL }x

dL yd] {x{@ pdA}Y {> Un_ai ~> n= > U (}ZL pxnU
f_e= w w Y BjY pedcdU `dU f_eU .pbw}eUn= nghe>
.A dL nI Ù w :nbx nS
{Ù \i L nL dUnR dU gaY L dY pbw}eU gaY
eY L nL w pbw}eU nefh= phdHnfU
phUn_ai px{U }hÙ
.()phini ph[ZU dL }]> U phdb_U
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ZT {Ajw iQ
nwiT mX ... :QhU = dL
L rx{U
.()|`< ~gT m wi= ZTm< v
. dU \R n {eY T{dU ph=}U d_eU :{[U |g= @ ()
. ncA ox|g> ()
23
pUa]U pdA}Y Y ni ng_Y bfx pHnA

pdA}Y ngij= pbw}eU ne>
_I Y nL R}> w .fU s\fU p=[U pU@}U pdA}Y U
kY }A
cx w}eU nx |U n? bH U p@nUn=
[afY
nbfUn= |BjhR px}caU {hb_U U p@nUn= }_Zx neT n`[U L
.n }_Y {Sni }R }L
mf=mc \X oav|dT cK |^T

nfU {=
gai
w}eU Y Yn_i hT :kH L p=n@ R
{U phdbL phai
px{@
}h`>
Y ngbR}x nY ng[n[B pdA}eU |w
nH pdcZeU _U
.ng_Y oHnf> px=}> nd ]Y Y }a> nY w}eU
pbw}eU phHnU ngY n= g@ R ec> w}eU Y Yn_U R
nfilR nfw Y .px=}U }hQ px=}U ng>nh\beU gega>
{L U|T nghew
w}eU Y Yn_U pRnb? ngY n= fL gTY } U L{i

.n[B }U dL neL
oSdT oRzZT g?T
px{= w}edU {U db_U efU

i :bU nffcex e_U dL
}hcU phZU b_U ~x}Ù } Y U R}x nY ~}Q ya>

nY {I =}> _ phUn_ai UnA o= ~}Q Y Snhi Y
nH {U cx d T U nY }eU
U dhY bHn= w}eU _I
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neL oS_= }h[> {hI}> gh@>
phUn> ]U pL}eU
Yn_U w neU |w R i =}U dH nT ne=

.pH{eU }hQ
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w S Y _Y
24
{_x
YjeU
U S dL w }î pg@ Y w}eUnR .{_U {hU
aJ
n` h[I
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dL }_U
n \x nfhdL .nghdL bRi U U }î pg@ U neH hU
{I {S ZeU ph[fU {=l= ngU dU nx R TnZY Yew

p_=}U H
x}ZU fU rx{U
{_= nf= Y Yn_U } U {beU

zgG
zTT :fL nehR P nS pAn[eU pSn[eU nH dL }ZL
.()geG G |w geG G zK geG G
pTY n \x d]eU lR pSn[eU dH nI pegY U n Rn\Y
R pH{eU R H >nS{ >nSL ncR R pYn> pTY w}eU
w}eU nLnfS xc> R }hT n nS{U lR nZU
TY L pdaÙ .pfA phH
nL Y cx nY UhY >nL~i
{S }caU TdU eU dL phdH sni U k> {S _=nY
RqhU w Y pe
nT
p@}eU pS}R ]B Y g=n |x
odbU w YS nex ~T}Y p@}eU Y gnf= dL nwncR

nZU }[fL {fL }hT { U {x gaeU |w e_dU pehS oR
n hL}I }x}> gU {bx g>gI g>nQ Y fx i hbw}eU
cU
f^èw mX bhmg dc K :Qn[U nY L rx{U aR g>nR}i
ncR Y ni}[L R {bL ()mfw|< o?|dT fgcK nc_= < cT
.nwncR p@}eU }]B ax nY pY{gU
. B ncY ()
. n[U ()
25
ogeT oTidT v|dT
U pHnU nxn\bU Y lR hnaU U p\x}_U ]U Y nbin=

{I}U pdA}Y Qd= S {fL ~}Ù y a> pUjY w w}eU @> nfg@>
pYL ngi Y ph\bU
|w phHnA ec> .YncU
ph_hJ pdA}Y ph
ng= }ex
gh@> x
U w}eU bY dL phdU ngni R ni T
fx nY ~x}Ù R Y neU ~i Y }x|> in\A nI

R ngfL
TdH }i Y phL}ZU phSB =\U {_i K
.fU |ZU `H zR
R S
@x
oh_U ]fY R nYUn=
w}eU {U fU eU
Y {=
= phfU nxn\bU c> cH Y U }ax nY n_U
fh[> phfU n\L nK U nI Y |g= w}eU pAn[Y
.phfU phde_U c> U phL}ZU {U ehd_> phSB =\Un=
pdhacU phde_U
}@ pRnT n> Y h@U nI R}x {=

}@ |w Y {A _U
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}H h[=
nxnU R n@ neT }In_U H
h= [aU pUjY
Y {= nfeU R hfU
[aY
.
U L rx{U >jhH phYH
=mX =zX
U dhY w w}eU Y Yn_U R nfg@> U }B pdcZeU

}eU
_ai nfhdL nY :}hcU nx }U R negn_Y x{U dL

g@Y {
nfhdL >nd ]Y UhY R >nY nfhdL w U
dH neL >{Y nfhdL cU >nY nf= }aeU hU :T
Y }hcU _ax neT ebU }aU dH hU pfU p^LeU pecU
26
{UdU nbx rhA ph_ZU nf>nh=

R f_eU |w c_i {S .ngY n=
h= pedT Y pedT U hU :n =nI
n bw}Y nT U A i nT }T
{hTj> w pehdH phadB
Y d]i U A f_eU |w nadU nbx U|T
ex h_Y oin@ R i {h= }A

dL {Lnx i n x=}> j]B
U _eS a]U ph[I
H R}x H w}eU ph[I n_
.n bA hRhH neT x{UU pLnJ pR q>

zgcaT v|dT
U L~i w nfinY R w}eU ph[I

R ng^di }B pL~i pe?
Y}U _= nTnY U hex nfinY R w}eU Ai x}B {hdb>

}Bv= |B R U {x
nw}hQ phfaU
phnx}U nh[ZU
nf= {x ..U U nY }_ZU nx}> nd U R peU nh

L {h_= ph[fU nI ]fY R px
pec= pL~fU |w Y Yn_U
ngijT nw}x[> R pÙneU

Un[H U {[U
Y {=
}h]B n R}i cZ>

ng= |B hbw}eU dL od`x U }wnêU |w lR ._dU h
x {S neT
.p=nU neU }wU e>
nHU n]i R oUnÙ R B{>
pT}eU
ai ~gi L }_>
{S ngi R ec> pL~fU |w R }hcU phdU _i
e_U pdeU ph=}Un= g@Y nfhdL nY |w }B nY dB ni
pxgU }cR ~x~_> afUn= pbU {hTj> |U gaY hj> dL {U
hbw}eU {U nei
n h I nT n` nfY nf= T
.n in I
oT`\T owmfh cT :m ^<
i nT }T a]U B Y nU ngeUnL pUa]U pdA}Y gf>

dUn= }eU nY cU phUkeU e>
hdcU pdA}Y w dU pdA}Y
27
cT mXK
:nY_U Y hLi ddU {A

YH baU :T
hR}]U wk>
phf@ {S L }_>
U phdHnfU {Ù \i :mdvz@
}T|U fL
= pY_U |w dL }bU yd][x ni {UdU i
w pdA}eU |w d= L dU }h_U ()d U
d= ncfU d=
{U px}gZU n_U {= }T|U {U A
.i
pUnU p_HnU H
}T|dU }ZL pYnU w h_Y
d= :mdfghm>
H
.U R gbaU B dL iU }ZL
nhU R pA}]eU nxn\bU pUn_Y {[= nfU ncU |w R nfi Y
U{H gbaU sgfeU
i}bU f_U cx }bi nfilR n YneU
{x{U nY .dU R nH w fU {x{U }[fL dL fx |U
:hhUnU xnL Y d]i ne=}R
nx}U R U hfUn=
.fU \fU h= fh= nbU

phnB w n L}I neL R oU ngi y@}
i ph[B dU
nx |U }Y n bhS n ]=n nfU {bx i
{x{U R pS{U \U
ncA dL xnU pUnY Y {x
phUkeU qS px{= R }R h=
An= dU = |w phUkeU Y }gU nY phL}ZU

pY_U _@ nY |w hdL }U naB cex }Y ilR px}gZU n_Un=
.U
pYL w n hbL }_eU
fU s\fUn= {x{U Un=
{x{U h= x}bU Y~U Y ni}T nY
. px fU H @ ()
28
hU }ZL pUnU H

nH dL qfU d= cx {xkx
w U
{= U nfinY nd= U oUnÙ R }S w }ZL pUnU p_HnU

.px}gZU n_U
n_U R n bR}Y >jx T|eU U

d= fU \fU lR nT hT
neT S Y }T phi{= pinY S
L }_>
px{U phfU R }h`>
Y
.}TjR }T bH i hY |Un= _I dbL \i Y n \x R}x
hdcU @>
phUkeU e>
pdA}Y pdA}eU |w nL }ax

nY |w _U
nfhdL nei oR padcU {U
{ ZU oin@ hdcU R }bi nfhdL
w {`x UnU niU x}cU Y n Li hR }i

n]U h@U
e>
h=jR nU neU dL q}L U pinY phUkeU

.{bY
wkY
Y cdex nY o= ni ngdeA ngfdex

g_TmT w|b= `@
pYnS Y phYH nHkeU

_= hdL q@ nehR {i nfilR nfw Y
eL L}ZU hdcU H
pfA pf H
`d= >U nhadU x}c> aA
n hJ

b> n \x hdcU H
`d= x|U nhaU U }caU he_> U L{i
{bi hU |w R pÙnU UnU }ci
nf= x .nhaU dL }cA
R pegY }T >nhA R }?kY p]Y U pHnfeU |w U
nx{gU gU
{x = UnaA dcZU oinU dL }[bi nf= {x cU .xn>

p>}eU nhUkeU dU f_Y dL pÙnU UnU hb> dL e_U nf=
M nJ = hdU {hU w nfnedL _= }hH R ni{@ {S hdL
nb= U i {hL x {U d= x nL p@{U }Y |g= n egY
nT i
L nfx heB pne= hU U R {[x
}ZL pfH T
R n hA
dU
29
{hU
{h@ zxnU |w ax = n nehR f= rA
{S }hini
n \x f= d= h= Ynew L M nf?{x
.nL T hR Un_> dU }cZU
x}c> x}Z> Y fe\x

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.()ngU gU
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H
nL dL f>
ngilR ph_U hibU nY
YH baU SY |w
{bR pYnU
phUkeU hdcU pdA}Y px{= pUa]U pdA}Y pxngi }ZL pfYnU
ij= a]U x}_> a]U bA phSna > R n@
pfYnU nx U ni T
.()hdL ]feU inbU o@e= U S {I}U H
dx U nY }ZL
.h g@ Y YH
baU hdL i
neL
dx T|eU x}_U
baU nefh= }ZL pfYnU H

d= pUa]U pdA}Y ngi {x{> :mdvz@
A) {U dUn= nY ngxngi {x YH
px}gZU n_U }T|U
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pUnU p_HnU }T|dU
(iU
.(U R gbaU U dL) }eU R (px}w) }ZL
=
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dx U nY }ZL pfYnU
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cax
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baU
dU dL {I}U {b>
fL phinU pUnU R dU S {I}Un= [ x {S
{I}U }Bj>
fL U pUnU R nefh= hdL n aha> ne=
n adcY cx
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ZT ()
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30
n adcY cx dU L
U nY dU }e=
ec> phSbU h[I
|U pd bY phUnY pY
(haU) {hI}U }hQ cx R {I}U nghU \fx
oAn
f e X h kQ m
:Un_> nS UnY hU R{x
b e T _c < @ X m g T c <
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.UU Y i|H dL i }T @ p
S > nfw Y
zH|T oc@|X :m XmA
nY {I}U w nY :kU {I}U pdA}Y L rx{U U nibx |w
ddU {Y
YH }ZeU
S Y n> {L R oU
e>
A {I}U }hQ U L}ZU n]U @x

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fU s\fUn= p]>}Y phUkeU c> gai hT n hf@ n ni nT U
R {I}U |B y {@ hU !db_U s\fUn= hU {U
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R Âi |U {I}U f_Y {x{> dL S x d T U dL U

{I hU Y nL cehU xx b_U }x {I}U :neU |w
nei T fdU n R}Y aU
chU UnUn= b_U Sni b_dU {SnR
s\fU Y Y w YH x}ZU Y egai nehR S dL {I}U
L @}x ne= }U p=}Un= ni cx |U Lne@ LU
Y eU |w .}hQ Y }T {i }_Y R d_> U p@|U
pUnA
YH baU R hdcU (nH) nfY w hU ({I}U) Lne@ s\fU
s\fUn= n ]>}Y d_x ne= ax}_> >
dU .dU w JnfY nei
px{U wkeU }nH db_U s\fU neT {= Y R}x fU
31
phfw|U
cx R b_U {HnR nT f cU n x{@ n Qd= ni d=
.UnU }hQ L R neT feU L R {S dbU n L}I n adcY
b_U neT Y n bR}Y nY {U f_eUn= dU :bU pB
UnU cx U U A hdcU {Y w cx _h]U Y nT n hi
U
fex aU
}B n_= f_x nY nU {I}U pdA}Y U {S
R haU
Y
{x J Y bR fex nei haU U L}ZU n]U @>
nhB R }aU
Y n \x _fex haU Y dL n }A phUneU nR}[U
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cx}I dL hdL phdU naLn\eU Y }hcU U }Y |w nhB dL

nR}[> Y {x
nY YH }ZU R {i nilR U {L nehR @~U
.>jhH neT nxU R .haU
mfa`T X o`R
rhA ngbaU }T|x nY Y n efY cx {S {I}U x}_> R ni}T nY
nT Y w{fL {hI}UnR phUneU nR}[Un= {I}U = U g x w{>

R} nR fe> A \b> phinai pcdY U cx rh= UneU n d[Y
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R Ani :w{fL [U {I nYL eR feU |w f> ngd T i

{U {I}U pYL U R L{i {L nwi }ZU hU nB
.()Q }h`= n_eU neg> }I pJnhU ~ Ù nB R ngAni w }eU
w nR neU l= aU
{I}U
= R @U lR {x nehR
. neU nx ()
.ai {[eU ()
32
f g T ^ Q mQ z H f e X h kQ :Un_> nS x}cU }bU R U

{ T mS kQ : aU jI R n \x Un_> nS [:nfU] f T X
z ^ T m< g T c d g c Q v d w g
\ w m `g^ m fg` G T g c K
.[:}bU]
dx phUneU _ aU
h= hU nZeU gbaU =}U cU
p`dU }_U }î R H aU |T {I}U gaY nLn= Yj>
Y
dL e@
L }_x
[= ]=}R UneU neU Y
phUneU nR}[U
R rU
yR
|w nL ne=
eU
RY }hQ e@ w hx i
@U nxU n= R {x{> eI H {eU R {I}U ph\S
phUneU nR}[U
_U nZU pJni w RY }hQ T|eU =}U T R
bL {_= dL ~c>}> ph\bUnR p\Y px{_>

pbx}]= e g R {h_U Y {I}Un=
kU }ax |fhA
pehdH pbx}]= Y dL haU
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dL px dex UY dL U px |U haU
w :ai UnU
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R J}I Y U x}]= pYn_U pnU
nxU R n x} n J}I
Y
eR ()nxU n= U {I}U phJ}I he_> dL fx {h_U }hQ Y
nT nehH @ dL pYbU }H dL U px R n ghaH nT
pa nT nei >nhA px{= R }eU ng= }ex
pS kY pdA}Y }Y
hU aU
R neT nR hU b_U R pa B fL }_x
n hdbL n }Y iT f_e= U pYY
.feU
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33
g^X
zH|cT ~gT
G
\> ph\bU {Y
H
{I}dU hU i U }hB }hZi bx

n_U RnbU eUn= phinceU phinY~U }Ûn= [ > {x{L Y_U
H
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U g_R}x }R _= wkx
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nefh= {U dU S A }cY {I}U
o> }> {I}dU h_Y
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H
nA R haU
}aeU dU pUjY R nghU nZeU }xneU hdL
.inbU dU nY kY dcY Qd=
34
hmT Z`T
mG mX :og<|T
og<|T Q a@ `\T
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ogXG og<|T zKR
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e^T oK}h mÌ
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mfeX G RX ogeT og<|T
35
mG mX :og<|T :hmT Z`T
og<|T Q a@ `\T
dG w zT cK zTT @
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n bA iT .SbA Y A
pf A pf Y
w nei f= dL {UU ng= \ax
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ilR = {UU x U nA R i f_x
dU nY phSB
kx U {UU {[S i ai {UU ghR e= n _he@ nfU nY Un_>

}=nL ~i }Y
qhU naJ ni pUjY U R @U .bA hU
|w aA nfx neghdL x{UU {x R pinY a]U phUkY w nei
n hdY }hcaU negfY L{x U neT }i r_U Y ngxnL pinY
q |U |w nfinY R n [B h=}> phahT
R {_= ni S
.pS{U pxnQ R pUjY a]U ph=}> hR
~gT
m < zT S
~U {x}Y dL }ax {S ngbA a]U pinY pinY aA
. RncU R i hbaU }\x Y ()

37
Yn_U phahT A phx{> {= ~U nH nhaU nZU Y
nh\bY padeU pUa]U A}Y dL J

pdA}Y T
naJ Y
ni ~U dL {bU cdex nfU n@}U phUnQ lR .ngfY
gU
eU i .pxnL}U ph=}U dL {bU {bax gfY x}hcU cU

cx
Y neT n h=}Y
n = cx nce= p=_[U Y cU {U @ T
ph=}Y n Y c> o_[U Y cU {U i T

c> gU
=
|T
nei px{UU R nU w neT oR n h@Uh= }Y qhU pYY
>nL dL nbdeU nhUkeUn= YnT L pRnb? _R (pYY /=) w
fL neg= .n x{@ n hdbL n hA {L a]U {L negdwkx ne= x{UU
nghR }Zx pYnL
pa px{UU lR hU L ni nY pYY =n=
ha[U n Y n = chU wkY
i ni ~hex
|U nefh= ni Y hU
.neghU U phd=nS hU dex U hdU
zT md? |T md? g<
dL bR n}x x{UU dL n}a> pbU pYY = ?

n [ f Y gYnew @ cx phafU px{U gnf= p[=
pYnU
pxnf_U
`fx nei d]Y }ZY new i Q w UneU oinU dL
U f_eU SB oinUn= new Y U R}x ~dx =
ne= }bx U {U ne@ {= w neY
}T SBj= ni pehS
nfw Y }iU B{Y

nR }[fL U x
{S B }U
?T | [ h <
mX :QhfYkeU }hY L rx{U R
pTiG
cT g^g\X < pTiG
@ eX gc?
bT oXmaT @ zT TiG

.()egK |R
cT g\X v gT |]h
bi :i n= R deU dbi ()
.I }gI = x~fU nh= nT L
38
og<|= Rmgh
| YT zfw T zT : ni pLnf R ph=}U {U gfY n T

new nT U @ ()fL nY R QdL
gYw
nS neT cT
Rnhi
{U dL inT gTdH A gnf= pYnbH dL n [fY
R A g_Y }nA {UU nT |U ngA gx

be= }cax
ngh>jx ngS x}Y >}B nY{fL Qnx}T dU i
|gR g>n@nfY ghL
fY n UnJ =
nS px|U d]Y pUn[U ph]U
dU {fL Y
U @>
px|U
R < mw | S mK Tme v
g
:Un_>
d G h o g I o w h zT X T n v m
.[:}eL ] mK zT
{UU S}x Un_> dU Y od]x nY{fL Qhw}= w }B i

|w
n v
}bU fL cA nehR bx {UU d]Y yUn[U {UU od]x ilR
}eHn= nT [:nRn[U] g
nf= pYnbHn= }cax
TmZT
X T
afU dU Y }hB od]x }i |U gdbeU }hT gx gA

ZT
a = me < w X
g
:x nf= _Y }Zx
aX ec ^ ?
fL }ZU
B{x
U } Un_> fY }x
U [:hw}=] mK
z^h e< ee ?
nY{fL [:hw}=] me
:nL{U R _Y x
x fx U }cU pYnYn= hdL dU Y

d c b < < gv
m
| < c <
? h m
m
R w X m
R m XmX m
R f d =i Q
e w
z f K m
e cT c Km
g
d Tm]T
.[:}bU]
me <
:{U dL gUnbY gUnA nU lR eA}U nL jI w |cw
X me T n v
.[:nS}aU] m XmX g
a d c T me c ^ ?
g K | R me =mw me ?
. nHU {Y ()
39
T zT X |gA a^T
x|U nI U U }U {U dU cx {S U R
nU R _\x {S dU n\b= n}U U n Rn\Y {UU Y} A
dU kH nY gd_x nhi{U R gfhZx |U U {U Y }hB w b_U
R chH {UU |w w g=ni {L R pecU qinT ne=}dR
}B R
n= beU
}hcU ph_SU pdY eeU dL x= dL
{Tk>
mX :QdL
nY nS {S negU x= }i U k> {S {UU pfR
.()cT zK e< iYh @ pgT v me X |g<}T
cU dL R }_x nY e B{> b_U ph\S U nfT Y |w bi
{L
nghdL p=n@ R }J {S Un_> dU {L dL }> U } ZU phUncIl=
.ngU {hAU }haU w hU nfw ni}T nY px=}> phadR p=@
= R `\Tm< owme^T
hA Y {> YH ^feU R a]Un= pxnf_U =neU Ax

~U pdA}Y > ngi = eU }R R A >
}cahU
@}U Y T
pdwkeU
p@~U nhBn= @}U ghR
~Un= new}hca> {Q a]Un= }eU
}wnÛ neUn= }`x

gU n Y c> U beU R ph=}U
Smw
:x}ZU rx{U R n@ {S .A}U neU nA dL }edU
Q meT |dT :nS Y {U }\B nY dU H nx :hS X zT |[A
chH |U x}ZU nhBn= nw neT n \x }eU f_> .()T peX
Y n h=}Y
Une@ wn@ @}U nY R }hT {>
n =
R ngnf= dL
. }U {L = n_hH ()
. RncU ()
40
H bx ph@~U nhU }bH pin[A w U fx SB R =

c^`= ?}Q
ew acA |= X Sm? :fL nehR PdU
.()|gS mQ oeQ b=
T z^<
nY
xnL R x= phUkY lR nhi{U |w dL J

a]U w
pxf_eU phSB pxneU H }Y n]B Y fh[> xneA
dL RqhU w Y pe L U nx}U f>
.~> Ln\>
cU }hU R pYnS {hUdU fehU R > nH

ngZU }T dU :pedT w Y ]= Y @}B UgH {_= ng_ex pedT
a]U dL f_Y
}h?j>
nedcU |gU nT {i nfU .phi{AUn= dU

pYnS fL e_U |w {hT ZU {_Y }hQ U nT
L x{UU phUkY U }Ikx

A}U oinU phew
U ~Y}x hi R
.inH dUn= gSL h?> gnf= phfx{U ph=}U
n\A pLnH niU ngfhbd> ox pedT

}B }^fdU qRU
neT n \x {gZU
nxnU {Tk>
hdgU }T|U nedT w }U }B
U p nI R dU H dL pxngfU px{U cU ()phYH

{w dL hZY dU R ngxngi U ngx{= Y }>
{=
nhU
._x}I ehUn_>
. RncU ()
cT T mfH eacQ dw R pgdT |[@ :nS QdU {L = L yh[U }U aR ()
. RncU }î TG zK zdX
T w|H z@
41
mdv = ogT
a]U ei
|w {fL phUkeU
b>
Y Ln\> ~> ngi = {U
Y gf= d= negY jZU |w R B}x wU `fx n hdbL n x{@

g= {x neT .n \x }e_U Y w `d= negY }e_U
{UU }Yj= }cax
{x ilR dH neT nhi{U |w U >jx {Ux S A YnbH
U nhi{U |w L w gdhA {_= A = new dL de_x n \x g=
fx
lR .ng= x U phU B Y
nf=U phU R YH
eU {x dL
nf@ }Y ~U dU b= w}Y g= h
R n@ neT d= e[_x }T|= g=dS }e_x U g>L hn_Y

.()QU nY f= QdL
ph
nY U hU eU = eUn= new > L }_>

phU
ax .()phU pedcU `dU f_eU = Ax nY |w eU {_=

ax ne= }hT f_Y }h?j> U phU B Y eU {_= {UU Y U
R
egx
{S nf= Y }hcU nhU nA R _Y U hew
ne=
= g>nedT U `[x g>nhA nA R ngY n= nIl=
ne=
Y cU ghdL }e>
nhT n_U R ~gx
phU yfex |U }Y g>ngY gn= A

R w}h[bU pY{fUn= }_I
Y .ghUnw =
w}h[b> L }hac> nw|haf> U _x gHai R phH{S
nY Bn= x}wn]U h= w PdU H}= {S ninedL nfw
gnf= nxnU p=nT dL nf= nxnU Y n Ynw n ?}> }> |U QdL
}h> pY
p`d= pS}aY phfx LY phSB hUn_> nI nwfe

. b_U > @ ()
. }_U n> }wU n ()
42
w neU |w R oT nY Y _U
.gaJL }af> nf= ]L
U pgeU }eU peU
ZT = pR}_eU f= nJ = {hU ph
{S |U }Y hd= hI
n = cZx
dHj= ~he>
U nxnU Y U }hQ
.nxnU j= he> cex n nB
43
ow<|T ogcd^T }b=|X
}w@ e> U phHnH ~c>}eU Y pde@ dL px=}U

phde_U
b>
dx nehR .hR }>

|w
|U nJ ngU H}> neT ngA phde_U
{=
phini ph[ZU Un? :fL q> ~c>}eU |w Y hf? U }hZi
w x{U w }B }w@ }[fL nfw .nHU neU h= :fL
:fL q> n bA fL rx{U >jhH phde_U |w R ~c>}eU w Y
.px=}U phde_U R x{U
oghmh ogZYT Tm>
}hca> dL ng>ne[= }> a]U ph[I b[> {x{L }nfL YL pe?
}nf_U |w oL> px=}U phde_Un= }ax = {hR TdH aJnL

:p?? Y_U |w w {h@
.RnbU =}U Yn_U Lne@ Yn_U ?U Yn_U
}h[Y {x{> R nw nghew

dL i
}nf_U |g= H fL {S
{[= >ngh@> {S
.ngfY {A T
ni
H phfxcU
n[U n hRnB {_x U ?U }[f_U Y d_R
44
x= {U px{U phdb_U phfw|U

nY w U nbiU pI}Y
U }Y |w wn> kx ne=
nL h_= U |B } U L{x
{[U |w R .phafU px{U a]U p[=
>}x nehR eY }hQ sni
nfL i }T }B x}ZU nhB phew

dL H {Tkx
phbdU
Un[=
rx{U R neT mG
|^T phdb_U phbdU
mT kQ
b`\eT mA :PfL }B rx{A R P()}T fU
L
.()g^g[T z@
{bR a]U xc> dL }IneU }h?j> ?U Yn_U {U fY n T
U p_}eUn= n \x H w
neT }eU ohdA lR d Un= x|`>
{Tkx
|U db_U A}U {U nf= a]U dL n fh= }? }x [eU
()
gcK nYw
S | = X |]h :x}ZU rx{U R n@
zTT kQ
U L nfU ()m\T nc_w c T kQ
madT ^|= :PfL
.n bA n}U
Y
h_x U phLne@ phdU yU eR inU }[f_U B

nehR nY
pQnh R }hT ni nghR
new .A}U }caU nf= h[I
hdL {x~x = ?U Yn_Un= Ynew L }[bx Lne@ Yn_Un= H

dL pbR}U U nS }H Y {= Lne@ heU }h?j>
{x{> >nhB dL }h?jU R }hT {A
U gx w Un= h= }h?j> ni
. }I
}hB dbY H }h[Y
. ne_U ~fT ()
. RncU B ncY ()
. RncU ()
. ai {[eU ()
45
Yn_U w rUnU Yn_Un= H new ~x dL }h>= |cw

} U phL{U hUn_U }c> ([aU |w R nfx{A Y w) =}U
nei ncU |w n hA n x=}> a]U {L eU =}U n\aU hYj>
.ngdnH ngH ng]= nh= px=}U
pUjeU hj> U {gx
`\T owmK Q |G
:bUn= Uni nfilR (Lne@ Yn_U) inU Yn_U U _Un=

ph=}U eU Lne@ n\aU pUn[U phU }hR> L nH phUkeU
R }eY
nafH pUnA R b> nghdL U }H >nL dL b> a]U
new :U dL >jx .pxnL}U ph=}U }I \R }hR> hH

U nx n }R nS{ hdL w }ahU =n nS{j=
nS{ Y i|hR
neU |w R hY ynfU {= YbhU = nbR}U
{_x U hR S{ _af> Y nhB U i{I}x ig@x
U
pH{e= new g= {x |cw n hJ }eU oc> hh]U

pbR}Y neT
>|>nH a]U
ng>ne[= }> {S pH{eU ehd_> h=}> {g_x
Y T
.}H T}> neY
}T TdH aJL a]U bL dL
phde_U R HnH a]U pxnL R }H }_x H
{S U }Ù R @eU nHneeU ncR _U n RB px=}U
`dx |U }Y }H L bY
}R ijT hU }^f> a]U Y Yn_>
niU }Y{Y
pY{w
ncR |w .naJ nhA R x= egx
pxnfeU U ngai }Ù = R n hYnf> {gZi ni{Q |U phini

nfw nfU {_= R{U x= \A U _U }H h_a=
.nghdL }U }H Y qda U p@Y Y xU
46
mGT mdT g<
ngY n= T}x cex }hY }hB phYH nxnU {Tk>

rx{U aR .nb_U [bU neU }hY w gnf=
kQ
mdT fme< m<
:Qn[U nY L
mX |gA
.()aw nv{w mdT
Y [beU {x{= >}x nbeU |w R }wU kU cU
phi
pT}Y
pbd ]Y
p=n? ngi w
i {h= B yd][Y }x ne= Y{H >

yd][Y {x
}L H}Un= he> cex nY B U pRnn= eZx gR fY H
nU ex fY oin@ R yd][Y ilR hdL nf= phLne@
f cU nUn= > U B f_Y Y i~x nY nd= U J
pi}Y e> ~> nd= phT}U pi}eU ex }B in@ R
[fU R {i nfilR |U phSB hbU h]> {h> R dH
{i nefhR R pi}eU nU }[fL
U }hZx nY phYH
j= ehU U UnH {fL n_Y An }Yjx fL nehR PdU H

nS pbd]Y p=n? hbT B dL nfU kx
mS fdc K m^X mw :U
}hZx Qn hdL =nbeUn= {i ()ocm`T A cK f< @ cT
:QUS R nghT}A
pi}Y U fL px}eU nedcU _= R
.()bhmX |gP mX}T RcX fhkQ b< cK S |a=

nhU Y {x~Y U n> pYnw
{LnS e> QdL
T Y pdeU |w
. RncU ()
. b_U > ()
. pQU sgi }I ()
47
ngi yhU
}I nw }[f_T nceU nY~U nL}Y } dL ~T}>
U gai hT :kU ngR{w U ngU px=}U phde_U nfU
dL bR }?kx i =}U }caU dL }h?j> nceU {>
nY~U }hÙ
w
ng>nhU ph=}U nH
gR ai R pi}eU nUn= > px=}U

pUjeU :bU cex
oUbU Y }hcU ngec> {Y

pT}Y
phdeL
}_> nHU Y dL
\> pbd]Y p=n? ngilR neU Y dL nY

{YnU }J p=nU
.nceU B nY~U }hÙ
=\U :neUn= {[bi nY

ni pLnf U {g> U H
ai =
n x{@
n hA
n hR}_Y
nf=
n> >nhUke= gfU Y cehU
Y px{nb_U phSB pY^feU nJ |w R B{x ._eY

gR nHU nY .p_x}ZU n@ dL phdeL
pYnbH ~U Y U x nY
Y d> {S U phLne@ {hUnbU n_Un= [ x neY

Y
pT}eU
|cw .?}> h= eeU pRnb? > }B nY Y }B eY

nY T
U ngU~i p=nU neU d> x}> {g> U phie_U nhUn= [ x

pin_H SU
U oJnU nY R px{U ohUnH c=
.ncR bi wnaU
R ecx nHU neU h= naU }Y

}a> hL{> nY T
Tnx S dL phini afU R pdjeU
nL~fU px}]aU heU
}hQ heU hL{> nY nY

.p=nU neU zfH Y gR nL~fU heU d>
Y> neU :n[Bn= nHU zfH Y gR ng= >}x nY pdjeU
}wnÛ cZU Y> nHU nefh= >n= p=n? qinT |U e_U }wU
}h`=
.hi
}h`Y
qinT |U
48
nHU neU h= px=}U phde_U ~he

> gx{U Y {`x U n\> n=
cx |U qSU aR .nH |w dL px=}U ng]]B ngY}= f>
}Y
}Y nghdL gdeA neU dL naJ ph=}> nY R fU {ZU

neU lR h]U R pi}eU pecU dH nL}Y p]x}I n YgaY
= nghR SeU {hH
new pi}eU wnU nHdU pfUn= oA H
{A
Y ne=
nU Y }hT R U }Y
neU |w R {ZU
.px=}U ph]U
nY Y ngY n= Y }hcU d_ax nY :neU hH d_R

h= {@
L pi {UU chU nf= U ngdbi w{hUnb> g>nL }R

} ZU T cU
pbx}J nx nd U {hUnb= >}x nehR Y >{@
n L}I U }Y
pT}eU h_U nei n_U Y nw}hQ
JnB }Y
bL
S > nhU pd_U {x}x neijcR U _ax Y nfUn= d cx U
. {= [x U |U }Y pT}U L
_x eY
ngY n= nfU _= {fL {Y =}U j]U dx
fY od]hR h[I
ebx
f= {x}x neijT f= }L ai nfH U
}cax neT }cax ngai >nxw nex ai ed_U [[>

nx
R d?nex hwn\x
!..hZY pbx}J }_I px}> U R ne= >nR}[> T
Yx phdcZU oiU dL }[bx T|eU }U lR H Y
ng> phZB x= p_eH aA nH Ln= cx px}wU neU
.{UU pd[Y nL}Y {= Ln= hU Lne@ {hdbU n=
nL}Y nHU neU h= ~hheU } fL pai {LnbU

phYH p_x}ZU p_hJ Y ni YnT f> nceU nY~U
49
nghe>nB
L }eU cU Y pA}[= na> w ngh]H
RcX fhkQ b< cK S |a= :{beU QhfYkeU }hY

B{x nY = }x QYT R yd][Y lR ()bhmX |gP mX}T
B }x nY = }x }hèU pT}eU
{hUnbU n_U nJ R
.nfadH neT
. pQU sgi }I ()
50
ogXG og<|T zKR
ngi }hU pUgU pxnQ R }Y naJ ph=}> nfU Y }hcU nx

[>
pHneeU Y hdbU U H n>
d _> U p@nA = phx}U
pUa]U A}Y nhU {b _> U {fU }neU neH {U bd>

Y Yn_U phahT
{TkeU
Y ..A}eU d> Y pdA}Y T
ng[n[B
e_U HnH B{eU e> ph=}U lR pxn`dU ph]H p@nH }^fU |w

nLnf[U {bL ni ph=}> fL w h=}> ni pLnf[U }baU
.ngS nw}]B
ngijI ph=}U }Yj= nf>n_eY R n= oUnQ f_x {@ HkeU i
nU |cw !incY U@ oHnfx U gfY _U }x ne=

=
Y }hcU {fL
nhbUn= }T|> phew ph=}U Y hUx gilR ngY
Y TjeU nf z]U fa= gYnew U

bAx w}i rhA
pR}_eU n hRnT {g@ U|x gf cU U|= phf_eU sY}U ocU dY
.yUn h@ nf= pdhacU nw{LS ph=}U H
:ph=}dU de_U oinUn= [ > px=}> {LS pde@ U }hZi dx nehR
51
<|T d^T Q zT
=}> nZi
nfU ocx U U px=}U {LbU w
Y {A
w U neL }ax |U .=}U e_U R {U
{LnS ng>nL}Y
pbe_eU
px}caU n_eU b> h]x phfw|U >{_H o= ni
{A p_R nhTdUn= ~U bx _hJ o= i neT {A p_R

dL phfeU ph=}U nefh= }eU gd U pL{U pA}U U hex i L hwni
x}A
{hhb> ~dx {S ne= phUkeU Y n ]S dhe> }a> neU hbU
{U
dH n> h_x
U Y n S]i .>gI >~fU nf_U J R

h= x px}e_U dA}Y dbL Y oHnfx ne= =}U e_U R ijU
[U ph`= {U
U ni nx necR ph=}U nd]Y >nQ UhY
ph`= {U
U nx ilR nwi nb? eT phi{U ngeU dL
.px}caU pxf_eU nacU dL [U
{I
{Y
ngi = phfx{U ph=}U R Ln> >nL}Y Y {=
|w {U
neU {eU |w neL p@nA

nehR pbe_Y
{nbL pHnA
hwnaY Y fe\>
phL}I hUnc> Y _> nY U n Rn\Y n_eU {eU oi@ _= >}x
U phfx{U {nb_U n_eU nbU .nghdL _x
U eU padT Y d>
n =dH hU R cZ= phL}ZU hUncU dL deA _R cZ= a]U
x{U Y ai U kx {S = n ehdH
rx{U R nfw Y hdL }e>
cT mK v|b= Q|< gQ cPiQ gX wzT {v

:PdU H L
dA q]L }aU R ]bi |U pedT nS|TmS hbQ cT mK T
.()a< |fJ \R |`G {T
. bghdU }cU fU R i RncU ()

52
X cT @ PcT G mR :nS QdU {L = L rx{U R

mw gX aw :mR |< cK eg^w gS :pcR mR |< cK zT mK
gU eU w }U ()< |w av|w ^X K
.eU hU ofx
neY
RqhU w Y pe PfU
L U nx}U {I}>
eA R {U
pihd U nL}Y } U n bA ngfL rx{U >jhH
U kx h>[U h= eU U @
x |U n_U dL fx}e> a]U
|cw n]Rn= }Ykx ]_U U dQ lR SnJ Ln]H {S [Un=
}T ` {@neU nh> }bU > dL _hZ> hQ}> `fx
.hR UnY
T mdT
j]B ga
U L{U
> `fx a]U Y wnU {U
U dx nY _ahU w dL T}> px=}U phAnfU Y Unew U L ngij=

`f> |U px=}U phAnfU Y n AnR j]B }_x new |gR .}hxn_Y =
p_=nU = gf> U U px}e_U pdA}eU ohbL pLneU neU
|w R i neU hbU dL deA xj> a]U ox|g> U px}gU
pdneU n_eU nT U pZ]_eU

phbfU
phRn[U >}]R c= pdA}eU
bU
n hgY
U }hî {_H {_Y

cx x}B nTnY {hdbU U
pbY {HnR qinT pUn hS [>
hwnaY Y hU bdx nY
a]U h@U pUa]U pdA}Y nfQ h=}eU

w dL n Y~U cx |U pdJn=
lR n =nI
y pdA}eU |w n> nY .}B nhi{U R Un hR neU
. RncU ()
53
nhU nd ]Y ~x}Ù hdL `\> dQnZY Yew }c> {>

>nYnew
hU n bhS }Y phT~U ph=}U ohUnH Y =n> UnA [H Y _x nY
nhbUn= nZU nT a]U nA nghdL cx U ngfhL pUgUn=
QhfYkeU }hY ph R nfw Y hY
gH }Y {_
x gcU U
X mfgQ aT mX ogTmT mS zT ncR mdh :QU nY f=
T h :e< < _Yw gcR aw R m< =mQ cR H
vmA Q |bQ fTmdK Q |]h zaQ cR mS X |dK |d K S
X hmeK qg@ pw :bx U vz@iS zK @ vm> Q |G
aX ph T bw < X gcK p^d? g`YT zTT e^w mX |X
.()ogQm ~`h
odgcG ogh |vzT aX |d^T
}a_@ = w =n _= jH Qn[U nY rx{U R

|X {v T meT oKmX pw gS :nS _i :nbR |ZT pg= :A
R nfU B U|= {[bx) gQ fTA
dU :nS (RqhU w B
fhkQ z@m< gcK :QnbR hdbU U d_R {bU hdbU gi
T |G
.()|gA S
cTm< nwiT
|Bj> nw{e_> px=}U phde_dU {=

U ohUnH {LbU Y
}Q nLn= dUn= oxjU {LnS w ng=
{[UnT phSB h bU
naJ ai R nwH }B }A pinY aA nx U
ngd ex {=
= nw{he> hbU |w {Y nI LUn= hR acx
. pQU sgi ()
. RncU ()
54
}h?j> d= dUn= ph=}U dH lR .>nhA R nw{x

TdH R LU
c ^X
LUn= ph=}U dH Y
:x}ZU rx{U R {S }eU
d _eU nR ()f< jX meT c ^X X ?m< @

mf< jX ~èT
A{ex {[Un=
}Yjx hacx n Sn cx |hed> f= o
x |U
n Sn w chR _aUn= bU }bx hdL = U Y|x
|cU L ngfx U
|gR fY eY }Y dL ng= d]fx U xnA R a]U Y L R
kY L \R
.a]dU
=|cx nY{fL paLn\Y

}hT ph]B c>}x ngY n= Y }hcU
UnU [_x yhbU d_ax U|= gi n`[U gnf= \A R

hU
.|cU dL a]U |w JnU gTd= ed _x gi = oR
Ubx _Y rx{Un= Q}x eY
h_Y
I g=n= }]x nY{fL nf Y }hcU
Y U U nY ni i qhU R hU {U :aU S :gda]U
iki g@ R i nfhdL |cx a]U nfx nY U {_= ? !oxnT
o?m< v mdX
|S mdh T o?m< :i}aU eU nS {S !=}\i
.mah T
e_i nfhd_R hf eU ncU }nH }S x ni}S x nfUnaJ ni
U i naJ kw R nehH
nf Y n f H }T w Y nfn= }hS> dL i
|gU !nfY}x fY S i hcR n f H nf Y }T w Y }i a]U ni

S| R w SmS |R :QdL
.()Sm_
L rx{U R
cx Yjx hT f= }\Y R x}B ox

Zx |U
_ex nY{fL ngY n= _= }i nfilR H Y !n =nH
f=
. i n= ()
. LeU cU hL ()
55
A}ax U|= ijx oU

aU nedT _= a dx }h`[U gdaJ
{S phH
pd[B dL {x_> R n x=}> j]B c>}x gi hdRn`Y hdRnQ U
.{_= nehR ngUn_Y o_[>
nwi nHneeU |w
pinhB }_> ngi = px=}> n]B }Y
cZ>
.gnf= w >nL dL nbdeU phUkeU pinYU
dT |Sk< dT |?
} {_U ]fY ngh\bx pecU ng}a> U px=}U {LbU Y

x
necR .naJ Y eU p>n_Y eU }T R n[i nL}Y
{g= nI inAl= xfU nf= {x nei eU g@ Y d bi nfU
r_> {eU }T }J A{Y R pÙneU n x=}> yh[U Y hU ilR
w}hb> x}B dL }cU
U kx {S nY }Ù afUn= o_U dL
nY .Un_eU nT nZfU pdY R ~RnU pegU
_\x U neT
T}> yh[U }hQ Y ilR n \x eU R Hnfx nY bi eU R Ubi
x|w T R >jhH neT =nL R pÙneU ohij> nL U
.}h[U dL phRnB }hQ px=}> {aY hTdU
Y Yn_U h=}eU
w Y d]eU lR }B pg@ Y pg@ Y |w
}x|U {eU |w {gx .eU }Tl= eU }@ {Y R a]U

n= _= {x w neT = >nY eU }x}= eU |B Y
}T R gnf= Y eU eU h= nx x|U h=}eU ngY
U {e_x gilR naJ Y aJ nH dR .ohijU oxjU new
eU eU Y}cx gilR w{A A gSn_Y heU }
eU hZ> U kx i hUnU R JnB }[U
|w Y .n _Y
56
nU dL =}U {eU |w .nA R eU {hw~> nH dL

:QU nS rhA }[Y neU }I UnY U {gL R QdL
nY
v zgv}= T Q kQ
zeK dT
dT
hbw
G oT}ed<
S }T mG cK mG v m wz= m@ Q m@
}T mX feX
()
dT < dT |? :e\eU ai R QnS ()`h
.()fwi< |H fX|Sk< mgA ZG :QU nY L
U{Y {LnbU |gU ax
haKeU
eZx n _H
ne_U hx
.w}hQ
gT Q } @
|U }B =}U {eU
w phYH ph=}U ng= ~he>
{LnS cZx
.hd U ~U h= pieU p@~eU {Y :w U{L H ph]H c_>
p=nH n]B L d cU nÙ a]U Y B}U dH R
cU
pHneU pY}[U {ZU
dH px=}U phAnfU Y yh >nd ]Y
dL }eeU p>n_eU pbhS{U

h= }Y = }B w yh }hT }h` T
n]B dL o>n_x oHnx {=
= egx ijZU }x a]UnR :x}Y
d[x ni lR .dHnc> dL oikx }h[b> dL x

pdnaU B ocx Un_eU nfx
|U h@U hfU ox|gUn=
|x R =ngY dL Rnx ~Un= |Bjx y@nfU d _eU =}eUn= {x
h[I Hne> i> bx nY oc>}x |hedU a]U nY ai
.=}U nZfU R }? keU {b R
n =ZY cx {=
~U |w
. pQU sgi ()
. .. ()
. peÙ ZT ()
57
=}eU Y _x |U eU ~U dx R {eU hd Un=

{`x |hedU a]U }R x}U {_>}> px{x{A ph[I d _eU
.=n[L }> x a]U kx sL~Y =nT p=ne= }T|> }Y
m^T X mS zK
}> n_U R n_Y of > nce= pecU Y lR U R
R ohijU d U Y nT
j]B
a]U oc>}x nY{f_R . nI T
}hT|> >n_Y R }ei

yh[U Y hU cU >n_Y ghf> nfhd_R n fh_Y
{S d]eU cL U kx {S |w lR h=nH n Ynx oi|Un= }hh_>
L U nx}U {I
|w nhdH U RqhU w Y pe
hkQ m^T |b=

:QdL
L rx{U aR }xnY dH
? X n^G G X =|S o[_T T |w
oeg_[T w
fY nT L = n_U {Y L fx U Ai neT rx{U ()<mK

U }hZx }i QfL px}Y }B pecA R H Y U }_Y
R d]eU cL sfx ~`Y n_U {bax hR nU n_U }T

m ^X T |=mQ zT
p=mK :pecU d> R Qbx }? U _x
h X
|w U~Ù |B QfL .()|<mbdT cK ()|A cdw T
_aU }= gex hT fL Rn`hdR h>}Y
}Y
a]U j]B :nbR f_eU
j]U U|= YnhS }@ U k> {S dU }T U aB pnB

.()n fdL
. :i n= R deU dbi LeU cU hL c@}cdU {aU ~fT ()
.}A w yh[U nT ne= {[eU R @eU w |w ()
. {x{U = = pQU sgi }I ()
bi n_U nhehT ()
. a]U ph=}> L
58
xwcT xw|ZT g< m^T
Y eA j]U phLi Y oHnfx n_U dH fx

`fx
}h`[U j]U L n adY n =nL L{x }hcU j]UnR .o>n_eU {UU p_hJ
{S oQnZeU }ZU a]U nefh= yxdU hacx nU
ngU a]U
{S {A dHj= heU Y Yn_i n x=}> y[x

R .yx}[U hacx
()m <mK ^? zaQ Rm^cT p@T
:QhfYkeU }hY L }U R
.()xw|ZT mfT o<aK xwcT a^T o<aK :QfL
nY f= h R QfL nY neU |w R nxn Y

Q n^T |b= n[_T cR gTmddcT @ :QU
X zH
`^T X z^T kQ
z^T @iQ m h feX z@ G kQ nh |gP
.()aK T mS dT |[T
n[_T zeK nwiT |=
oxjU }> =}U {heU R pYngU

{fL UncI c=
{LbU Y
.|eU R SU {U
n> Y |w nU Ykx i o\Ù
ai dL }]hU dL >{S i> {bax o\Ù R {U ni lR
UA Y x}BU afU nH } I ne=}R

Un_R USj= cU
{A w o\Ù {fU _Y afx n]B Y T{> cex nY oc>
R j]U n[Y
|w R dU paJn_U }caU R phini ph[ZU
L ()n[_T zeK K PcT G fh :rx{U R {[U
. LeU cU hL ()
. i}U p_I = b_U > ()
. :i n= fL b_U > ()
. RncU ()
59
.()n[P X :QhfYkeU }hY
hdL neT o\Ù pUnA R oxjU of x d _eU =}edU

`fx
n \x pd_U }hQ oxjU }S n> R _x

cZ>
}x

ngZX hidT :QdL
nS ni {U j]U n[Y Y }B {[Y
.()c X
\X ^T cv
z ` X owmK|T Q o_TmdT
R _=nY bAY hdL fU a]U pxnL }_> |U qSU R

T
HnH
}I ngi :bUn= Uni = L phRnL hU p
pYL >nT}A
@}eU ZfeU ng>nxnQ px=}U phde_U d= R

U hfU Y {=
i

pRUjeU {U pxnL}U |w n> hdU }hQ Y i
YnL qdcI
n hUnc> n ini {`hU |U dL {e_eU pd beU a]U ph[I
ei
nY pSnL
.ng>n=_ nhU nx{>

pg@Y dL nS }hQ >{S af= pbU h_
}Y |w Y pecA L= Yn_U h=}eU
w dL x |U }Y
|haf> a]U nd ]Y cU
p=nH n x=}>
>nQ T
{eU
Y hdR
L }]U Q
nL }eU
yh[U Y hU i neT
n]B T
>nhH
phUkeU hU
neL _= ahdc> }\U Y _U
.nA
nY L }eU rx{U hU }hZx nY |w .x L {h_= ai dL {e_x

lR ()|S Q m dgc@ bgT |_ Q `\T oX|K n= :QKncU
|gU nh= {x~Y >jhH pSnZU Y _= dL deA hS nY dL pY}_U
.> naJ ox|g> rY R }caU
. LeU cU hL ()
. ai {[eU ()
. RncU ()
60
:mÌ nwi=
mGT ogK|YdT
eY nf= R pd eeU ZfeU ng>nxnQ hb> R px=}U phde_U ni
q? U }? keU pdLnaU px=}U ohUnH neL }ax YnT ni yUn
ohUnH Y U {L nY nf@ nghdLnR nw{@ nU
nin= }\Y
phde_U p@nA R b_U Y nf? dx ncx .ZfeU {gU b>

~U U px=}U
R hd U U p@n= ngi neT nU Y }hT R {ZU
p hU n_U L ni S U R @U nfadH neT }B nA

n inhA nhR ph[fU LU }e= }hx
pfU B dL deA
= {LnbU |w Y nfH hU a]U {ZU
ne= ~U oxjU U }hT
.}hcU n> Y n A }T {LnbU |w Y n x=}> =n>
zT mwm
{U sfÙ @ R h_x n Y a]U =}x

}hT =}> j]U i
}eHn= U } R > Y k > h@> pHnY hf> nei
U >nd]Y T
bdx px} }hQ qinT
U A nh> n}Un= >nR}[> T
.x}BU afU phY qinT
61
f_eU T a]U pR}_Y hH JnU =}U dH |w

}> n =}`Y cx U |U ngincY _ f U Y phew ngehS nhU
}Y phUkeUn= nA ngSnai ngTgH R }x Y {x
}_x
U dx nY _ahU @~Y dL a]U } > :bUn= hUn`Y nfd_x |U
.pSn pY
}T ph=}> H L
L }_x neY
Y n Li dhe> xj> dL e_U }ax {UdU bhbU oU
oxj> T}> nY .x}B }A d _x nhU pehS {hU phUkeU
X |S mwm zcT :fh[U eU R n@ {S eedU U { a Y gR
fx h=}> xj> gT}= gi a]U f ^x R .gT mwm

}R eedU Y{bx
hU gai U hx }Y pbhbA R gR n _f
Q _T oX|K n
= :QKncU nY rx{A dU
ni}T {S {HnR
dL deA ()hS neT pY}_Un= }eU .()|S Q m dgc@ bgT |_
fx}e> eU }\U Y j= bU U Y}x rx{UnR pSnZU Y
dL dex hgx
U nghdL >|BkY pSnZU nhUkeU _= dL
.dbY R pYnbH
cZU dL px}U n@ p_hZU nH R cU hbaU }\x Y RncU ()

ncA = Y nU rx{U p_hZU nH :}î pY}Q o> :UnU
\`= o_d U U dhY }]= :Ù pY}L }R
g\_= cU |w pSnZU Y dL deA [U }Q
dL hbaU }\x Y }I R hbeU p :}î }` R bdB pHncI ocedU
nfU _= = {b_x f_eU |w phfxc> phH bhbA L nB U }Kni px}U c> f_eU |w
L}ZU cU U nI hU o> :QUb= [beU chR hdL nf= gfU dL iU{x
}S }haU cU :S p=Q}Y pY }`[U R pY}_U w p_h]U |w [beU nei
naU nB oi cx inU f_eU dL ilR cx _aU dL hd_U B w U dL pfx}bU
R n@ nY U {xkx
L}ZU cU U nI w o> _R }wnK U U _aU dL
..pY}Q pi R nHU
. inIncU hadU RU :}î ()
62
x
px=}U phde_U }a> |U oxjU _a= }h` a]U nc=
nc= Y \R {hTjUn= w beU R pA}R }H U oUnÙ R

:U R @U .ncU {x {fU afx rhA }hT w Y{i
wY phef> h[I b R }? Un= U >nhA px{= R a]U Y ~U
ngYnY ffx p= {Sn= nx{U

@x d_x nY >nSnJ }ha>
L~U wU {f ax w QhfYkeU }hY ngUnS {S .ng>n=_ ]b>
:pLnI pU@ S
n_]U }T j= nbU
ni yfe> Rf iU {_>
zaQ (}h_ZU Y n}S) nTmI < < R {v mS :aw bcma< hiS

nc ow|T
m^YT oTmeX |R mR K ^[T < z^ R
|YT
b> U ) ow{^T m=meT c? |[T =|T K
nY Y
.() dA i\< R R (}]eU
hmX nwiT oc@|X
pHneU oxjU n b=nH qY{b> U pax}ZU rxnA Y gax

{hH
|w S nY p_=nU H
R a]U B Y {> |BkeU

gR U
aR >nR}[> dL oSn_x hdL {Zx
gd U }eU h= fh= d x
geG G jw geG G n^cw e< :Qn[U nY L }U
.()geG G `h X}T
:U cx {bR oxjU pdA}Y px{= w p_=nU

nT neU nY
H
phaJnL
phfw
phe@
n[= nex p_=nU
phLne@
nZY dL a]U
.{x{@ =}> dHj= _Y Yn_U

>
}T|x neT n[U |w d>
. pQU sgi ()
. hbaU }\x Y ()
63
U
SnUn= (phfd U nfH) {> {U eU dL ij= _U
}hcaU dL a]U {S Ynf> fw|U eU dL .pe{U nfH ngd Y
.pR}_eU U Q ~> nhI dL pn]U }hÙ
}TjR }T {x
lR aJn_U eU dL
Y w phaJn_U phHnU nh[_U }eU
}wnÛ oA
{bfU R }R ~eU R { A U n Rn\Y U
|w ~heY
eU dL nY .}Un= {L Y YT S R pQ}U }^fU qaU

dL aU
R oQ}x LneU o_d U p]UneU U hex ilR Lne@
.() pYnbY }= Y {UU LnJ ~> x}B
pai n[U |w
rxnA {hTj> hR U cZ= }a>
}T|U
|w U nI Y oxjU pdA}Y
p x{= p_=nU pfU
_@ dL pax}ZU
nei U
|w S n x=}> a]U new U L{U ncI Y cZ= f_x
.oR Sn_Y of >
nwiT ngTmG
nY ~x ng\_= {x{L pLfY

|BkeU ohUnH oxjU } J
{h= |B {g> e_U R ngf cU x{U nedL ph=}U nedL h= {@
nY n_H {@ oi dH nhB }ax nY yd i a]U
oc> nei phxjU pdhHUnR .n hai n x{@ }JnedU a]U x}_> ijI Y
:nHU |w _= U }hZi dx nehR T|eU {gdU ngYY Y nghL}ZY
}g`T g?T
U a]U nI dL e_U R e> phxjU pUjeU R U ]U

dU {HnaY U ghf> _aU |w R j]U @ YngR } Y n]B
aJ =}i
. n `=ni
hT :@ ()
64
pxneU ~a eU _= Y U R}x oHnfeU Y .SL JnU

LU {g_Un=
nax }I fY od]x neU UnY nA R pxf_eU
{Aj= pd eeU pbAU px}x|U pdA}eU U nbi x

n _ai U { x U
:phUnU Y
mX|T
deA R n _@ni n =dH }_x x{U peU

Y _= Y a]U nY}A
fY od]x |U e_U i gh@> phU

n_U _= L S dL
|w }\U dH L x{T hx=}U _= = y[fx nY |w .ni
SbA n]x nY}U nY n L}I fY inY dH
n dH }? kx pYU
.db_U {U ei dL
|fT
}gUn= e> phai pxf_Y pbx}]= >|BkY w }B }x|U dH

U R{fhR dU aJn_U n[U Y f= }_Zx d_x nY fL }L
p]x}I n L}I fY inY n \x dH |w .JnU dU L S
R dB bi U kx Y |A piY pH{Y pbx}]= U x
|w U nx}U _= {I {S d]eU cL w aJn_U nI
:nbR U n f= QHY U = U cI :rx{U aR dH
|v <|[=
.()\=
|[T K mX
h=}eU
ngY n= Y x}hcU {U {e_Y n =dH }\U ~x
R}> px=}U swnfeU _= cU .phxjU px=}U phde_U R = BjY

. :i n= fL dU {gR = LnU ni L{U {L ()
65
Y nT |U ng= |Bjx nw{e_x Y qSnL ne=

ng= ye> pdhHU |w
hn_eU SY hb
pdhHU |w phL}ZY {fL S i _h]U
i n hYH
.ngU x{xkeU
mfa`T o`G`T
}B dS _U \R nefhR }\U Y SeU R paHaU dB

:nfhH = dL = zhZU bx .px=}U phxjU phde_U R }hB pdhHT
phbU n_R hf> pfU n_R dL a]U ohQ}> h=}eU
dL ox
n> {x{gU n> ohQ}Un= x}Y x|w hbU padeU ohUnH n>
n> fL }Ln= n> Un= }B n> |Un=

n> nfUn= }B
{x hdL pfU neLU bxZ> yhbU e_U Y ax= }B
U lR YnbY R T
U
}\Un= nhbdU }]
x{U nHneeU |w c>
.()ng= hd_R phi{U p=b_U
_eY gw|Y B dL gi }wnÛnR edeU ngbaU nY
}I hS e cU {eU rhA Y }\U pdhH neL @ dL

.ngfL rx{U >jhH pnB
|[T m^X RX
i }\U n_Y }x
eU j> a]U |x dL r_> phi{=
p=bL cZx
pdhHU |w ph{@ {L L _U {>
ne= .=nf@ ohR }I
U
U k> nY {b= JnU dU L a]U {> U k> ngi n x=}>
}T {L nH dL phafU S phef> nf_U dL d e A
.nYU
bi ~feU }h={> ()
. a]U ph=}> L
66
eU cex = pineU |g= qhU |w }\U n_Y sA n[i

:nÂeU _= nghdL x
}\U dH L R{x
:ngew
{x{L = hS U oxjdU = eeU }\U :
phi{U p=b_Un= he> R _x nY a]U {@ dL }? }x n A}Y cx
.}h_U R n Yn>
snfU _= o> }> neT yh }Y w }I

U |x T :m ghm>
n \x hR I }Y }\U dL phdU
hU }\U phL}ZY }x Y
RnQ
fY }T {aY ph`= hU jdx nei n JnL {e_x U L
ng{U hH
hdL o>}x nY Y ox|g> ph=}> a]U nb= {aY w =
negiw nhB \b> {LnbU x}I
h= } }YnR .nB nL nR Y
R }\U w nR negd S
}\U {xkY }^f= }B pdhH {_i K
R bY nA w neT |x U lR }B pg@ Y pg@ Y |w
U }B phxjU ohUnH R bY nA ilR }\U dH neL
!ngi\R}x nedR nY}U }gUnT }\U n_Y ngA}bx
R{x Y lR hS }hQ n hdT }\U dH ph{@ {_= bU :m Tm>
phxjU phde_U R pdhHU |w neL L
U ngAni nghUn_R dL {Tkx
.}I = e h]> L= >
p]x}I n hi
phdU ni hZA }\U dH phew

L rx{U nY :m ^<
}\U }R Y d]fx rx{A gR n haJnL n x{@ n hai a]U dL

i {U Y{> n^_U Zg> U [_U nhUn=
{dU pbx}J dL x
n J}I ngx{_> x {A xjU }\dU yU Y Y U

.ng>nL}Y Y {=

67
|gP |[T g< ohdT
x{U chU d]eUn= xjU }\U dH \R}x x|U dL
phdU snfU j= :ghdL Ax nY}U }gU dH w w{fL

.nS phdH }T c> ne=
nY}U }gU R n \x @Y }\dU
Y inY}A neT a]U dL phHnS phLne@ phaJnL n? }x {S }gUnR
.fY }A neL
x_dU pUnY R nw}hQ pS}U
U bx {S >nh@nA _=
UnY dH }gU nY}U j= A> pbx}]= pUjeU }J y[x

|gU
}\U = nhdU Y nB
nhdH Y d> phxjU ohUnH cR
nghR nh=nx pa T n@ nH dL px=}U phde_U R nwneL x
nei
.nhdU dL
|[T X G RX
}\U R {eU rhA Y \b> nH phYH {LnbU
}B |x d_Y a]dU x |x }\U a]dU phi{U p=b_U

bL yhS w dÛ xn[Y Y {[Y =}
pg@ Y |w .n L}I }Y
Y
x|_> f= |x dL U R ne= {A px ilR }B pg@
>nh@nA [bi {H
hdL UeU {gx pxU x}Z> Yx
neT {@ UY ikI R }[U

px}A
A Y n= f_>
.n= }hcU _ax
~U {ZU
U px=}U
phde_U
q@nA U nY {eU rhA Y |w
nHU }nH { > U phU

n_R _= dL a]U pHnY oxjU
neL x gR dH |g= L{> nY i =}eU {S
n _ai
68
nY}U }gUnT }B phxjU ohUnH nhB h_x

|fhA }\U
@ R gw|Y B dL hedeU ngbaU h= B i }wnÛ
{S ngfL rx{U >jhH pfh_Y = }Z= cU }\Un= oxjU
L hw}= = nhQ }_Y R nY U Y {[U |w R nx}U _=

geXjdT |gX K :Qn[U dU {L =
zT eX j= md< ggT
eZ> a]U oxj= }Y [fU neT .()zT gQ |[= md< <|

a]dU nA w nei n edK {_x
n xj> }\U xjU }\U ngSJl=
|U na[U {YnY B ncY dL deA x|g> A U Y}x

eZY cx
U hU nI qY{b> neY dÛ yb= b_U cU
a]U oxj> dL [_eUn= pd[eU pL}ZeU b_U }hH nx}@ :U
}\U R nw{Tkx
nw{xkx
nY = d]eUn= ngfL gi }x U }\Un=
.haU
|[T zaX
eeU }\U ngngbR _= phYH ow|eU _= {A
{S
Q zc= :PfU
L nY U nfH neR n=} }Z_= =
()
w pe
L U nx}U _= Y }g^x cU cT z@ |gP Q |YK
rx{U aR .qH
[S RqhU
n=} eB w = eY {A
oG odA :nbR deU [U R :QdU {L = qdS

.()Q
. RncU ()
. U YH baU @ ()
. RncU ()
69
U }R dL rx{U R PfU
}î cx cex
g=nc> o= hÙnU n]x |U }x~_U {e= [ x neY

a]U {L Y oxj>
L afx rx{U }L
neT {dU pÂe= nehH ~x~_U o@x nY
.>jhH neT a]U ph=}> R = |B x nY w {U }\U f_U
z@ |[T |H v
d]Y f= n L}ZY ~n@ hU phxjU phde_U R }\U neL

x }I = U nei
|w hU nfeU neT nwn> ngh]>
:=\U
phd=nbU |w oxjdU a]U phd=nS Y {> nei phxjU

phde_U :
Y }hcU a]U _Y {x |U U
w ~hheU H
S n UnQ @Y }hQ
Y h}U a]U }\R hdL .phbU pfU Y
fY {@
bL yhS w n x=}>
bax hdL {_>
Y dK i n L}I }Y
=} dL o> }x =} R oU _x
neR U |x U
dL
}hQ a]dU U eI n xj> }\U @
gR oxjdU hd=nS {_U ~heeU
.n [[>
nB
pxngi R = |Bkx nei ~heeU a]U oxjU hU jdx |U }\U :m ghm>
nT JnU dU L a]U {> dR ._U }B chU n]eU

B nfadH neT i }\U neL x R ph[fU LUn= n fceY
nY }\U nA R
hU dx R {LnbU
hR J @ dL
.}h`= {> cY U nY [U
}x |U eUn= haU }\U w = eeU }\U :m Tm>

70
\R H }\B }eA a]U {@ dL }?

kx L
U
hU nI nY |w .ai {@ Z>
\L dB } T bi
QnY S
px{U }x{b> Y >jhH nY n \x hdL {x

.Q {beU
.px{U hdL } S neU ~n@ nT U ilR {U dL }? }x |U }\U dL
J dL n x{@ n afL ex = eeU }\U nf_Y {hbU |w
p=b_U U fY f_eU oxjU U }S w nei i eUn= U

n Ini {eU _= {fL }\U Y dU SeU nT ne=
.phi{U
i{U |x f_Y ~> pedcU A> rhA phi{U p=b_Un= fL }h_U Y

R{U R H }hT x}Y h= naU nbL oxj> }Y
w }Y Y
.snfU
oxjU ph=}U R{= d]fx w }\U {A Y }B {U

:m ^<
=}eU
dL }ax i phew pxnQ R {hbU |w .a ZU nbi R{=
i }\U dL {bx S L {gx

a]U Y n`x nY{fL n Y n =
.n[P X :QhfYkeU }hY L {beU rx{U R neT

{b>
ilR L {w nY
nY R .n_ai L {h_= pec= }[hH
_= d_ax nY |w U x}]= n Y}Y

o@Y oH nei }\U cx
a fhU ~feU U >jx h_Y
T
}Y Y sL~fx o\`x nY{fL }> nfU
.@ j= ^hQ
cA nei {LnbU B dL }\U lR y {hbU |w R @U

()hbR Y }T }Y |w dL i
{S a ZdU oxjU }Ù =
nbY R {gU [beU cx {=
i ? :M inchdcU {hU nS
. \feU {U cU }w@ :}î ()

71
inafU o\Ù }hx nY [U pd[Y U @}U oxjU w }\U
Un_> n> dU cx U =} keU k

x U }Y kx ne=}R
o\Ù nA n_U _h]U nU R =} cx Y {=

R |w dL
=} x A afU Un_> dU \Q cx (n nQ) n \`Y nT U
{@> ned S pUnU |w
.()}wn]U phT~U afU R
R T}> d_R fcex a]dU {bY }Y dL }\U cx :m XmA

U dR SnJ >{S L nB w nY dL =} y[x
gR Y a]U cex
Sn_Y >|BkY y[>

R U|U hhRncU qSU {gU |= Q {U
fL dbU R |U }h`[Un= hcR UnU L R}Y n]x ne= hdcU

}hQ .n H
_ax neT ncU dL }h`[U a]U } f_eU |w L {h_=
n xnhB cx {S nU Y }hT R ncU lR ngY n= _=

eU L }_x
dL ]aY a]U lR .@ U phi nT U neT a]dU
ph }hT nd]Y
a]dU }hcU {x {S }[U ncUn=
n inhA ngfL }h_dU pdhH {x w phghR}> phai
.}[U ncUn=
}= SeU pg@Y U kw {e_x px pec= eU pUn_Y {=
L rx{U R {S gx}A
{hS
gL i a]U n> phHnS _R
.()fmb< cK bTmÌ <|[= :PfU
gdc ^dT R X |[T mdK
}Z= UdU
~n@ phxjU phde_U R }\U pdhH ne_H y\>
Y phehd_U phde_U R pdhHU |w neL x w cU {Y

=
. \feU {U ()
. }ZU dL {[U zhZdU {hAU ()
72
nbR nH U |hedU nH dR h=}eU |>nH S

n^f= B
oxjU ni }nH neL h_x
}\Un= xj> x gR pH{eU
d _edU px }\U pY}A qR}L neT phgbaU {LnbU \bY

U q? nU hU{Un= }B {bR nY =}\= U ye> |hedU dL
neL @ fY nax nY QhfYkeU }hY L }U R cU .pxU
|gX
:nS Qn[U nY L {bR d _eU S Y pdhHU |w
}T h_hU ) feg< |ggT
wzw g< f@T m bT mg aT geXjdT
bdc ^X _c< bT Q TmS mfgQ T oXb@ mfh mX :maQ (naT
rhA Y }_Y px}U ()eX R
Q m<| > Q b< |

.phUn@}U ineU _= R {fU
|heddU d_eU } cA L dU eA dU \R {hU H {S

n L}I hdL px U hU eU ni } @ {L :n@jR
n L}I hdL px U Y }\x U x neT
cx U pUnU R
{hAU pdhHU nghR }\U
dL a]U oxjU pdcZeU U
U U nY {dU }eA o@eU {U
U ngU {U
}\U nx
qad> jT hU Y n@ jx hd_R hdL U px Y U pfUn= nY

Y
ph`= a]U } n[S U n inhA ng@nA U n= }î
|w {H R dU b x d_eU d_R hU gU lR ehd_> xj>
qS xkx oUn]U f= }\x {x}x |U dL [pUnTU] pxU
.()o\Ù qS L PfU gi {bR o\Ù
. RncU ()
. nfU }h= eU phgbaU neU hA {eY {hU dU \R ()
73
naY w neT n=} ? dL nx~U pY}A pY{beU px}U }wnK ?

cx n[S lR .nx~U nA R n[S A
dL
? Y
cA px}U |w (dU eA) U {hU hbaU y

}Y
{S }Y
()
U dL nx~U x
_= dL p=n@ R i
U |U ngbJ dL
.()n=} qH
naH
e= d _edU = eeU }\U {bY {A
ng[x
U Y _i px}U y
{S nY gaY }hQ }U R }hÙ
|w
.pY{beU
qU eU px}= |B fcex
lR px}Un= |B }R dL
w nfw ]= hS }\U phahT
n hxj> cx {=
i f= } L rx{U R {b>
nY hL
n Ynbi n ha Z> hU pY{beU
px}U hdL q[i
nY w }Ù
{hU U|= R neT px{U o@x rh= R}= cx {=

i neT
.() MU
nx d _edU x R UU w }B {hS nfw n\x hbU |w U
|w oxjU R pdhHU |w neLn= |hedU U

U jx U }\U U
B dL }\U w y U R @U .()hbR Y }T nB nY
nY
.= UU U nY w bheU {bU dL hR }[bx {= R {LnbU
{ R ng
px}U
}R dL gR QhfYkeU }hY L pY{beU

n[bU d_eU x
U dL nx~U nA R i w }B cA nh=
U {>
U px}UnR UU {= x w i }\U U x Y nY
. ngfeU pdec> inY ()
. nfU } @ ()
. nfU } ()
.nw}hQ dU nfU } inchdcdU \feU {U @ ()
74
.ngSJl= edU @ ngdR {[= qhU
|w hed_eU neL dL pxn@ hfx{eU pL}ZeU }hH :nbx ne=
pxn@ qinT ngilR b_U }hH R nU |cw Y Y pdhHU
.}hU |w L RY[_eU }x U U dL
Y qbd]i ne= ng
}R dL }hU |w :U cU
n L~Y nbeU R d _eU {Z>
cx U rh= nhU S Y nL @
{fL gnf= }\= d_edU ijx |w nfYx U nhU Y }hT ~x gU

.H R }h[b> naUneU _= =nc>
e^T X `\T dh gS
n JnY n RaY }\U nT i w ai }ax |U kU bx

hT hbU |gU d_eU n> {L e\x eR paUnU hbUn=
h=}eU n= S Y hdL nx{_U pahf_U nHneeU Y a]U ei
oxjU ph=}dU L}ZU {U
nhA Y }hT R nx x|U
R pdhaT YH x}ZU nghdL i

{x{L phiinS nhU pe?
:T
h=}eU
B ngY
n= fL Y naJ pxne= ngbh]> nA
:d>
w
{L L}ZU TndU qx nY{fL U px Y a]U ~in= :

>{gL R a]U nb= pxnL}U pxdU hdw
p
dL }]B {x{g> cZx
ng= bx }B I U pxnL}Un= TnU {g_x |{fL .phafU px{U a]U

}cY Y w iinbU }@ |w _U nx ne= .d]eU fU dL
w hedeU ngbR _= hdL i {S }Y |w nU =}Ù iinbU b_U
75
{g> pxU nL dL ng_Y fY phYH phgbaU {LbdU RY

.nbd> cZ= q]bH hdL }]B e> {Q dR [bi {H
hdL U eU
}\U R {U
nx |U d _eU ~U w inU }@ :m ghm>
S Y }ZeU {U
n> ngbaU _= }x .(phUneU pY}Ù) px{Un=
}^fhR a]dU A
n[bU n[bU o@x gR n x{eL nT d _eU
j]B nU nT nY
dR a_U dR n[S lR Qd=
:U h[a> ng_SY nw}h?j> o= p>naY w px{U neU d_R
`\T | ow

R qinT lR .{U ni }nH R @U R c> nY p=}\U

nR . H pUn? }\B }B }eA nw}? cx nR @U
inU ( Y }bx nY) [i nfx x
}eA fL
rUnU ( Y }bx nY) }hini p?? x
}\B fL
qU nY |w .( Y }bx nY) }hini p H x
H fL
geXjdT |gX [R :nS QdU {L = L neL = nH }_Y hdL
= T kQ
?T Q mv|> w
|ghmh oG mfH
od\c T Q Q
mew mfH kQ |[=
T |d@
kQ |ghmh o>> mfH kQ
|[A
()
[f> px{U
lR {U ni }nH R p=n qinT nY . Zh
R {b>
neY
d= nT p=n i U pY{beU p?U nU R
eR px{U a>}>
px{U lR dU {ddU }@
}\U o= [A U
w pY{beU }aU he@ R px{U T}hY Y }bx nY d>
.ai a]U dY
. RncU ()
76
z@ og@
L dH nehR nf?{>)
hUnH oxjU nH L rx{U nB R
xj> dHjT U Y {fL bi }\U Y {i (ngfY ?

n`[U = ye> U ph_U ngfhiS Y n Yni }n_eU {U {e_>
nA {h= p]dU {h= w }\dU n RB oxjU Y fU |w .ncU
Y phinfdU hibU f>
H
Y nhU U R ne= nfU
nL dL
=nc> o= U a]U nBl= nghR yex U pdA}eU px{= w p_=nU

.()yfU nxnfU _=
nYcdU phxnU p=}U R phYH [fU R {i
nY phYH
|U }Y naJ }i pUn_eU pdhHU |w neL dL {x
pn= ni A phYH nghL}ZY R hcZU dL r_x

nhR |x pY}A ni px}U ph\beU phU {LnbU B w a]U
phxjU nHdU n bJ SeU pUn_Y h_x
|U baY w hU U U
h_x
}JneU _= x}B L fL R{x A nT U _i .pL}ZeU
.x}B L fL }JneU R xnL xneU U L{x
phSB ph[U n }> dL px{bi

nfU {=
pÂY i
Un_U {Y dL {A = }_> U U oUnQ R phini
naJ _= p@{U nghR SB }i naU Za> Ax rhA
}Y }Y }ZY w ngfY }hR p]h= pf@ =nc> o= ngdB{x
dL e_> nhA U >
U |g= }aeU Y _aUn=
hUn }RjT eeU U g@}B ? gdhwj> gehd_> naJ ox|g>

Sn_Y U {gx hL}ZY }R dL a]U H U h_Rni
.ijI x|g> xj> U {gx = fL R}Y hdcU d_R nY dL
. nfU R naJ n @ ()
77
e^T oK}h mÌ

w nY U nH w nY f_U pHneY U n inhA a]U yfx {S neU
pL~i w }@ f_U yh w ngx|g> pL~fU |w x}U hU
phini afU {U pdjY
|\`T m` `\T
{U pdjY
px}]R pL~i f_U nbU ]feU dL pbReU nf_x
:feU S Y dx neT phini afU

d _dR pa L
d^x p
{> lR afU hI Y dÛ
nhd=nS phRn }]R fxc> R ex a]U {b_i Yki nfi =

~B pdwkY
}hU nY Y nghU bdx nY T
gR n\Y padY
bU
Y nghR |x nY T
nghd=nS R p[U nT n Yne> }ZU
}nfL
:Un_> nS padY {x{L [= cZdU

pd=nbU pfhdU
pfh_UnT I
H mX g
PdU H nS [:ni] ` S mX |Sm
T
me w zv mh
:fL nehR
h|Zew
hfw
< mdh |\`T cK zTw TX S
()
px}]R qhU pcY pL~i ni {U }ZU
pL~fR U dL . hmdw
@ bUn= nwbd> pnU pYn_U j= px}U |w jZ= {haeU nS . nU yh @ ()
78
{S ngilR px=}U p=}U }hY >{T pf U ncU hdL i

nY pdjY
L cx nY ox|gU x}U dL [_x naJ nfw hU i q?

ng_Y qdZR nei nA
naJ _= x}> R px=}U neU T
nT ne=}dR
U Y {@ ni nA w
e_Y
cZ= ngH Y {=
@ ceeU Y neT nU |w Y {e_eU ph=}U dH R j]U
ngU bd B Z>
nA {@> neT n Yne> naJ _= {U ai Z>
nA
.pnU ng=nH
X \< Q zg^G zg^T
@ L rx{U J dL pbReU nffcex R {b>

nY dL
{hTjU _U = ex
{S nY nY .nfU _= bx neT }]aUn= hY}Y
zg^T :}x}w = nehR PfU
L }eU rx{U B Y }caU
()
}R dL gR X \< Q aH X aYT X \< Q z^G X

{hTj> {[= hU ()ngbaU _= deA neT nLeU Y iT {L
d_x Un_> dU U nI = }x = niU > }Y nbZU n_U
.negY ]= R new A bZU nbI {h_U n_=
fL nehR QKncU nY nU dL n@ rx{dU }haU |w

zg^T X \< Q aH X aYT :PdU H S f_Y L H {bR
dK d^gG h X \< Q v cT cK X aYT :maQ X \< Q z^G X
.()z^T mdK d^gG X \< Q v cT cK X zg^T mgaH
. nbL yh[>
.p[Un= naU ZT R id_U a . ne_U ~fT ()
. ncR pxngi ()
. {[dU {hAU ()
79
hY hh> nbZU n_U qinT U ilR {b>

nY dL L
{Q nx }ZU nH {w ~U negUnS R U nhB negfL niU
TnA {@U neT {nR px hdL o> }> Ù ocU ~i H}U r_=
pLn]U }acU ph[_eU dL }x nY > R hU i ni nhBn=
R {h_H y[x ? }eL R n hbI
cx {A n [I }i |U nex
.()new}h`>
b_x hcR hh> nbZU n_U qinT dR c_Un= }B
neY
}Y nT U i negx}@ nbZU n_U ph> }cR ]= {Tkx
nhB {_U n hS n]U YkeU p=n? n_U }RncU ox|_> ncU U|T
Un_> U{L R x hT nex pLnJU |w nh[_U }acU
nY Y fx |w !fY }aY
hdL bdB nY dL ni oSn_x
.pecU n[i {_U
mG Q
kU bhR ni {U ph> pdjY

qhU f_U pL~i q?
nghU a]U nehH Af@ }H
ng=nT phahT L
oUnÙ R _> f_U i a]U f@ YL :bU nffcex
phfY phHnhU nH `di ph=}U H phU }h?j> U
:h[aU hU pxn[S

:|a`T :
YnL }baU cZx
pex}U i ni nR{i n hh
h_U pebU hYj> pS}U R{= nY f_U pHneY
R{= nY
Y}U {H
R }ax
jx fA Y x{U {U x nY }gbU _a= eeU Y nbi
}neU :}î H }x}b> R neT phU >}nY R U {hU nR nY dY |w ()

.
80
nS {bR h_in }baU dL pdYnI p deA H I

|gU x}B @
.() |`S bw |a`T mS :fL nehR PdU H
|U }B Yn_U :|G b`T

w b=nH L phew
bx
:m ghm>
naJ Y phUn_U pfU U }hZ> nS lR .ngY}Z> }H ca>

ng=n } H nf= w {A nhA dB{x x|U
]U phi caU
}bH dL n dH }? k> px}H nRUnR x= {A Y nbZU
nY nL}H phafU {b_U phafU n=}] Y }hcU x{U d> a]U
.ph{L }LnZY phTdH n=}] U U x
n LnJ ni oc> {_> p[U q=nU Y :T mQ :m Tm>

bR nhB R wnx }eUn= {x |U {x{@ n SB
nY nS U nR L n_= hh]U nhB U nf= {I}x hdL

m gI pcd@ ng\Tm< |X
xw|TmS |gT nb= mgA o :QdL
.()m eh pcd@ eTm< |X

xw|TmS |YT
nb= |H o
x}BU a]U {hdb> n \x Y_U |w Y :mSmdT zgcaT :m ^<
a]U ~i .nfU }nH U >B x= Y {= g>nR}[U

>nTnY
>{S ei
R hU
}H
}Yn= hU x}B {hdb> i
w U = > {A
{h= |Bj> pUn {bU n inhA nbR R ec> pdcZeU {h= .Rn_Y T}>
R f_U nex {UT

UA Y phH
nef= = pdnaU B i
{wnZeU |w nYjR .n`[U >B }\x }hT nf= @ n> h=
Y {h> nfhL > nY pHnee= bx n_x f_U U j x H a]U lR
. RncU ()
. LeU cU hL ()
81
.x}B Y ? Y n`[U >B

Y nw}hQ ~adU nInI dL }_> U f_U pex}U R
gR n`[U nw R ngH}Q f_U pRnb? }Zi R }hT L nH
a]U lR H Y .ph{_U }U dL naJ Y h@ ph=}> R wn>

ohS }h`[U pInZU nY S Y }hT n ]S \ex nx |w R
>nL a]U nhTdH dL }hT }InY }h?j> pInZU |gU _@ nY ohA
.hdL H{Y x }h?j> Y }T
hdS U U }T|Un= ni{L U

nffcY pfH U {x{Un=
nH q = nY{_= i :ngdnA neU |w R }_Y

n\H
p[S
pAnH R n bfI hhinfU hd@ {L {wnZY nB }Zi R phinfdU L
phUnU nx R [U nf_UnJ ncU n`[U U {wnI {dU {A

R new{A hd [afY h? nA R YnS naJ _= :newnaY x}=
hY gU hR fI UnA {wnI nY {hdb= nbU R }B fU
.()pH{eU R
owmRT Q
nU e_U R ec> f_U pL~i Y a]U pxnS R U ]U

R }`> peY phRnb? phLne@ ph= nx pai ng=nH }nY dL
hU } c > R}U peU h S a]U
R Y U }R > f_U ncI T
.x}BU peU ex Yn= }_ZhU fA ]L Y @nx nY >}H
nf@ }\= H x {[U |w R
neU R f_U ncI T
. nfU R naJ n :@ ()
82
p@ \aU L rx{U aR phw}cU f_U {U x f_U =}U

fY |B :qUnS QhU nY p_}Y w od]eU {L = n_U
f_=
>|BjR P=? dL nY jR deR Ln nx n fhA PdU H
fX :PnbR c= A
H iQ mv|f\w
[`T mw
mdT oR {v
.()QgT ncR K m_T w}w
rU Y [fU R nY neU |w R p_RnfU phYH Y

w neT odbU nS > {S U geU _= L {UU n_= } dL
@ n@ :nS QKncU nY L rx{U aR pAn=|U pfgY R nU
e
d L {S dU H nx :nbR PfU
d H I
aR p=ncU |w f= qe
U
m <mZR
c^w mfeX |S :~dA Q dc = < cT d c G :PnbR
.()cR X od@|T nv{= @ x<{w hkQ :bUn= pfgeU |w L n_= d L
U {U i >}R
QdU {L = dL qdB :nS neL = nH L
}?
dc= :nS U ..qd_R {S :qdS {eY heH
:nS Q
.()od@|T eX nc = }T
kQ
.()n \x pf U w n R f_eU |w
Y nx}U R nY :neU |w R px~Y}U pU{U hUn_U Y

{nH nT dwn@ {hdbU n \R [U pS q> hcU eU pw}T
|w pxg_Y {L pgU ngfY R ncI Yj> Y d> px}U cU nHU {Y ()
ph\bU bi n bA >jhH = {_x {fH }_Y {[Y de> ngi L hwni PfU T R ndU
>|BjR P }A R n= QhU nwR padY [= }_eU n[eU Y pde@ L
dU nei = ~A }hY :}î !f= q_@ {S `x =? :PfU ngU nbR !f_= \aU
. nJ = a]U dS R gdU
. ncA ox|g> ()
. ai {[eU ()
. = fH @ ()
83
Qn hdL :h= L Qn[U nY L rx{U aR }_U {fL

ZT ~cw |bw mS mf< X|Q mv{AiQ zwz@ X X G p= m g
.()zwzT X m gH
. ncA = Y nU rx{U p_hZU nH ()

84
ogewzT og<|T `\T

iUx |U {bUn= gnf= phfx{U ph=}U jZ= nfU Y }hcU gx
{S
nei Y phRnbU phLne@ phafU ph[U phi{U ph=}dU
hUn_> [ZU TdH h= Rx x hdL x deU niU fx{U
_d]x S dL = fS |U x{U bU
f= hgx
{_x
x{U |w
=
phU{U {wn_eU _= }S
{S .Un_dU x nY {nbL dL
phfx{U (n= {hbL) g>{hb_U n bR ph=}> R hhL}ZU
nh n=
R x{UU }A dL }[bY a]U bA phSna> U U }Z> U

.h=}>
dbU fL R}Y dU S {UU yh

Y x a_x U
dL n_eU de= {x~> fh[> x|g> dL e_U phUkeU
aA R phL}I
phUkY
deU ex
H = .phfx{U n_eU ngH
L n_= inH dU x L }i Y nf= UnhL ai

nhi B
c v b `h R e X w
mh bg
{ T mf w mw :Un_> nS .RhdH}eU
Y nw}h`T phfx{U ph=}U lR |U .[:x}U] m
R
e T mv
T m
nghR |Bjx U U }eL f

H |fY a]U oT> }ax ph=}U ni
nh nY nH L kU U nghR R{fx nhI dL }_U
~hheUn=
85
kU hS Y fx }ha> ngU U fx{U {_U Y {A

nbi nilR phfx{U
ph=}U ngc> U phewU
{_= nY eU UnU L
:phUnU nbfU B Y pUjeU
ow<|T ogcd^T Q wzT :
{x{> px=}U pUjeU R =nx x{dU w :_U nx ne=
gx|g> naJ ph=}> R

n YnS T|eU phde_U R x{U nB }_x
naLn\Y U|U nT ne=
egR dbL a> SnJ n> Y R a]dU
UA Y eeU dL phdb_U phafU px{U
dL phdH
UnH pLfeU ehwnaY {nbL R x{U }hcU }x =nbeU R

n hA n hbdB x|g> a]U ph=}> R }hT cZ= wnx phSB
{fL S U nf= {x |gU db_U afU _ dL phdH
}h?j> }x
.hdU {U Y Z= ph\bU |w
`\T cK |\A ogewzT gvm`dT v
H phfx{U hwnaeU :nbU }U {fL S i nfhdL {U R

ngUw pYnhbU h= p]>}eU [U hwnaeU _T ngfY px{nb_U
nJ R B{x neY
>nbL }bU
}B U }^fUn= pd[eU dT phL}ZU
b? ng_hJ ng> {A
n ]Qn n L
R e> hd\U haU }hacU
{bU }LnZY
x{U ef>
a]U bL dL
ngi neT .px{U phafU
neU L [U
hwnaeU d> n_= }ax |U }Y phw}cU
pJnU nU _= Y |w w}î pg@ {hTj> R kw d]fx .=}U

U phehd_U swnfeU _= U }hZx nY Y }T R phdU nefU
.phn[S px}hac> ncR e\>
86
|w R HnA SY x{b> {bL

{x{= h? cZ= >}x ph\bU
phLne@ px=}U nwn_= I R phini nhU R x{U SeU

ZYnw neU |w R x{U gR pxn[S phHnhU
ngU }= }eU
}_x nhU od R bx i
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H dU phini nhU h^f> R n hZYnw hU n hHnH x{dU
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{nbY >nxU dL x{U nYnew od R w px=}U phde_UnR
dL .()A mbX d=
p^< mdh :fL nehR PnS {S
deU pbx}]U {hAU ne=
\R hU }x gR |w wnbL
~c>}eU swnfeU neL R e> px=}U phde_U ni R pfh_eU
ne=
w}^f= x{U phfx{U phSB neU dL

px=}> phA pSnJ cZx
|ZU Y e[_> }ZU f > }hU _R U ni R{> phSB
b_U fe> }i
.px{U phdb_U >nSnJ >{S ef>
}[U
U ai }U w}JnZx {S hfYkeU pLne@ nbL w |w

[
bx x|U hhined_U Y }hcU ~@ cZ= U fhL nbL w}JnZx
cex pe?
j= kw }cfx rhA ph_x}ZU phHnhU pAnU
L x{U
x{U n]i }[A ne=
= SB =}U neU R x{U _dx
.phinex phSB }{U [= ahK
px=}U }heU ni R n hRnT ni}^f= cx U T|eU nbL
}eU
nbL n> }B n J}I nfdU ng>nxnQ U ngU
pe@}> dL e_U w }ZU |w w

pna\aU phTgH n_ZU
. ne_U ~fT i n= ()
87
dhj>
{g@ U nx {= |w px=}> swnfY sY}= U nbL |w
Y = d x eU {x =}>
.{eU Ax i@ T
gbR
}^fU }[= neU |w R deU [bU L }^fU Q

Y i {h=
}B hU T dH Un_> dUn= ginex {L ginex pUjY L n \x
icU px=}U phde_U R nL }^f= x{U |B ph=}U ned_= }ax ilR
n \x ncYn= = oR }ZU Y hxeU nY ng= Ykx {hbL
Y ng\x}> ngx|g> phini ph[ZU nf= R }Bv= cZ=

T
ahK>
}x}ZU nL~fU
ph=}U nedL }x `fx i nbL R
R jZU |g= hegeU
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.}hhÙ dL ng>{S
c b= mR o_T
nfilR de_U SU phini p=}U w {beU

nbL p
neY
~_x
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snfU h= }H pH{eU R H px=}U phde_U L ehS x{U
p@}U w U pa cU ni{@U phfx{U ph=}U {e_> U swnfedU phdU
bdU }i pex}U Y j= {>
nS nSU w |gR
U nhbUn= {@ a>}Y phfx{U

ph=}U neL R}> U ph=}Ù {eU R
ni|B nfi U .phYH pH{eU R nU w neT nw{e_> U {eU

nY YH Un_U
ni{@U pfU {Y dL hR pex}U n[A nf_@ .
neU neU n\Y }gI R ng>nxY i U af> pex}U pi
nL }^f= ni|B .hedeU ai dL A f_Y }h?j> Y [dU
88
ng= qbdL U oZU _= Y phfx{U px=}U swnfeU ncYn=

.px=}U phde_U R phfx{U ph=}U neL U hL{U gH a>}> R
oGzadT ma@ X ogdgc^T
rX|T |gf\=
gY
R hU nI qe>
nY w nhdU oZU d> U _U
]fY x}U pÙ dL phehd_U phfx{U swnfeU _= neI Y rx{U
ph=}U nB U L{i ri
nY{fL fR .= bU nffcex neY
}hacU
neH phehd_U pUjeU R phfx{U
neU |w R phSB phfx{U h bU
{U phYH {dU _= R }ZfY pfh_Y
j= }cfi
phfx
swnfY pe?
bU cex }hh`> U p@n= w px}hacU nLneU _=
dL ]U =}>
ngi ng=
phw}cU {bU pRnb? }Zf> f_U dL >

R pbh
px dL neL }L UnY Y hd> dhd\> }B }hac>
YnceU gaU L {h_= [i _U phR}A
p~Y }S x{U gR
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naJ ai R ngH}Q x
pRnbU |w
nY{fL pbh\U phw|eU
nh@ sf> _h]U eR |hYU

U phn[S px}hacU nLneU Y
hH f_U sgf>
.n TdH n gfY phw}cU {bU {e_>
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pdcZY e> phgbaU px}caU phw|eU
phw|eU R pdcZeU nei hhYH baU }cadU fQ }? YnL ~>
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nY{fL
mX |Ze^S wzT
ni nx |U afU dbU A}U }aU |w H R x{U

}n_eU
ni yfex nfeJ YnL Y }[fL phbfU ehwnaY R cZx
89
:Un_> nS n hai }bH n hdB n YH
c a T d \ = c T | S { <
U ehUn_> B Y n hLne@ }bH n YH fex neT .[:{L}U]
{x {Y
f_U pS}aU |i nU
A}U U L{>
U dL r>
bx .()mX mdw :QdL

nY bx x}BU {LneU _U
bL Y ni }x
A px}ZU yx}> :dcw {U dhaU
}B n=}= >
}Y
UnL }x ()dU w
cx >nL~i
}LnZY Y }hT ox
fx{U _ZU {_i si= nT }xU afU
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U U kx nhU |w ~`Y f_e= _ZU {bR U kx neT pU
.()nh\Un= _ZU
o^w|H zgaK Gm< e< ea= gS :m ghm>
phYH {nb_U Hn= f= fS hT :hfYkeU Y }hcU nx
nfS R d\aU pdhHU w nY {@neU nh> nh[U [Un= A

hT
...hT hT aUn= s\x
hY H R nU {>n= naU
hx
neT }hhU pdgU pUjeUn= qhU nfS phdeL :U
}eY
pTY pLfY naT {x{L ngY U n> gR x}hcdU
pn= LnfS ni Y JL bL dL }? k> U {eU deU

n]U {x{> ohUnH }x]> }eHn= L{> gR U|U a]U
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ng>nxnQ d> ngdT >k> px=}U pUjedU f x dR U {=
. LeU cU hL ()
.w }h= }caU neU {eY T{U {h_H phini i ()
}h= ph_YnU o>}U h_U eA}U {L T{U ini dU }ha> R nH ()
.w
90
~d> U ohUnH {LbU w L h[aU Y Z= n b=nH nfedc> {S

nwneL `fx U ohUnH _= U nfw }hZi px=}U phde_U R ng>nL}Y
.phfx{U ph=}U pUjY R
z? mv|<
}n_ZU {nb_U x{b> pUnY phLnfS ohUnH d> dL >jx

abx |U {_U
]fY {hb_U n]B L {h_= p]Y pfw}Y pbx}]=
Y ga > kU pR}_eU oA
dL ]aY a]UnR .}U nbfU n=
{[= >nZSnfY bx dH U `[x =}eU dL
A
aY odS
o
L jx {S gR p_ p@}Y pdH |w qinT negY }>

nfahK .pdH Y U }hQ U bdB Y dcI incY UnU p_hJ
j]U Y px{_>
ph>ncH phinw}= phLnfS pbx}]= ngfL p=n@U {gU |=
U Y SU phfw|U dQnZY px}caU >nYnew dH wn> pUnY
SY
a]U pg@Y o_[x U nbU nSU nci pUnY nYU
Y U }hÙ (oh_U) Lne@ êU } R B{> ngi p_x|= ng=
.nH
pdH Y phUkY pS |= Yn_U nU |w Y R d]eU
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neU n RB }hafU }hZU dH neL } :ohUnH |w w

Y
^LU =}U g=dH R hedeU nL{U
Y }hcU hR bx
h=}eU
Y a]U x> R }U R{= phi A L ne=

Ùnx gi rhA
i|U _= R}S x|U n[_dU nw{L
U }_eU ni Un_> dU |L
91
~@
U nhU A Un_> inH dU L pahY pL}Y [= fw ex
n Tna H
ex nY{fL a]U |w }afx _h]U Y .bdB ox|_= |dx
x{U Y ]` ZA }bU n=|L ngUw fg@ ni n U
dL dH
cZ= }? kx neY
_= oh ne=
dw
phafU }Y {b _U
.Lne@ afU i> }bH
{nb_U hwnaeU d> R ec> pdcZeU

dH R = phfx{U
U|= nf?{A
neT naJ _= S {bR H Y .a]dU ngex{b> ng}L
Y n= h }hafU dxgU
axU
n]U nxn w
nZU naJ _= d= neT n Yne> phafU }Y nx}hgU dgU

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R dB Y w}x|> R {Z>
nhA R Un> phfw
Y d]fY =}>
neU |w R phH{fgU phwnfeU pS {U neL dL gde > Y |w
nwn\S ng>nL ghdL o@> gUneL g>nL qd]=
nwH
!=nbL dU o\Q bH
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{hLU S {LU ohw}U S ohQ}U dH }hafU }hZU dH
K T i G
K ng
zT
:Un_> dU S Y n S]i
| R h kQ e K m
? nw
K
Y n Yni [:}bU] zH | w f c ^ T < e X j g T T g g c Q m
PdU H nT ()|^=
|w
|è= | Y< :PfU
S
h mh|X mgh |Hm^X
nfhd_R ()fTaK zR cK meT n Im

mh :bx
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. }h`[U YnU ()
. RncU ()
92
nfU pRnT Y }hZU hd U pecU dH neL U niL{x H

}ax |U }Y wH Y }T n aw}Y n A
cdex x|U naJn= hcR
gx{U dx phcL _R }x {S i g_Y }hafU n]U In>
p^LY }L f= hcU nebU n]B R nfU .phafU }>U Y }hcU

e < mw :}ZU n]B Y |x ^_x w U nS rhA neU |w R
c Tm< | Y=
:px |w R deU [:nebU] g
]K c ] T | YT
pY
pY
nL w f= nx n_= f= oJnB nebU :
U neHU dbL = odS yax ne= pS }U peU ]_Un= piZY
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d _Y n@ dUn= }ZU L U hgi :m ghm>

n edK ex }ZU j= }aY
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n eh^L
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cUn= L}R nJnx Lnw HY }Y {S inH dU nT

a Q * _I h K | Q T m v :hdU
Y w | S { w c ^ T m eg T R T
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hUncU phfx{U {nb_U a]U }_Zx T oeU
hd U cUn= phfx{U
.=n[L w}x dwnT bx hdL n L e> phL}ZU

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phfx{U ph=}U p[A
_ @ }b>
nY{fL {eU phehd_U nHkeU

rh= {U {_= g}R |YU }R nS R x}cU }bU
cZx
hb? n L {U |w
}afx }_Zx }_Zx rhA Y gd_x ghdL
nY gU pfUn= ngi (phfx{U ph=}U x}cU }bU ) ngai neU Y
.gA}Y wgU gQ}R nS R gL~> gA ghdL b> pdhb?

93
xTmZT cK dTm< `\T <
{hdb> }hÙ nTnY U {Zfx

nB cZ= a]U nL cZ= ni
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neH nghdL henbU dL = fL nÙ dwn> px=}U phde_dU x
.{HnaU nefU L n_= yUn[U eUn= a]U =}U gh@>
}Rn\> U nx nei oR px=}U phde_U >nL dL bx }Y |w

R w}hQ x{U nedL aU
hx=}U
g@
w hhYL
pax~eU
nhd_U eU L wn_= nfnf= eU dL eU x{b> hH
nHU B Y InfU hdU ngex{b> ngLnf dL }B e_x U

phR}= }B nw}x{x U nHU |w .nw}hQ ph= phfaU phYL
B Y px}caU gh[I nf= nfUnh@ pRnb? xc> R wn> phUnL phfgY
.pd[= nfRnb? nf>n\A U qex
neY
ginw R ngH}`> U nhd_U eU

U nhd_U eU Y }hcU nf_S nfxn> R Y
phA
nei cZ>
fx{U oinU R ngfY {hax nfnf= cex pS}ZY
R}_eU bdU
.neU Y U }hQ = ngU Un\fU
oaQ|T mgA
{nb_Un= naJ nfS pRngU nfegY R n \x nL h_= |B `fx neY
nS{ pbR}U nhB U wnI ggh@> dL e_U phYH }n_ZU

}h?j> }Y
Y }T U dL nfgi neT peeU pH{eU U|T hHnfeU
|U x{U }h?j> ax {S a]U dL nw}hQ pH{eU R nR}U n
ng= >}x H pbR nY nw ow|> }>
px=}U gU pRnT Ai
a]U
.pdx}U n\A U _R{> }i @ U pbR}U d> }R
94
nedeU nhaU }T neR

hR x}x L}ZU nUn= _fbx >U
gd_> g= h> U pbR}U nghR Z_x U phU {h= gU n ex}c> pinh
ngY n= nI Y }hT lR =nbeU R .{> U L h d x
gfY od]> ngi g@na> ? nUn= gf= nfS dL {bU {L Y in_x
U|= ngf_fSjR neU nhaU _= qSn ngi H ZU {>
.ngH ngdeL ncY ng]hY R p=}Ù pZAUn= >
{_> U
}Y n_U n@U }nH R fh_= }x nU R ni}T nY

gnf= Y hR Zh_x |U heU phU nhB w dL }ax |U
neT i gi}In_x x|U pbR}U nghR gied _x U pH{eU nbi
:Q}SnU nY {U = n nY R Qn[U nY L rx{U R
.()f w T AzX Azw X cw T n@m nZw X e< mw
K|YT za^T gTmdT Q ogewzT og<|T m Tm>
:hxY dL bx phfx{U ph=}U L nfx{A ?
.phYcU [U {nb_U oinUn= >}x nY : dT

.TdU L}ZU oinUn= >}x nY :hmT dT
zma^T
mdw ~G
x= >nL dL nbdY }hT phUkY pe?

lR {nb_U oinUn= >}x nehR
Y }x|> n_= ph[U {nb_U {UU hd_= e> U p@{Un=
nT{Y L}x pecUn= x dHj= U x
`fx .pR}feU {nb_U
U phfx{U n_eU w U nI cex .phfw|U phdb_U SnJ a]U
:ngfL n_= nwi gh@> ng= a]U nfS nfhdL
. {[U zhZdU n[U ()
95
X
cT oQ|^X
hx
w bU pUnH R fL nehR Qx{=n_U x nY bx
oTzT @ X gT mdK
jX h ... :{U dL {UU bA
()
R dL phUkY peR
}K
<
cK
KmI cK oh^dT ?

}eL dbL oHnf> U hw}U }T|= bUnB =
dL f= {x
hx
nY }hT a]U >na dU L pJnB n hdH n Ln]i U {b>

}ax nY U U nY {x @ U @ i phA
[= U
.hU hZU @ L n]eU {S {_x U L bY [>
x{b>
na B Y inH dU dL ax}_> \b> pecU lR }B pg@ Y
bUnB i {Z>
ngU a]U n>}x U na[U Y nwi peU peA}U
}U na B Y hU dU x{b> U ni hU
j]U Y
x @
nc= I bUnB j= hU A> pbx}]= oR pxngbU
{dx |_
a]U Y nw}> _U }cx U bU na Y U }hQ U ...fZx

nf@ d]eU .pL~eU >nR}[> Y {dU
pUnY R ng= JnY
dU {`> A dH |w
oL}U [U pR}Y fw R U@ @
.U
U Un_> dU oA
a]U R ~x kY =}eU
{= fL rx{U dU }T {fL nh>n= a]U }_ZhU fY }L|U
.=n[L }> x n H=nT }T cZx
ga>
dL nS ng_Y y[x Y pdA}Y a]U d= U nehR d T |w
d> U {_= [x U nY hi{A
@ dUn= nbL pUjY
ngâx nw }hU {hAU pedT ehd_> |fhA

oHnfeU Y lR pdA}eU
R ngi~x pedT w pedcU |w cU pdA}eU |w R nwnf_Y {x U
. hbaU }\x Y ()
96
vdc ^Q T ZQ :PdU H L rx{U aR fw

:odcS bhmg cK Q :PfL }B px R .()cT T
.()...cT T
mT g< mdw
pHneU f_Y Y d e> ne= a]U U pYnhbU x }cR }bi

nfhdL
|U }Y hfeU }T hY}eU pHnY U
nbA {_U pYnS
~UU _R{> phgU p=nS}= _I }hcU {U neT x{U dx

{[U hS c=
nw}hQ dÛ {U |cU L n_= ...n_U peA}U peU
oHnx H phRnB hdL a> |U dU h_= n _he@ nfi }U Y
dL pYnhbU x ni
L n_= n]eU {S `fx }hT }h` T
x{U }> {S a]U bL ngdex
{S U f g@ nfU pL}eU [U x{b>
.n b=nH ni}I neT phafU TnZeU _= U d> UnU L phdH

nLn]i
Rg< v PeT oX

dU H dL a]U }_
> n \x phfx{U ph=}U phUkY Y
pxneH pUnH Y ex nY phYnH phSB phini pehS Y ex ne= P
dL ]fx fhL }Y .x{U R >n_H ni }hB U {g> {UnB
f_eU }eH PdU H}U {Y Y d ex ne= RqhU w pe
dL Rpe PfU
pUaJ n\H dL ~hT}U nf= {x UnH
g= a]U n> L U lR pdA}eU |w R g>nhSB g>nhTdH
.g_Y dLna>
. ne_U ~fT ()
. =nU {[eU ()
97
|aTm< \<
}dU
|Q Y d ex ne= x}cU }bU i a]U h@> `fx |cw
nedK Y = nbi ni px{w {gx nhdU nT b_U {U

.nex {_U d_U i U }acU dÛ ngY gU
: fL nehR nbR {A pde@ R d T U P }T fU

e@ {S
|aT |R g< v n@
bgh
:mZA > cK S <

n@
w cT J
Q |aT o c d @ kQ
.()mg` mgh X c J J
x}_> }Y
U T|eU rx{U Ax
ngY n= Y od]x
P
RgY
dL h=}> xj> U wnL = h= w dU H}= {UU
dL e_x ~Y {g@ |= d]eUnR pR}_eU }h`= b> peU
pR}_eU c> hT dS U ?
a]U bL U Rh= w PfU
nB
.pdLnR pxhA
= pRn@ {Yn@
nx}U _= lR }bU hd_> U _Un=

bA Y A
U j= {Tk>
nY x=U h^_U }@ L }B nx {>

(){U dL {UU
w<m< K |aT dc K X ... :PfL {bR x}cU }bU negf= ned L

.()oe T v ? mdvh X [w gc @ mgbgQ
oQ|edT zma^T X |w{T v
i a]U h@> {fL nghdL henbU phfx{U ph=}U phUkY gf>

ngf[x
ngdecx
= ph[U phinex {nb_U
}B eL ngTx {=
. ne_U ~fT ()
. RncU ()
. =nU {[eU ()
98
}acU nUn= pd eeU pdJnU pR}feU {nb_U Y }x|> n_= w

Y }hc= o_ h[U pegY
}_> .U }hQ e_i T dH dUn=
pU p H dL {e_x n hi gH eL nfU {nb_U nfU pegY
nw{hfa> ph`= ngbAY ngZU R nafH L{x h[U nefh= px}]R
ngUnaH nA R >
nbi Z>
Y}=
{nb_U nfU dL >j> S
:}LnZU nS dw x{U nx {hfL {dY U YkeU
ng=
bx n=
U
hcR
nw U adB n=
pR}feU ncR hR }Zi |U |w nfinY R p=_ h[U }Y ~x

Y pdd Y phRn[U g>}]R d>
naJ bL ~`> q qLf>
}Y .}hQ qi}i UnL U nadU Y px{U U nH B

pR}fY neL Y n_U |w R}x nY Y n]hZU n_= }_x nY nZi {A
U
phYH [fU R ni{@ {S px}hY{>
{S RqhU w Y pe
~hT}> ggh@> hH R g>{b_Y nf= ncR p_=nY } U gi

n[U {eY = }a_@ nY L rx{U aR pehdH {LnS dL ginex
R (ph[U {nb_U L rx{U {[bx) qwzTm<()b>z@ m< :Q
|U pne_= rx{= }_eU rx{U R ()o?|dT fgT baw
h= L Qn[U dU {L = U {f= n[U R {[U zhZU
< cT f^èw mX medcK X bhmg dc K :nS QdL
L Q
L {@
.()mfw|< o?|dT fgcK nc_=
U p@}eU
_= ngU phYH pS}R w rxnA ngfY |A
.T pi R ()
. RncU ()
. n[U ()
99
pehbU nex R U pUn e_U :nw}]B Y pdJnU

w pehbU T
R n[i Y }hcU ngU {> U |w n@ }cR .oR ph]U nxfdU
nfinY
Z>
}Bv= cZ= ngi SB eeU }bH dL }]B cZ>
}eU phi c> }caU |w R geU SB qd aU d U dL
nbL |w cx ne=
phew jI |= hdR TdH d_R nY pehdH
[Un= ngfY QnY }x|> R }U
w pS}aU |w = qR}L |U
nhiU }H gx{U ~x}Ù R c= gi nZU {A dL

.U|U n hfx }Y
{@ nY nehH gZU
owm^T og<|T meTmÌ
new } dL x{x{I
}A {hTj> pe?
phYH nxnU R
dL dU hS fx}e> _hZ> ehd_> a]dU pxn_U phfx{U ph=}Un=
hdcU H
d= A n_U Y new}hQ [U [U Y }aU
hdcU o_= }_Zx ngU j hgY
n_U |g= pR}_Y dL nT L}ZU
.db?
me<T |A adTm< mdv
hA U ngT}> dL oSn_x n_Un= d cY }hQ a]U yh

cw @ ZT K caT Q
:gZeU rx{U R n@ neU n bJ dU

{L h=}> ehd_= new U L{Y UkY x dw
e X w
nf@ n@U hg>
{ T mf w mw :Un_> nS nY}eU
c v b `h R
zH P o b X mf g c K m
R mh bg
e T mv
T m
.[:x}U] | X j w mX c ^ ` w v | X mX c T Z ^ w
100
w
{ T mf w mw px |w qU~i neU :Qn[U nY L rx{U R
c v b `h R e X
~L ni :nS cx hfYkeU Y @ d@ bg
ai L
< |Xi= md< v|Xi= @ :PdU H nbR !dw q a d T
.()`h eK fe= mdK
vmfe= `h
nf= }B beUn= gx j= deU ni dL phUkY pe?

gRn^f= f_x neT phA}U gRn^f= f_x hi{U gdbe= gx neT
phafU px{U g
n= Y }hcU {i {x{ZU H Y nfi
dL i neT naH nYU Y Z=

}Y |w Y Jn_x ngY
:fL nehR PdU H U
:hbR fm< X mX}T |A mÌ w
fhdc ^w geXjdT fm< X :nS !hT}ZeU gn= Y dU H nx
mhiQ mghzT X | gw |^< feX vêX dc ^= |`T X m gH
.()|< eX v |< feX
j= }i i ngR qbb> {S PdU H}U fU |w lR {x nehR

egx {@neU nh> Y wnf= _fex nfU Y }hcU h_U
!n hI inex gdbY ghf_x phfx{U gh=}=
hdB nT neT pUn ph=}> nf= ph=}> w

h_x YkeU ni dL
dL g_hZ> g>L{= acx }i |U gU
|w h_x Qhw}= dU

g
[U pYnS gbRx }eHn= dU L{x nei [U
aX ec ^ ?
ZT
.[:hw}=] mK a = me < w X
. RncU ()
. nHU {Y ()
101
`\T mK ogK|YX
nY dL nx }@kx
w a]U :w nUl= nfw ai }ax kH pe?
phx{> xne> }Y
neL Y = >jx
ngiT {_> >nL pxnL

U Y n hI nghdL x
bU U{L ecA Un_> dU }cU pYY }T p[U

U }S
R {>
nghdL nx pL}ZY w = xne> }Y
qhU a]U nL j=
U|U ngbaU {H
{S _ax nY bax ~heY
cx p]x}I >nfA H
ZUn= }Yn= }Y :pdnbU {LnbUn= ~heeU
a]U nL phL}ZY fL
()
U n g@Y
n h=nH }Y pe?
:{LnbU |g= }eU ZU U|= }Y w

Zci x Y nY dU n b Y nT dY lR n_U j= a]U
~heeU
a]U U @Y
}Y @
j= {U U @eU
}Y B Y U Zci ni :TmQ
U|= }Y w ZUn= }Yn= }Y lR n_U Y nw}hQ [Un= }Yjx

.ZU
pf U ncU R U pU :n \x phL}ZeU dL = {H
neY
sA
pYnL {[>
T
n d Y dL U o> }> dL pU{U

Y U }hQ U .()UnU }hQ U ngR}[i @ }hQ UndU pdYnI
ocU R ng_@}Y cex [U nL phL}I n? }T U @U
.U|U {_eU
phgbaU
. U {hU }x}b> Y [U nT @ ()
. fdU phgbaU {LbU @ ()
102

ZT
ngehd_= gi
nf= {x U n_U dL [U nL >j>
p_h]= U }Y .ngT}> dL g= ki = g>n_i nghdL g_Zi
naJU
h= U pd hfYkeU }_Y x{U YnL gR [U phew U nU

a]U hR L{x Z
x |U U
{_U
U nx}U Y pde@ }hZ> .=
rx{U aR pfYnU w ng\_= R p_=nU H
w ng= }Ykx [U dL
ZTm< mehmg |Xih RqhU mh :Qn[U nY L
}hY L ()geG G e< hmS bhmg |dQ geG ~dA e< hmS
()
geG hmd> _c< mf< v{A ZT bhmg dc K :QhfYkeU
A}Y Y hdA}Y U nI { R new nei hx}U h= Rnf>
.dL U i Y {Ln[Un= |B =}U {U
[U nL w nghdL {x_> a]U hZ> nf= {x U }B n_U

\R }hcU dL =_[U x}e> U nx _h]= [U
|U }h`[U L
YnT hU [= }h`[U w}i nfhdL lR
R {S h]x nY {be= =
{UU hR ex |U }e_U L H {S Qn[U nY L rx{U
v kQ oeG |YK < oeG |YK odA g< eg< mX :Qnh[U dL
.()S|Q T R Q e< m zaT KzQ T R m
`\T mv m^T
ph=}U }cR dL n b=nH ni}T neT _U }_x ne=

Y phfx{U
! de> hdL o_[x nehR U n YnS a]dU n Snw e\> ngi nL dL

. b_U > ()
. RncU ()
. RncU ()
103
nfadH neT nfhdL }ax Hn= nfY~U :bi U dL U R

n> Y }B _ax neT n Yne> H hUn_U n bJ nfnf= ph=}> dL e_U
.ng= fYkx U hbU dL gnf= ph=}> dL de_x gilR w}hQ nx
}BjY H
R ph=}U Y }h?j> d= ngilR }hT phew oc> }`[U R ph=}U
hS {S px=}U nhgx{U Y |w
.}U R bfUnT } `[U
R d _U
Y [U U ni @x
~x w
nY{f_R ph=}U R nU |T
nHU {hb_U L {h_= }]aU nbi Y px}S }cY px}eL pdA}Y R

pnB pSL [U h= fh= jZf> R }hcU @> U n`Zi
}_Zx {S ilR ngT}> U ngT}> hdL o_[x ne=

}R ~heY
nghU Zx
weU i {Z>
px}e_U dA}Y lR UnU nZdU n RB }he\U ohij=
n]dU }hT |fx ex
{S |U }B n`Zi U =|>
gT y nZU pdA}Y ni n> ^LU fx{U

~U
b? p=_ }T {`x U
:Un_> nS
|w R n_Un= Y~U lR fx
T c K |gb T mf h
ZT
.[:}bU] g
^ Hm
| ZTm
< e g^ G

L s>ni f cU n h cx {S |gR n_Un= a]U nw L rx{U nY
dL }Y
px=}U ohUnH H
w phfx{U ph=}U }Y R nw{Z>
}hQ {Z>
.phUnU }baU R }T|fH n b=nH ni}T neT J
m^T Q mZR v
dL x{UU r>
U phYH nxnU nbeU R Âi neY
SnJ a]U }eL L}> pi}eU Y }hT {b= > gnf= n_= new
hY a]dU lR .eU
}ax
dL
_h]= i neT gd U o_d U i n x~x}Q
pS{= _Y Yn_U }ax |U }Y {Y

sYni}= {hb>
U nhUkeU Y
104
lR .nbU {ZU
{S n_U }Y R {ZU
L {h_= pÙn= pecA phwnfY
hi =}eU
dL {x_> w
{w cx nefhR phcL _R x{U dx
}_Zx n_U Y }gx

dH nb= lR Un_> dU nL
d_> >{I
{[S U _R{x {S hU pfUn= n L n ew
ngdb=
n_U pLnH {`> ne=
U w d {S i L~hR x{U dL |cU U {ZU
.[x
{U
pi}eU dH H U L{U R R}U
hd U dH
naJn= Un= neR hÙnU Y Yn_U R d]Y phL}ZU
hUncU h]> R
wzT {v
:PdU H L }eU rx{U R nfhdL }Y
{S !n`[U
nS|TmS hbQ cT mK T cT mK v|b=
Q|< gQ cPiQ gX
w Y pe ni{@ |U .()a< |fJ \R |`G {T pedT
dU nL dL naJ ph=}> }\= hR x |U qSU R RqhU

rx{U aR {ZU
L n_= pi}eU neL U L{x gilR inH
geG G e< hmS ZTm< mehmg |Xih h :Qn[U nY L

T X |S mfeT Zh T mS
kQ R
gT mg X RmI md<
|dQ ag\w ZT ^w
@ |\Q (U ) |_T \^T fcP
fcP kQ gT mg X Km\G mX ZTm< geG = e< hmS bhmg
.()|\Q \^T
a]dU phfx{U ph=}U R {ZU

L n_= } U }B nI R
>
h= eU U naJ L{x j= x Qn[U nY {i
}U aR x}aU hÙndU o
x nefh= }[_U }gÛ nZ_U }èU
g< |Z^T T :g=ZT g< ^dw mgZT |Xih mh :QfL
. RncU ()
. RncU ()
105
.()c_Yw R cK X mX |A mY^T |_dT
fL nehR Qn[U nY nf?{x

f_eU |w U pUn? nI R
z@ mh \T Q ^X mh Q}SnU nY < < |X
:QnS
mw |`^? mw :T maQ m R|K
mh h|Q m^T Q zf? zR (Rnx)
nZ=
.()|gTm< eK oe T cA zK n@
:e<
cT
ngTmG [Q mh
}aU n_U dL g_Zi

nfUnaJ ph=}> dL e_i i nfhdL
}> {gU b> }caU > U ohUnH \R ofi phfx{U
neT }hZU ohQ}U dH w ohUnH |w \R Y _U

.phdH sni
nY hd [eU ? dL ~hT}U x
{@nR nhU |w R n b=nH }Y
rx{U x |cw nhU nhi pbR}Y h_i Y gU dU {L
H vRnceU ~RU dH neL Y inY hd [edU dU oA

L
hS Y pxf_eU [U dL KY nA R a]dU px{w {bhR
pxneU
.n_U dL pKY }T nT ned T Ln\x U nfA
j= n_I
g\Tm< gc^T
hd_U dH nbeU R n _ai nw{@ px=}U ohUnH i Y

[U dL hZU ohQ}Un= }^fU hd_Un= =}eU
acx R .h]Un=
B Y [U dL a]U d _x = {x nei n_U Y nwH

n LT nf>nR}[>
p=}>
TnhU ncU i nfin= SU U L{i j= phdeL
nedT LneH nfU _S n YnhS H
[U R }bU nx }T|U
. RncU ()
.
pLeY ()
106
nY PfU
}hH R .nT nx aA dL {Lnx U lR nfadB }hU
aJ w QhU nY hd_> R U dH |w neL {gZx
PdU H :Qn[U nY L rx{U aR [U
phahT }h`
| w cQ PcT G |bQ
Q mS
QcK
< gT hm? T ZT
gT |w cQ PcT G |S
> (hdL {bx U ) |gbTm< gT
PcT G }w cQ |gbTm< gT |w cQ PcT G |S
> |gbTm<
|gb= G dS @ QgT |w cQ |gbTm< gT rTm^w |bw
()
oeG mZQ :QcT zK < maQ o^<mT Q |gbT gT m@iQ
.pfH n _H }hcU n
rx{U |w
nY hd_> {[= nT PdU H dL = {x
{x nehR nT QhU nY phdeL px{h> pbx}]= hU
PfU K
aJ ~x
|U }A }hc= adU
]x dR }h`
}cx
.fY ce>
U n]H A _eY dL }hcU
. {[U zhZdU }ZU dL ()

107
mfeX G RX ogeT og<|T

negY
phde_U
Y w naJ {U fU SB oinUn= pxnf_U
.dbY >nhA dL }h?j> a]U ph[I

pQnh R UnU o= px=}U
.phYH px~U Y eU |w dL }î nbU }\U Y nT nfw Y
mfh R }|_T maw
nH dL }x
Ani }I =}U e_U nhgx{=
Y _U
ng=n]B ng=dH nggi UnUn= ng>nd ]Y ng>nh[B px}eL pdA}Y cU

pdA}Y .ngfh= dU ngSnH A}eU }A x nU =}U
~x}Ù j= ~he>
pbw}eU dU > U }aU fL U pUa]U
|w R a]U nS {haeU b]feU }hQ eR |U peni nghR phfU
}hT fL gax ne= }hca> `Zx ng a> S >~x}Q Sx ne= pdA}eU
.= neU hR dU _R{x hdL `\x n x{@ n h>
n AnU {x
phfU n\L pahK dL }_x
~hheU pdA}Y a]U B{x nY{fL
h= aU
_Y Yn_U }ax U lR Une@ cZ= U i }T|U
nxn\bU R dH wn> {L }\U Y pS L=
qinT negY phfU
nL cU .p=nT p =@ n]L dhd\> dhg> x i Un= p@}Y

108
}eL oHnf> pbx}]= Y |g= aIncY >

dL {hTjU
|U B>
U
nbx Y ni}T nY hS Y pdcZY x{U d> egR hL L}>
n= Y }hcU hR bx j]B
pe?
Ai nfi .i S x{U ~}Ù
ng>nd ]Y px}e_U pdA}eU |w phHnU gdwn> gdg@ o= ngY
dL ~heeU
a]U \= phfU nHneeU _= U n inhA _R{fhR
i}S _= Y nfhL > nY nTnY U _R{x |U }Y fY eY }Y

nfw Y px=}> phbdB TnZY Y}=
eedU }HU U dx neY
iB
.()naJ \= }In_eU nf@n= U px=}U phfx{U phU n@
ng^T ~eT
H
B dU dL a]U nI fU eUn= pxnf_U ~>
}hÙ
qin= bhU y aUn= phfU U ~x}Ù |B pbw}eU
a]U }eL Y pHnU }aU |w .pdA}eU |w R g_eU px{U
h@> > ngbH neL
padY pbx}]= Jn_U new Y {x~eU }a>
e@ dL pn]U }hÙ _= phHnA U nI pÙn= pS{= a]U
Unew n=
x .hLneU hR}feU nI R SU Y ghf>
dL afx x|U ngY n= _= _ax neT hdL nbU phe_>
gi_fex = pdA}eU |w R ni T|U gnf= pdH TnZY ew
y[x
ohL U p=
nxn\bU |w L kU Y
hdL } U Y {=
H }Hj= phdHnfU n\L phfU ph\bU
pJnA .hR U
nL }Y
w n_U oh_U ]fY R ng_Y Yn_U nÙ h_U Y
gx U ncU |w px{= R nfadH neT n hL}I }Y
de> phUn= {hUnb>
.= ncfU nY{bY
= Y nU nw{_= nY p_hZU nH @ ()
109
Y {x~x {S i = w
x {S neT w}eU {U phSB pLnfeU nx R U
pfUn= {x{U geU U n_U |w nZT ^haA }hx R}_eU U\R
{S U neT x}Bn= = }\eU
}YnèU _= B U _R{x hU
U hw qcU }hH {`x phfU

ph\bU
n> phai {b_= h[x
.ph@~U >nhA dbY dL }? kx neY

}aeU
Yn_> pnB
Y n hL
pxnL L{> ~x}Ù y a> pbw}eU pdA}Y
neT S pJnB p=}> R w}eU S Y |A h=}eU
w S
px}R LS phZB dbY }Y {x {S neY

db_U {I fU @\i
.nL{U fU nU hU
`H
ogeT m> ~gT ogeT og<|T
ph=}Un= }_x neY

L}ZU SeU L nU >jx nhU |w R
nfeU R {wn_eU {eU R phfU
n hf@ h=}> a]U h@> Y L}I |Y inY {@x i pbhbU

edL dHj= ph=}U |w }>
}I h=}eU
w S Y H
ohUnH _= R nU w neU n RB n? @ L {h_= nw nw

neY
ni T|U h= B Y @
R {hU h]U {e_> U
hx=}U
Y h[eU
L{i nfi .phf@ ph=}> hU phf@ n? nY nfd_x
H
R phx{U neU |w p=nbY pbx}J R pS{U U w}hQ hhYH
}ceU U
sh@j> R wn> Y |A pbw}eU
|w R ~}Ù U
pbx}]Un= ~x}Ù ph_S p}R pbw}eU w}eU nghR dex U

R neg_R{x {S nY phL}ZU
^Y x}J nhB U }hcU n? YL K
.fU nI ph`= JnB
110
ogeT `cT
nfx Y n S]i phini pd[edU nfY }x{b> cU |w i nfi

fU ai }JnY Y eeU pY
pxneA U pRngU phYH
U }n_eU ph=}Ù px=}U px}U h> _hZ> |U SB dU
hbw}eU nbw}edU phfU px}U
A
hYj> }hR= oUn]> ye>
Y n S]i nfU pfUn= R}Y ]feU |w .hS = px L {h_=

{`x nY nH dL e_U R ~c>}x |U px}dU =}Ù gaedU nf\R
U w
h[> gZU nI
y } cf> R |dU
ijT ni _Y
dL h= }B pxneU nH}dU
{bU _i .pxf_eU phA}U hbU T
aU {A
pehS jI Y R}x }Ù n]H
Y ne= cU px}U
!}B phSB phini hbU }nH n>
mÌ mK
_= R }ZfY phH }wn^= {x{fU nfhdL n Y~U }i nhU |w R

nL{= }_x nY w {U Y nw}hQ x}U {fgU {ixnT U n_U
}Û `H dL pUkeU }hQ ngU _= {e_> rhA naJ
p[hB p_dH U gdx> x
gx naJ Y } hcU p_[U pxneU
|U nL{U H R
pY}T U x i pHnfU H L pLnZ= bx
lR U|U .phSB p[hB phdeL R ngUnBl= pUa]U gex a]U
eU
~= SU U L{Y ni bA pxneA L{x |U }\
U n_U
U gd@ nghdL henbU pbAY ngex}> phi{U nU |w @ R
.pU{_U ng> naS
111
ogRA oKmedT }edT
}x H
SB }B @ R b_eU w }H
|w R .naJ {U phSB pLnfeU ~x~_> aA R HnH {U ngU
U }H >
Y fe> U }@ Y pLeY n> U L{x {[U
Un= {_> phf@ J phdB
|w Y .phSB nR}i L }H
:}@
\= }In_edU h@~U nf@ } Y hU nI qY{b>
nY :
.gfY x~heeU
pn= naJ
S |HnT jZU |g= p]>}eU gehd_> dL }U :m ghm>

U nS R n [B pnU
negR}Q R new x= dL B{U
{S .neghdL x}B B{U peY }hQ pUnA R nicx n@~U ng= dx
U _Un= ngfL }L
hbU |w Y nS p?? U x}cU }bU nI
i g T e X w
b hmd w p b c X w
{ T bh
{ T mf w mw :fU H R n@ nY
|X > be
^ [ = g
@ | ` T R X
{ T
X c T _c w T w
X b < mg>

b g c K ~
g T b T K > mY ^T z^ < X |g f ]T
^ < c K b [ ^ < b g c K Q I v z^ < m
b T c T g w T{ S
e ? f g c K
.[:fU] g
b@ g
cK c T mw
H
`d= @n\eU R ni T|U h= [aU dL e_U :m Tm>
fU LU ~x}Ù y aU yYY hR {> |U U
w }In_U
T naJ phUnQ {U YncU ~hheU H

i neT ni {fL nehH
{HnaY R bU kdU x{> SnH }@ n> }ax neY
n ?ni
Y pe PfU
L rx{A Y }T R {S @n\eU R }I
112
_c< ?m[dT Q meT mgZT g< |`

w : dL {hTjU Rh= w
()
U nw{_= nY ~hheU pdA}Y R naJ nI x
Un= . geG |YK
dU |w hbU nf_UnT gfh= nehR px{U pYeU L n_=
{_= o_[x {S dU |w dL w{x_> ngi S ~}Ù nbx R wnx
:Qn[U nY L rx{U R nfw Y T}= gLnfS U
G m? |dT a w _T _T mfc a w Q geG pG
owmT p_c<
.()geG
{g> phfx phSB px=}> phL> pdeA Y U R}x {=

:m ^<
x nY U wnI naJ h@>
ghex gâx nY U gghf> gd[
R naU }i @ nehH
}JneU R SU ~i Y
x~adU }h`[U pInZU }L |H hU b> {Q |w nfYnx
Y nw}hQ qi}i pcI B Y
dL }ax neY
px{U nhfbU
p_=nY a]U nhTdU pdYnT pTY pUnA R d^x h=}eU x{UU

}eY pbAY >nR}[> cU
pa cY
}hQ Y _i .>nSL >nS{ cU
Hnai n[A {A
{A
U a]U dL U
U p=nS}U [> hdU

sni U|U lR fx> Yng> = pbU {_i }g^x ijI Y nY T
.ph=}U H L }_
x w }hT phdH
~T gZT
H B naJ A U L{i nfi nfYT Y gax `fx neT

}[_U pRnb? dL gAnai > p_hfY [= gJnA hU
. nU ()
. rx{U ncfU nY{bY
= Y nU :p_hZU nH ()
113
f`x p @nA phRnb? phedL

} {Q U phfbU dnH Y naH
U ngUnB fY nHU |w of > U L{U lR .nfU oUnQ ngfL
phL}I pA
phS{[Y de> }i Y naJ pxneA p=
nfeU
nhdU a> }hT {R ngU {@> nHU |w nhdH l= ilR
Y }hcU dL .ng>nhdH nw{HnaY Y haU ng] phincY Y |w
x{U pRUjY q pInZU dL a]U nw}x {S U gU pLU }wn^Y
{}U na dL nw~feU
{U ZU R U {wnZx gR
fL U nY neY
nAnU R }ZfeU nb[deU eU

a]U h[> dL e_U w w {b_i nfilR |U qhU B =
Y he> H}> ph> pLnfY x{U _x ne= n hA n hdB nZU aU neT
Y }i
.}i gU @ T
}xf> dL e_U UA {U
nf= a]U f hL neQ {= {@
Zx dR ph>|U pin[U dY w lR B{U Y fh[> dbL dS
neL hfhL neQ nefh= {HnaY eeU A= dU
Y U {_= hdL
nw}[> nY{fL }Q nY bdU }_x
{S U n _ai {x U UA
.{= U }ex
U h_U neQ nfhL
114
qTmT Z`T
`\T a@
mgT @ `\T
(og ZT owmK|T @) ogèT owzT `\T o

(ow |T @) oKm\ T dX Q `\T ow |@
(oX|bT @) X|S `h `\T ogZH }^h gS

(c^T @) ogS}T A Q oQ|^dT c^T
(z^T @) S g< TzK
Ìm^T mH @
`\T
neT Q a @
oaèT @

oKm|T @

(m`K @) Sme< eZ@

(ogdT @) m[T mdh zgTmaT m= :zgTdT mdG

115
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
mgT @
`\T
{A
A
{A dex R SbA Y gx{=
niU dU pw nhU

\R >nhA ngi nfU Y {A

nhA L
x U neT .U |w dH ngU
acY |w nhU A
L }^fU } Y }ZU }R Y }R cU
.x}B
n hinR n hI ph\U
nT H {A bU pex}R .}eL S}L iU fx
aJ
.i nT }T n _Rnx R n _h
mf? odw|?
Y {= Y ]= R hfU eZhU YH [U
R nhU A
{ex
gR ._ hA U hfU ng= }ex

A}Y Y ng_x nY pa]fU nb_i pdA}Y
R
Y _fY {A yex nhU R n b A dex ocx A}eU |w T
hdL {L }_x hfU nbH .= Y U R ne= nbU pdA pdY
H {_eU e
ph~@ phiinS phUkY oh]U
x nY
.ngbaU oT R }ZY [aY
w neT px{U w phUnY
pY^fe= }Bna> nw}i |U qSU R ph=}Ù n\U :ph_U pSnaeU
A
{U Y }hT R }eU yfe> nw{i ngH U ni bA
117
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
pex}@ ng@ R }x H {h= JnbH hfU ng@

R b>
{A {eUnR .UnU ni S L ]B nhU U
ngTngi nghi{L
ngw n> nghdL {L w {A pex}U nhU aA w
pe[_U pY}U |w {e>

.ngâA ngY}An= }Y |U inH dU w
H }A d= {S phL}I }hQ pbx}]= a]i {b_i |U hfU U

Y YnU }eU fY
ngfhf@ }_x
{A
hfU pYH dL
}[>
eL T
ngfhf= }\Y
nT [U nL ngfL bH {bR nfw Y }]U bdU
.nx Y >jx nehR nwn\S cex n_U nefh= _

> }U
nhU pehS :n[Bn=

h= pS}aU p~U b> pbd]Y hbU cT
.}B nhA }B }R
R {f> w ng@U n QY
@
ngbaU _= nw}x {hA pUnA pe?
U nehR U ()afU L nR{U n]i
.Y nhA dL }]B hfU cI
pehb= >}x nehR ph=}Ù phYH px}U h= B {b_i nfi
}^f> hA aR .> U
gaY U }^fU B Y beL R d]fx nhU
An ex U
niU A
Y ngi dL nhU U ph=}Ù pRnbU
U
oAn nY U
|w n> }BU x R ai Y x}B Y
= ni ph=}Ù {dU R hibU }>

R nfw Y .fL nfx dR
.hA}U eUn= ex nehR nU w neT Li _= pfL}I R pn\Q {>
neT niU phgU pw ngi dL nhU U }^fx U B dL H lR

U A
inH dU w ngw Y p_=ni (n bA ngiT ) nghbA
ngi

ngw U nx gR }]dU nhU }_x

U dL }ax
}[>

. dU \R {hdU nhU bR :}î ()
118
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
ai ni S lR hdL .}hQ nhA ai ZU nhA h= }R

>
hUnU R i dS }hÙ nhA dL {L }U R nx (ni)
.nhU dL {Ln= dU n>
mÌ
g>nhA dL {L naJ S }@
neY
n S]i
H }A
{b>
R n ?ni inT T
bx U {[U |w R n> {S U }eU
T
{A
ph[U
phLne@ }Ûn= |U
U phHnS qinT negY phHnhU
` q> gnf= S dL gY{S phdwnU w dL }ci {bR .a]U nhU

X o g YA S c a =
f R | h h
:inH nS }baU p@nU
w
c a =
Sm
:}B px R [:}H] |gS A mS f c R
X X S
lR |w nfYnx R .[:n_i] vm
w b R | h h
p_[U pxn[S nhU ` q> S U jdx U w
|w p@nU ` q> gfL d U g_h= U {e_x gfY _U lR
.J dL }Y
}hQ n L}I }Y
}Y n \x
|Lj= nfU Bn= naJ S R |U

H R |cw
nU hdL nT neT n_U i{U Y } ZU }_U pinh L{T phw

R ngLS phZB phA
ngfR qfU = pR}_eU n_U R n \x phdwnU R
|w .}_eU
pingedU ngdhS }_x
n[QU ng}_x
{L }H
neY
eY

phUkeU U|= bx Y T
n _JnS n \R H \R {S ]feU
i <*p c G d T
nh
:inH nS }B nhi{U R ph~U
nfU L p_x}Y zxjU oT q}L {S [ :}xcU] p c R
.nhA gfR
119
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
zwzT T
nfYx U nfU U }_>

~> U Y n Li pe? U }hZi {=
Y {dU _= R naU b> rhA }ZU }= }_x nY U Y |w
{U phdbL U }S }[>
w L}I q> pgI i ngx S
ngJ}I ng]= ngU H R {U pYnS phYH }U U fY
phYn^fU
Y Y U = gaij= U|U {[x
}RU x

@}U dL inbU h]> ng@ Y U phL}ZU

p]dU nw}Y U > U
.oR }eU dL }eU
B Y }eU U }_>
Rnb? f_Y = {@ }hQ }B pe?

.ngSbA Y U }hQ pR}_eU d _U R ngbA Y nginY}A
`\cT ogZT owmK|T
.nhU Y {x~Y U nx y pf @ nbH naJ S x}>
Y âA a]U pxneA L eeU w phUkY w hdL {hTjU nfegx

nY
peeU phU }hR> ph[U

}Û hYj= U = pS{eU n]B T
nai n bA hRhH .U oHnfeU ceU |Ù }hR> hdU efU
{U deU }ZeU TjeU R a]U dL

Y A
w @nx nY T
pxneA ph\S fL {[U |w R {S .}Y U dL o@ SbA
{UU pxneA U x{UU @>

U nI nehd_U Y }hcU a]U
}> U nI Y PfL nY :neU hH dL U Y .>nhA aA
}]\x
h}Un= }\x
}aU |w R eU pLn}U }R R ni
bU pdhÙn= U L }L
{S ngai ngfhfU pxneA Ln }> U
120
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
zg< `h {TQ |G
S ca= fL nehR PnS aU
rx{U |w ()|KzgQ m`T zgT h
fU h^f> U L cZx
.n}U }R R eU kU
afU nxfU sUn_> dbU YU phYH hUn_U {Y |cw

\R {UU Y f e> L qgfR
= qdS :rx{U aR dS R _U L
pge d=
h mX f=X e d= c ^T :nbR nf= U :QdU {L
ph
.()mK
mac= g@ <
T X f=X
pgaT oXmgaT w |?j=
hU
= new a]U nhA p xneA
n h|Q n h
dL o@ U A
o@U |g= UU B
n ifY n S_Y
n wZY
a]U nT U A
x|U nehH
Y}=
ex
ph]B }_x
U n_U o@ Y neT nghUkY
phini g>nhUkY
e>
ng>}hB n[x }= }?jx
pex}cU nhU hYj> p=|_eU

cU
pUa]U pxneA R phfx{U
phSB
n> n ZAnR n edK {gZi nfi U n_U naJ

pU{_U neU hS cU
peU Zh_x U n_U naJ Y }hT n eS _x |U SU B Y U
}B pa\U R nefh= }hcU ZU pxnL}U new Y b d x nw{Y U
bA = U {bax S{eU }baU pLneU R naJ hxY bx
md< |gaQ m? mX :QdL
ngUnS {S x}cU h_U }I i ni
.()eP < X
.L}[x cdgx : |KzgQ :US :nh= . {eA {fY ()

. rx{U ncA = Y nU p_hZU nH ()
. pecU S pQU sgi ()
121
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
|T Q mÌ owmd@
.bU f_U Y nf _= nfH H R }U hiS }= Y

naJ nT {S .~_U
nfU hZU |T naJ kw dL >jx
nS gJnB rhA Zh@ R nx}U }Y PdU H ph Y ~@
|gG :
z_= cd= c_= cT G oc X cK cT gG Q cTm< cT <
|H ^\a= |X m g
.()mfgT |\[=
m ghmQ m gH ca=
ngQn phU |w e\Y U }[feU }bU R U n_U {w {S

phU gL }S cI dL
a]U S Y feR }U kI ^f>
|w }S R kw _R n fA .hZU nfU Y neU }hQ |T
ph@ L {h_= nL cZ= ngbh]> R }_U cU
bU neU
[x nY U dL {wnI }hB n SJ [x U nY |w ph=nfH
naJU Yx S pUa]dU ngi Y nY~U Y bL |fY h]dR R
U n_U H dL U{U eeU bx hL hY}edU Y}>
nHneeU dU {A
U ni bA dL }U L{x
|U }ceU
n> U phdh}H bdU phegU phi{_U
Y}> phini hbU T
nU }L
}Y
{wn_eU |w {Ù phU{U {wn_eU h?eU c=
nw|haf= oUn]x dL }A
.}hbaU pah_\U {U
w eY
YnL @ {Y }S R naJ nY I fi R fi
}ceU
phdh}H {L ph
Y nwH ninS ~Y R nehH
phegU dL nhA {gI {L |w nxn Y neU neU

gY U pe{U pSnL e> U pwZeU
wn@ R pxnU phihg[U
_U
.U }hQ dbU nTn= g=n U phafU
. RncU ()
122
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
ogèT owzT `\T o
(ogZT
owmK|T @)
n fh= n Ynew H w Y yUn[U eeU {Ll= Ynew SY Y

dL rA
ijI Y nY T
phafU px{U YH ni p[=
n hd@
}Y Y haU
Y {A yex U nwZU
pSnL ncI T
afU nbU Y i U }_Y {Y = ax }eU }x nfU

lR {U dB {U dB |U rhA .i|U }nT Y w pcdgU R
}J }eU nH nZT ph`= p[[eU
phed_U
gU pRnT |= nfhdL
|i H nA |cw dnH _U
pfeU nH n T
Y w @ |w nw}hQ pRn^fU new }baU gUnT }YU
.n]hZU >}Y naU
`\T oZ<
mdv
hfhL yax fU }[x |fY ni Y {> {=

ph[U pxnL}U
bY dL pehB oSL phdH n? U U
|w R }eU nhi{U dL
U |w a]U
lR |U .>nh= x
_eY x dL a]dU _h]U U
}eU =n >{Y \x}e= nhbU

YH
dL naU
123
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
fL ilR {[U |w R ._hJ cZ= efhU [U

eU |Ù hYj>
h[aUn= U >jhH neT Y U Y h}U a]U px|`> |x

H
ohdA
neT a]dU {@ ai
rx{U d_U nh]_Y U dL {Tk>
.()X T X |gA T ZcT ~gT :PdU H L rx{U aR
p[=
newU L{> phYH hUn_U nI :bU nffcex =
pnU
phfU
}In_eU nf? x= n_= B Y {U x S A a]U
L
nfw Y .a]i nb_i S eU hfU p
dL n hdH }h?j> }x {S nY T
}Û R T|eU }In_eU L n_= U x= nI nB R
phicU }wÛ Y nw}hQ cU U pUnT paheU ph[_U
_R paheU
nB fL pdd _Y ngLS {fL ni nx nT U
|w ._hJ }hQ
n wZY
{UU >jx {bR nf? |w R >
U eU j= U
{eU
nL dL jZU |w R n[B w rx{U d_U hdL {Tkx
a]U pYH dL }h?j> U pa]fU nb_i nf? h@~dU afU }bH
px{U
.phafU
dJ n_> neY
naU _= }@ lR U dL
ph]U
b_U h> } S Y nfinY R

w negi}S S h@~dU phL}ZU
bL y@ d]Y }Y
n[U _= dL }_dU
{gx iT n L}I
x LeU a]U p
dL ngUB }? kx {S U h@~dU ph?U
.nwZU
}Y _= = nghR>
mf{_< XmT mdv
phLf= YnU new } dL phYH nI nxnU {Tk>

|w Y .}Y }JnedU }_U
Y ngafU ngfhfU n âA ng|Q
. Qn}U nB hL ()
124
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
nw{_= U hA eU nf? oJ}U }eU nf> U ng>L nI

()
{bR |gU ne=
nafU YnU }eU dL _> phJ
{R Y }edU neU
Un_> nS yheU {hdU ng> {h_ = Ox}Y {hdU oJ}U Un_> dU jhw
= o c e T { <
gc K Rm
gT } v
c b Q *m g e? m I
:Ox}Y n JnY
:Qn[U nY L rx{U R [ :x}Y] m eg K | R <| H

T hkQ |dQ nI bw T kQ nI|T Si= mX bgcQ |dT zT
() Q
gK zT g@ Ow|X cT dÎ eX [Q H mS
r>
p
dL =nx }h?j> ngU U pe_J _= UnU n_J dL nx}U
.()phdb_U phafU g>neT naJ
PcT G Tjw ZT |
=U
>
= pxnf_U a]U pxnL}= e> }hT px} pYY
n= sL~x nY }hT a]UnR .>nd ]Y _= Y fY }\U

{L Ln@ Y
neg]]B Y }hcU neghdL }B

>nd ]Y }T nc= B}[= Y
ne=
h]x w }Y U phi nc= cx {S pnU
negY}=
eU
}[Un= g@Y U ga>
x= dL .U L }h_U x
.negA dL n }A Unhd U }gH negh=}> nfL S Y new= e>

neT
}hT n =? }@ U dL new} a]U x= e>

R I
neT neg=i|U naT
p=nH U n \x }hZ> U ()nx}U {Tk>
PdU H _R neT [U R haU A >
a]U n@nhA
. }bU R ]U nL nT :@ ()
. B ncY ()
. RncU: @ ()
. RncU ()
125
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
}[i nedR h>}hB h_T}U R n aa Y }gÛ nfUn= d nY{fL x

R qaa B :UnS mX :nS {A [U R {A w :nfU U nS
U x |cw .()ZT | ^dG mX :gU nbR h>}hB h_T}U

neT [U nf? ngdaJ n
qhZB .ngbaU = ax nx}U U {Tk>
.fL }]U xneU [U ]S ngU x n]B _= Y hdL
bT T fG mÌ
gnf= nf> L ngY n= n`x ph=}U H nYL Y
I
}\eU
nhIU
ne=
cU U gH U Y p[Un=
U cU dL a]U nY nY Y = }R U dL a]U g\_=
YnbH ed_U
JnZi
naLn\Y Y
dL pehB oSL phdH
U|= qhfL H w nY U _R{x a]U }x

{S U U n Rn\Y phSB
U n[A }hZ> }[_U {>

e> U pR {eU dL nY
.x}nbU naJ Y w {eU nxn Y p_a>}Y p i
}@ _ {U _= R iinbU wnU lR H Y
h= U cU {eU
eU }Zfx x|U nI ph=nb_U
}wnÛ |w nZi R wnx U ngTY dL {Lnx naJ

Y nfU R p}aeU pY}ÙnR .ngUnaH
}nbdU cU {bx Y dL
H {i nefh= .()phinfU }hU U x}ZL }ZL h= }> {@ {hw
hÙnU dL nwi cU nf> x}= cx

U gR }Y |w R {ZY
p`Y
ngfY naJ pn= x}B hce> Y fY = x{I}U
Y |A
. RncU ()
. nfU R naJ n :@ ()
126
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
:Qn[U dU {L = L rx{U aR pYn n=bL U

`_X gdT mX X gaG a^ w m g
maG |bX |H X :aw cT
T
.()..m <{^X
:nbR }eU hbfR {Ux UeU :QdU {L = qdS :}B }B R

}K
|`P
gdT X ?
cT maG |bX :nS |dA TX aG X

.()T
mT oQm]eT
i
new nhH R
n@ Rnî a]U p[=

L p?eU pf U
}A L }_
x nU lR .[U nB pfH w QhdU hw}= dU
a]U p
ph]U phed_U nH{U }hZ> neT i }T|U
dL {hT
|w nU Y
R e>
U h?}U _= Y a]U pxneA R wnx
hkQ <mT
nY
:PdU H _R nx}U fL q?{>
w S |fI
U [fU Y U }hQ U ()|fI ngI
Y i nU dL {Tk>
.g]Un= nU L }h_U pYn_U
h= nI |gU ne=
g]U
{U dL {UU bA pde@ R (nU) g]U [fU _= }T|>
cK zTT @
PdU H nS :nS QdU {L = L rx{U aR
.()o@mT dc ^w |f\w
... |S mS zT
|cw
nY L rx{U aR pRn^f= new dL nx}U {Tk>
Yw
|d_T X bhmg cP :PfU
m\gYT kQ
nS :nS Qn}U
. RncU ()
.ai {[eU ()
. ncA ox|g> ()
. RncU ()
127
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
d U pYH w }eÙ ()..membT < iw mR X ZT }`gQ |d_T

()
Ù }ahR
n]hZU j= }eÙ Y naJ Q hd_> x
}eÙ Zx
n? L n x~Y }h_> nT ne=
.pRn^fU {_U phU ph[U
`\cT zT gviT
new U {U |Ù }hR> {fL ph[U

pxnL}U R a]U A
bx
gx ne= phi{U pSnhd Un= d hU n x{@

{L x dL bA Y = Rn^f=
hR }R> HneY S eY xc> R

@n> neY
ngeU nSn]U T
{T U ngeU |w Y .ng ngY}T L nR{U ngfY aU pY
}hY L rx{U R n@ {bR pxnY}U pAnU R

phYH [fU hdL
()owmX|T o@mT S dc K :PfU
nS :nS QhfYkeU
cK Ra@ ocd? X v o@mT ZT gc^=

:PfL }B rx{A R
.()zT
`\T md< mdv
n= oUnQ d ]x
ne= _ ex hf= nf=j= S}x U ngY
neU Z_x _h]= ni }ZY d ]U |w phi{= pSnhU {@
jI R neU i ni d ]> R}x bR hU H = ijx
n[U R QdL
L }ZU dL R n}U nB hL ()
.n[eU Y U }hQ U pne_= rx{A R QdL
L
nHU oAn {H {S =}U nH = hw}= rx{U ox}Q :@ ()
oAn }L = {A }hQ }L |U hS }hQ U cU
UeU Q nH dL rx{U |g=
. cU }w@ }nfU {U @ .>aQ Y U {U
. RncU ()
. ai {[eU ()
128
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
_= }h>
> U nI _= nx}U R {i =
U @
n fh_Y
}h?j> ngU {x{> x= S Y ngUnf> TjeU TaU
@}aU T U YnU }eU L U Y naJ ne@ dL
.()m hT ` m w ngI bw zTT
SdU ngie\Y pb=n]Y ng

}Ik>
}x{b> dL nw}hQ px}U |w
nY {UU ne= ngYnew x= d ]U H }S Y nfdS ne= A>
ohUnHn= |B @ fY nax cex
phfb> nghR ne= px{U phed_U
U naU Y |w .pf @ {U UneU oinU h> ph`= nfH
inU [aU gY
R nfadH neT A}U neU R b> }cU pehbU
neUn= pxnf_U Y }T = pxnf_U ~dx ni phini R nH gR
.dcZU }wnÛ
n^cT mÌ
U _h]U dhY o_d U U phafU px{U a]U p@nU fY n T

UaJ L }_hU
gd U }eU
a]U nY p}aU pAn> dL H rA
eA R nfU _= d_ax neU n RB }U gd U }eU ncI c=

R U d]fx .}eU o_d U Y g_fY {U
dU dL naJ
ph=}U {LS L pdaÙ ng>nd ]Y px}ZU p_h]Un= gU Y oUnÙ

}_x g>nR}[> T
R px{U dL naJ eA .ng>nh\bY
n x=}> j]B
R}Y w a]U = px=}> ph]B =
{bR phfx{U px=}U xeU c=
`h X}T m ^G n^cw e< :Qn[U nY L rx{U R
. RncU :}î }U R n@ neT ()

129
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
zeK mS X :PdU H L }_eU rx{U R ()..m ^G

.()T mZgcQ
hfU oLx nT PdU H phxnU phx{U n[eU }T {S

x Q
PfU dL qdB :nS }=n@ negaJx b>nL dL negT}
dT
^ h :bx negU x w }gK dL L hU U
x nT :Pi }B rx{A R ()mdh z^T ^h mdbcd?
U S}

cK gXzR @ _T R|Q oa< gK |= oR}@ oR}@ :bx hU
() P
{_ f_e= }>
>]B R nbeU h_\U w :pS~U . z
.pL{eU hH dL nbx cU |w h_U }` L pxnfT pb= hL
hYj> }aU }hR> }a> }eU gd U o_d U U a]U p@nA
a]U _fex ncdU x
U|U peeU pHnfeU nHU TnY
}\>
a]U k> U Li Z= }eU o_d U R bA pHneY Y
hR}> ph`= weU {Y = ex nY nZi }_i nilR U|U x}Bn=
a]U f_x @|Q
X :PfU
}Y naJ
S deZx n L}I |Y
.()oXmgaT w cT @|Q
naJU pfUn= o_d U phew T{x nfU Y }hcU lR H Y

w = phghR}> pdhH }Y
|U
hU a]dU o_d U Y }Y |g= egx
nA }> U nA ha> R wn> phahb> px=}> pdhH U U n Rn\Y
.xhA
JnZi {>
x{U afU `\U
. RncU ()
. ne_U ~fT hbaU }\x Y ()
. i n= ()
. i n= ()
. RncU ()
130
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
dX Q `\T ow|@
oKm\T
(ow|T
@)
px}U }A
Y
cx R bA niU dU ngdaT U bU w
nghew
:nfw ai }ax |U kU
R nhU >
{Y x}A UnU ng= ex U dT pbd]Y px}= a]U ex w

px}U
n_= w nY ?
hbU {U d> w neR {hbY

qinT {hbY
ngSnR
z< ow|T
ngehS nhU {ba> ngi{= ni {U {= }H

nhU px}U
nghU ni p@nA lR |U ]U
nc= L phini b_> ngbi
{Ynw p @ w nei {= niU pehS necR }U U @nA w

eU b_Un= n[Y nT }Y
{= U pehS U|T
ngi{= {`x px}A
.}U
p@nA lR |cw
U yh> px}UnR
gU U @nT w px}dU
a]U
f x ai L nR{U >n@nhA hYj> pxhU

efU
pT}U dL {bU
.bnbA }H dL }_U
U n_U ed>
ngUB Y U
131
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
B Y U ngdacR niU pfUn= px}U

phew {S
{= H
n \R >n_x}Z= nwneA fhiS

HnhU fx{U }caU }T ncI T
pAfeeU SbA Y A
px}U }A
cx ni R }_Y
|> {S .x}A
|w dH {A x R bUnB S Y U
{hhb> U
ni n_H phS}U
}wnK dL n\bdU ph_x}ZU }@ pRnT H
rx{dU .}hQ =}_U dwnU eeU R {nH nT neY
ni hB
}B nY ng>nhUncI ng>nY H R px}U
~hT}U nfegx nY
L
.a]U px}A
w nfw hdL
zG oKm\T dX
pL~i he_> {hT> hj> dL e_U ph=}U pahK Y {b_i ni

n Y{bY n LnI n ini chU {_
x ijI Y ne= a]U {U px}]aU px}U
]fY dL phfeU
}Y {_U {hU :phnf? nhe_U pLn]U
ph=}U nY .n L{Y
pingeU Un= e x dY }R eedU {b>

ngilR YjeU
{H bU
hcU
eeU hgx
|U }Y .pU |eU px_U fY{x
phQn]U ngfgex ph_H pHneY }Y
hU n_H {H _Y
eeU R qH}R
{H H jhw
pRnb? phi w nei }ceU
fY nhe_U pLn]U {Y dL nw}R h= pS_U b> U }H Y {=
hS Y ph_ZU nedcU nY _= U|= A> neT nbfU U
ng@ Y p@~dU pedT h= Y {UdU pedT :phUnU n_U
pRnbU ._J
_R{H a]U H dL penbU ph]dU
eTnA
=
phQnJ cx nY :xnhB {A U n bA
n[S ebU nex {Y
nY
.aUjx {H bx
x}B
hU inB ebY ni U x
132
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
{H ]fY dL L}I
U fx
=nJ na _U nx ne=
()
x
i PdU H L }x rhA n]dU {H pfUn=
LnJ @ L = {
x nY U pfUn= }n@ nT U hdL }U
n ecY {H {`x |cw ng@~U ngLnJ p@~dU pfUn= pbd]eU
![fU n\Yl= afU R
gaY j= :bU U nf= \a> ph[U }^fU cU

hU |w pLn]U
}U }hh`> U L = }nU n]dU

pLnJl= }Yjx U HnR n h
PdU H L px}eU ph[U [fU U {T neT hdL
H}T
S QhU nY ?
_R ()
n]dU
pLnJ :bU cex =
.n_U n^fU ax ne= ng= ~U hibdU pLnJ H qhU n_U
}U
neghU nAn= }Y nei x{UU pLn]= H }Yjx U |cw
()[:}bU] m hm @ w zT T m<
:Un_> nS }_eUn= neg>}In_Y neg=
}Y x{U Y {UdU f_> pLn]UnR .nA pLn]U h= n I
f_x nA nefh= >nAeJ {x{> h[I
H U kx {S |U
nY
.neg\Q }hx ngx
o@x ne= fU }Un=
neg_Y Yn_U H
a]U px}A
n[Y R p]dH fe> gR x}nbU nf= dL px
nI h@U pin\U pxnL}U A
U f_> nY {b= > H
. nU yh ()
mhm\cG X :>nhA R nS {S PdU H edL {bR :pRcU }I U oT i QfL ()

cT cK m aga@ mS ^Q a< |g_w
|m?
...cT G oe T m `TmX cT zf^T m Smh cT | T X
T >
R ni}T nY @ gaeU |w A h[aU Y {x~eU i n= :}î cAzX cAzw
.nhA ohUnH hwnaeU R }S InL nT
}x}b> Y [U nT @ ngbaU Y {A }hQ x{UU pLnJ @ {L fL U nB {S ()
R x{UU pLnJ o> : MnS hU @
T
naH dL @ R . U {hU r=
.( phL}ZU neU) }_eUn= neg>}In_Y w {UU dL o@U nei I
133
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
.d Y R T|Y w neT
nfw nY pxnQ = ng@ pLnJl= p@~U ~dx nY H R hU |cw

f g c K { T X f T
:Un_> nS n SbA hdL ngU neT n SbA nghdL U
|^ d T m<
nhB {Y dL ~c>}eU {nb_= H .[:}bU]
hR }x
}U
ni R r_x px}U
gaY k>
U ehwnaY
> dB R }U
ni f dL U p@{Un= e_x }hhÙ
nY
U B {h S U ~gx cex }A
n ai dex Y
hU {L bhR ai R n Y~gY nT U
gU oA}U n\aU R nL U
pJnY U RhY[_eU nxn nedT _= @>
nfw Y .d]U
hR }hU dB Y ni
zR |gP zK b= :QdL
nS }U
gd? Q |@
:Qn[U nY L rx{U R () |@
|T
c^?
|G
|b= T nmZdT gcK pSz=
mfT |
T@
omh <mh
.() |K |gTm< zG |fR
oRz @
a]U Y Yn_U f x h=}eU wn= }x{UnR {b>

nY dL
nghR ex px}cL pfc? Zx nY U qhU x
ne= } _> | a i {Y R
{@ = .}Y bdx |U h]eU {f eU = {nbU
.U dH pS{[U nH dL _Y Yn_U x
bi U
h_eU
nU }î pg@ U neH hdL }U }R yh[U Y hdR

nx}U _= qA {S x ]= }B }U p[=
LnfS pUnY _Y
. pQU sgi ()
. RncU ()
134
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
< m ^G S|= :rx{U R neT _Y nU nZU dH neL dL

x dTnZY a]U ew U neH nfhdL lR |U .m ^G @m m ^G
new ncR
neT U acY }h_U A
ng= naH {L U
pdA}eU R U G zK v m ^G < :}bR nfU Y }hÙ
w nei n b=nH ni}T neT }gS n_H x}Z> f_> ]HU px=}U
px}e_U pdA}eU R wnY =}> dH Y nbi } U p`hd= nI

.phinU pdA}eU R xj> dH U U
=mgA |@
>nhB a]U nLnfS }A }\U Y lR U L {h_= }hQ

}hcU d_ax neU n RB .pd beU h[I
~_x
aA
ne= }H >nh[B
gR n hJ nT lR .g> dL gnf= ni Unx eY

n= Y
U f= @x
gR x UnL nT o]U dL i f= h@> dL e_x
U R d]fx nU Y }hT R ..|cw phfx{U d_U pH
R }eH R fL Q U|U _R cx nY {b= f= pd[Y Y
nhU |w
pfge= oQ }hQ {UU T Y f= B Y pxnL h[Z=
Zh_x |U }[_U nd ]Y }x{b> ngY n=n= {x |cw .ahK h=

ngU pH{S U w{hUnb> g>nL ghdL }ax R nf=
Y cU
nghef> a]U owY nZT dL de_x ghdL .>nd ]Y >nL
.nwng] ng_eS
135
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
ogTjdT
ow|T
neT ngh`d> phUkeU Rnf> YH gaeU R px}U

cU ..|w
px}A
{hhb> \bx |U }Y pxnL}U h@U R ph=}U nd ]Y Rnf> ngi
x nY T = Ax nY |w ph=}U phUkeU {= H a]U
eX h c^= iQ zT @
mX :bU pUnH R nehR Qx{=n_U
@ X gT mdK
jX h |H
|g< mghzT ?mK Q gT m[X
dK |X Q dKmQ KmI cK oh^dT (?

}K)
<
cK oTzT
()
fU
|w . gT mG cK nRm^X gT m@ cK mX h c^w X
U n\Y {UUnR {U >nL dL nbdeU phUkeU

A dL {Tkx
|B x|g> h=}> L kY fL i neT fY ~@ w {UU

dL n hdH }? }x nY >{aY } hR nY hf> A hR neU {h=
n hfx n hSB h=}> L kY w U|T phdb_U phafU px{U
kY nT
L kY n \x ilR nhi{U ni L daJ n_= L
nf@ nLn]U _R i gh@> nIl= ng=|L }B ni L n_=
.nhU n_eU
{UU h@> dL n= e_x phUkeU nd ]Y ph=}U nh\bY Y
R x}A U Rnfx U
bR L n_= hHnfeU nS{ nhB
.y w neT bR nS{ nhB
w|A a@ ow|T
{> nY{fL S > }RU ph[ZU

px}U gx{U _h]U Y
gYngR px}U {A gnf= hd_> n= dL lR |U x}B nx}A
. hbaU }\x Y ()
136
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
g>nY}T dL n]U x}B bA ngi ndaU aU f_> ngi

T}> a]dU nf_U nB .gTY g>nh[B dL {_U
I T
S w = oR x|U x}BU x U = hS
cZx
w ai a]dU {aY
necR hdL hh\U x}A n[Y {aY L b>
{fL {= ~a U }nY >nAeJ S U kx x}A {hhb>
nY x}Bn= }gY n ini d_> pUkeU }hQ pbd]eU px}U lR
.g>nY}T gSbU
137
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
X|S `h `\T ogZH

}^h
gS
(oX|bT @)
w}R U|= a x a]U Y Jn_U }Y
nfU _= gx
new }hT i}h_x hS = YnY ed cx _Y R}[x
L }_
x naH |w {hT Y .nA
SnL }hQ nT w neijT
yh pUa]U gR R pwnaH ne=
a]dU phiinbU ph[ZU
pUng@
bL phini ph[I dex I

f cU {I}U dUn= ec>
n hYni
x}B dL }ax |U }Y ng= }? jx {A Y Lnax n aw}Y n A
d cx R x}ZU dS fL R {S a]U yh .|A pS {= _Y Yn_U

hÙndU x
U {h= nY}eU nc> dL oSn_x n@U nh>l=
!gfL dbU R}U nY fL dbU R jT = }hxn_Y _Y Yn_U
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ngdB R pingeU fUn= }_Z> oLn[eU ohg>
`\T w|b=
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g\T
vm
e c [ Q m
e R | T | T Q vm
e c d @ e< me X | S z a T
X vm
g[ ` = me a c A d X | gS c K
Y}= ini fdU x}c> w [:}H]
138
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n Y~U cx |w x}cU {Y Y n Yni . }hT }h` i nT }T
px=}U
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R }>
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L rx{U R hini h[I

[x a]U pY}T ax |U }Y
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me< Q
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a]Un= pb U }[fL }_x :=nx oinU aR
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lR }B pg@ Y pg@ Y |w .{bU

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phde_U
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. B ncY ()
139
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:zK< mQT
_= gU _]bx gnf= {g_U _= ngY n= {g_x

nY }hT
nY w gai dL _]S = {g_> ne= nRUn= U {_= Unx ? LU
x i n haJnL n xf_Y A}x a]U phai
Y}c= n Y
cZ
dL n dH c_fx
:QdU {L = _R U Y }x|U nx}U R |U .= n RnaH
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:PdU H nS :nS
R nh[U }T nhU L fQ ()fhR|= bh zw fhkQ fT
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|w Y R }T|dU
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nY Y}A a]Un= H new c_> U nI Y

pT
:PfL rx{U aR nh[U dL hdU Y PfU
~dA
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pL}= :nT) m `SjX mdT <S ZT mT :mddT @ fSm<
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()
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ghdL d R nh dL }Y
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a]dU SU
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}hH

. rx{U }Z_U ncA = Y nU p_hZU nH ()
. B ncY nU yh ()
140
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
g\_= dex =n }Yjx adB Y x{x h= gfY R}hR hU _R}hR

h= PdU H fdeA :_U g\_= bhR U {_= nh[U }Bnax ne=}R
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:geb=
n@ neT a]U phfc> dL rU

:neU |w R phYH
nI Y
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R yx} y rx{U |w ()f< cw }eT oQmX v|_ Q
:Un_> nS phbU nbU _= a]U ~fx kU w phfcU pd L
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dw
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z^ <
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a T m < } < me =
lR a]U dL @}U ph[I
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Y j]B
ex qhU {hH qi
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he>
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U d_x {S nwgU pUa]U
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mf=m`Km[X owe^dT
mG
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=}\= pd eeU pxneU nH nfgR :a]U ngU }_x
U nH Y hLi
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bi n\hU peU
. ph=}U p?U h= a]U L
()
. RncU ()
141
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nH nfw .U i
dL ng>ne[= }> ngi U Y } }]B {I

c> ne= nH |w
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:SB iinS naJ ngU }_x
< ]T
G gP
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xn_Y }H y\R hQ hdL

nfU oUnQ hR x neY
U T
a]U {bax gR h^L dU {fL w n fhw
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()U {hUnT
}B ow ng_eH U phÙn= }?jx ~heY nT U nehR
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hdL {[x ~heeU
[U
hdL YkeU fL { w phÙ pY}A R
ZT
dU }H {S ohL
ngi phÙ f_Y R }wnÛ neT YkeU fL
w}T|R x~heeU naJ U R ne= n _he@ nfU oxn_Y dU }H {S
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phÙ R hS nY .()ghdL dU }H neU ZT
nY lR x}B pY}A ngi nghR x U nY}eU Y nw}hQ R }x
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.UndU
. pY}eU
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. U nY pLHY e pwnbaU n[Y @ ()

. U nY pLHY e pwnbaU n[Y @ ()
142
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|ga= T
naHn= naJ Y Jn_U n L}I ~nU }hQ Y lR > nhU R

\R pingY
i px=}U phAnfU Y pex}@ ex U lR }hbU L
aJ eedU {bx
.pingeU |U Y{x = p=ngeU pLnZU }bax n ah_ n _inB
:}LnZU nS
hdL gU gx g x Y
he= }U nY
x
q
ncI Y }hQ |YU hT}> Y hd[eU h=}eU

_= d_ax neR
x}ZU {nbY w Y Rnfx ph=}U H L }_x

n L}I ^Y
|U YH
yex ~x~L n ex}T cx U {x}x ni ~ L dL {Tkx
\R ai l= {A
Y YkeU U R
dU x}B L
hU ax
U w {e_x ph=}U ohUnH H Y .ai |x
U ngd T
.Y}T {x nx}T > x U lR nbR nY {UU }
K}Q `w=
{U
a]U dL }]hU {g= n inhA nwneL x
U ohUnH Z= Y
hU jdx nY gA}U pbdbY gU pL~Y = nw}x U >nd ]Y >nT}A Y
phewU nfncU nihU _= Y g=nL gnf= x> Y }hcU
}Y nY Y }hcU a]U {U dx nY (U) phbhbU (Ù)
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hU U f]= dL PdU H {fL nT i p=n[U _= _R
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.()gcK ZQ
md< mK > e< K}`= e< K :P:nbR hU nf?R
. {eA {fY ()
143
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
()mdTm< ^= > T< [aw @ K}`= e< K :}B px R

nYn= x n@ ngi QhU p_}Y \aU L pUn? px R
}]S fY }]bR nR PfU }A R _R aJ w QhU
gY :o\èUnT PnbR cR }bR P=? dL
=? |gR \aU nx
.()!f= q_@ {S `x
`\T A X Xm^h gS
d e> nw}hQ n_S}aeU pe_UnT nhI _= Y U U ?
Y pUn= n[x yjR hdL }]hH a]U

nhI |w pg@Y {U }L|U
@}B dL e_x neghdL = RU nT}x egx x{UU dL lR
db_U afU }bH
Y ngU neU U pUnA Y
dL nhdH
|w Y }U dL >{LnY R \R dH nT ne=
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fY nx nY Y _U A}Y Y pfh_Y
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cU .cf? mX zK meT
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|U }Y |w Rnx |U ZU Y paU phi U ~@nA
hdL {Tkx
p v pR}_eU ecA R QhfYkeU }hY hU nI {S afU nedL
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. aU R RcU L = n \x nHnfU = Y nU
. pecU S pQU sgi ()
144
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Q oQ|^dT c^T
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(c^T @)
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f>
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dY T
nT i = nghdL
Y }x]> U pRngU x nJ R ()pedY
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U nI {> .dhwnY cU }H nZT hH
{bU
]U
dUn= nex ~_x

R }ex
ed_U
dUn= nex lR pfhY {LnS dL ~T}x
L n_= }acdU oH B{Y gR gU nY
d_U x}J L oUnÙ
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n b A hd_U nL R n H nT {bR naJ hd_= >}x nehR
cK zTT @
X :PdU H L rx{U R nehR U a]dU
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neT ()
. p@nY =
145
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L rx{U aR }hcU Y }T ngâA nYd_eU bdU }h`[U phd=nS

Y
c ^w {T X |T Q aeTmS |_ Q c ^w {T X :PdU H
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nY L px}Y w |T Q aeTmS |_ZT Q
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n=|X
Y n SY pnB
T
phHnA HU nT {b>
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U hgU phY
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n[B }hwneU bL n[Y dL e_U R ec> p]dU pYnL~U }L
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z v mX mX bw
mX :L}R nU dL }bU ngfL }L
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a]U hd_U _U dL phY
. h^LU p ()
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. i n= fL {aU ~fT ()
146
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
d _U Y {beU |w lR .phY
x nY pYnS p=ncU
Y {= }_
pUnA Y }dU ni}[L R acx
U phY
nxY o>}Y phY
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p=ncU }bU }Y
fL d _U Y eU |w }_x ph@UfcU
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.px{U phed_U nhU swnfeU R
n[[U
pRnc= |B :bU R [U oini
neY
phed_U
n[S
fY
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ngYnî hdL S x nghS
R pY @n>
> U phgbaU {LbU \bY w U lR naT o@ w }c_U
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qde>
dL e_> }`? }> n [bi {> pY

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m?T |mG c^T
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nY dL L
R nx pY dL o@T d_U lR {b>
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nhdcU R
@ }B L U
U n@ pxnhL nU R }A w neY
}Y nT
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afU nbi }eU {Y pd[Y |w nU }^fU
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d_U
R U [A neT pH{U Y _ fY
|w aR ni b= }BnaeU phL{eU ph= {U Y nw}hQ ni}R
U ngf cU ph}L
ph@nA
U gU pRnT ni|afH nfi U pUnU
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147
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
Y de> phY I U U|= > pH{eU U nw|U }>

d_U
pRnbU
}\U {be= pH{eU B ng=nA }> nY
n h[i n Â
pdA > hH R
nhU yh@}> U ()ngbaU _= ow {S .d_U
dL phdH n? }x neY
wn@ ni U pedeU }eU >
A inU
|w .Y}=
YH eeU dL ng>}H ngnf= bY ngdbY
@}U pedeU }eU S Y gU pRnT |= {U e_U } `dx
hibU |w }hh`> @ Y phYH nHkeU nh_@}eU }nH deU
.hd_U R ngbA Y peU
}eU fe> U }nU
ogdgc^T
ngTmG mR
pÂY {fL S U nf= {x hd_U R a]U A

L rx{U nhH R
ohUnH _= dL ngdh> cex pYnw

Y ^di nY w px{U phehd_U
R pnU pH{eUn= }_x nY nehH

phehd_U
{eU {U nL n>
]U Y {L }T n]bH {eU h= pY{eU pRnfeU @ K
n[> a]U dL n L cZ>

nbUn= > pa cY phehd_>
sY}= neL U
>nd ]Y SbA }nH pHneY h= fh= x nY SnJ R de

> >nS T
}> > nafH pUnA R x _x nY |w }U gd U hR}U R bA :ngfY
hd_U pH{eU Y ai x{U dx

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L{Y nghUkY pnU

{eU n j= }i nfilR U R
}eeU
nZUn= }Y p_=nY nfA}J |U nU |w U neH U
a]U kZ= pR}_eU }U n[B px=}U nHkeU Y

.hdL dU dU \R {hU gfY ()
148
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
{bU phL}Y
peY >jR kw Y hfUn= phehd_U
gY}= _\hU
|U RnfU nU b_U L {h_= >nxY dA}Y dY R |hedU

pUnH Y p hdT fx ne= pnU
{eU n Y _U cx
.d _eU d_U
ogS}T gc^T
nf L o> x phehd_U
pUjedU H nghUx U phew
> d_U L p hew b>

pÙn= phew
n \x H hUx n hHnH }Y
ox|gUn= pi}bY pRnw phdeL cU phehd_U pUjeU h@> } w
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U d_U lR .phT~U
d_U {Zfx [i Y d_Y w neT H .gU U eeU bx
ni{@ |gU .r=n_U ngU d_U U d ]x }Y {x |U }e_
x |U
_= R n Y {bY phT~U hd_U h= n Y }bx dL }x x}cU }bU
phSB hbU phT~U nJ R d_U }hU
hd_U dL phT~U nhA
v
:Un_> nS hd_U phT~U w ncU nx R Rnhi pahKR
Q q ^ < { T
G g
m
g X
b T f d c ^ w f gS } w =mw f g c K c w f e X
X ` T R X hmS o d b T
.[:p_eU] g
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neU Yn_U
neU pAnY ni U ph=}Ù phehd_U swnfeU R nA w neT
{S .ini oinU dL nU _afU oinU od Q pxf_eU phini
ni{`R YH U n_U R phehd_U nfwnfY U ph_afU phA}U |w qdd >
ngY n= Ai nfilR |U .>|U d]i neY
}T ndU d_U od]i
o]U R pfh_Y ngI f ex wnf= yfx nY{fL }aU w~Un=
}_Zx
149
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
hhini
g>ngI aKx
n nI wnf= nT U A nw}hQ pH{fgU
R ngI Uni gnf=j= }Bnax {fx nefh= .n h_ai n xn> n ahK> gRn_Y
}^fU nL nfhdL x nfRnb? R jY L }_x
|w .dU A ox|gU
d_U h= nai [ai {x}i cU |g= i .phehd_U nfwnfY R
R neg_\i B
nx ni dL chU nhbdx xY h]B
T|eU [aU ]B dL hfU w Y}i nY = B d_U h=
negd_> U pS_U |w .B d_U h= phdLnaU
pS_U dL {hTjU
R nT}x
w {A B
B B dL ~c>}eU ngU d_U B
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m>
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snfU phdU n? Y}=
U n_U eU {S
naU |w R U nfeU B d_U
f_eU o ZU A}U
hR {Q {A
U fL A>
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y {S {eU dL nY S fL neL Y nw}hQ nT}hY R
Y >|>nH dL n hZL nfU yax ? n AH _Y |hedU ex n RUjY
!gfY }Z_U {[hR
150
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
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ni nhA pxneU
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nx {b_Y p_ phdeL
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nhU ei R ecx
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f g c K =
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152
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me H T *
^ = i Q mf e X y c hm
m _T X mb Q m\ g YT
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153
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n hHnH n ifL }hT pehS {_U ex
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L {hx ngY n= dL UnR
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fU
U Rx b eU
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154
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px{gdU {
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h= dnax gU x
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.()\c T |T
Q beg< Tz^w =
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U fY nI
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U hex neY
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dL ni {S
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156
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Q | @ T
rhA [:nfU] o a c ^ d T mS mv
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U nbR }B }> new{A bR
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nbA ~> B h= {_U hR _Z> {S {A }hQ
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Y ghex U|= .>B n> ngdex U {U }hÙ dQ haU
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nY
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T | S
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|b YT X T | S
Gw G cT }h mX =A Gg< ^Q mX < êZw T |gP X
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.()=A Gw
. ne_U ~fT ()
. hbaU }\x Y ()
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157
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ma^T T Q z^T
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{=
|cw
R nfU {eU R naJ h= =}eU

nx hR xjU
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R p=n? nfU hdL bx {h@
heU oikhdR ohijU o@x j]B c> heU dL nfU Y {=
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R }B _U nH _U A nY
n \x
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T n b=nH nfdbi {S [:n_i] | A } =
:Un_> nS
}I UneU h R nY w {h_[U |w dL QhfYkeU }hY
oT}ed< zeK dT dT hbw :U nS rhA }[Y nY{fL
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G
.mG cK
\T X z^T c ^dT
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R @ngfY {_U _x =}eU
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n]L ng_Y R Y f_x {_U nT .|YU Y dYn_>

T
(hd_dU }@jeU KeU)

d _eU dL }ax U lR bA A
J h= nx
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R
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pSL = ]=}>
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n UnJ yfY
158
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
J pH{eU |>nH Y
pYL }B n UnJ bi
{Y
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B
dL x ne= hdw {L dL }Ik> pinhB oc>}x pYnbH pU{_U
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i L hwni U dL HnY pH{eU
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wzw g< f@T m bT mg aT :QhfYkeU }hY L }U R
T oXb@ mfh mX :QmaQ (jaT {x gfh= chU ) |ggT
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a]U hd_> dL }@ |B L Qn[U nY L rx{U R
G zeK mgZT bw z^< ^h :Q nS I nY nH}U

}_ZU
gc^T Q
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159
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|w dL new x> hdL > {@

Y ni xc> phnf?
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nd ]Y }hR> U L{> U phYH

> R }U {U Y T
}^fU
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mÌ n@

peeU }Û hYj> dL e_i nfhdL n Y~U cx {beU

{eU R
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= gi
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nI A}U |Ù U a]U p@nA .{U efU

peeU
aJn_U
p@nA Y {I
U|U @nA = neU |`dU @nA L b>
n \x UnU
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x x|U naJ n \x {hT .Lne@ afU
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ne= phLne@ phafU }Y Y
nHneY R gTdH dL c_fx A}U naUn= gh[x g>nhA {b _x
naJ oA
nx}U _= }_> n =}`Y cx U nfw Y pJnB pahfL
160
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
xneA a]U pxnL R =}> }h?j> Y odU

neU pxn_U neL \R Y
\R
rx{U aR ni phini L n Sn }h_> oU
fL iT L
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mw :nS QcU HY

:mR zeK [Q mdK
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ph@~U nhU }bH hR I

neY
dL {LnY n J}I { _ x px}H

nfA xneA fA
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[A
chH a]U lR nbZU ]Un= }H B {[U
caU
aJnL bi B Y U }_hH
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}R {S
@nx ne= {Y {R}U wkeU
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h= _ ngdaJ L pdxJ nLnU n hYx nwn_= {Y }hQ H
aJn_U feU Y d S |U }Y nYnU {x
ni} A U U
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dL }ax nY ngY
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n L phUneU ngSnhU ngSni dL }U R{= n_= neT
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161
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
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L rx{U {U U|U yh> {x~Y
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pg@ Y aJnL bi Y a]U U }_x
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U S i PdU H L rx{U aR gUnaJ hbU A {_H
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P
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nA R }R > U nI Y pLeY dL phYH hUn_U f>
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:hm[@ `\T ga=
naJ hb= > Rpe PfU L U nx}U r>
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a]U {ex
nU p_h]= U gbin_Y
X :PdU H nS :nS Qn[U nY L rx{U aR .nYn=

}hY nf?{A
{S .()..oXmgaT w cT @|Q
@|Q
X oe@ T cT nS zT R
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162
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
nY{fL _Y _> |U =}U

=dH PdU H }hH L QhfYkeU
ow|aT o<|aTm< PcT G X ^X dcK zR :QnS }h` nT

T eèbw z T ed[w
zT mh |@ Q e^ oZgZT oT}edT
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H|Q
YT [dw mS (phT|U
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nS L Zcx hdL fU
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U @ n@ rx{U aR g=dS phHnbU `x dU }Y

}hQ odbU R
P
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qdS nY :nbR fU
()
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phde_U
ni R dY cZ= wnx U lR dbx
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P
e
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dL n aha> hU
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L{Y a]U pLY
mZgcQ
T mS X fL nehR PfU
bx nY{f_R |gU hU
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oLx ai PfU
nT {S .nghU nx U paJn_U Y nfI fex _Y
L }h=~U = L U nhaH L rx{U aR aJ new L hfU
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163
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
negU x w }gK dL hU U PfU

dL qdB :nS }=n@
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:|ImA |? m
aR dU {fL Y }Y }B w }JnB }@ }h`[U n _U
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i dU H nx dU :nS mdK mw =
:mR _i :nS {v e< :nbR
m g
|w X h :nS Y = {R d= :nS T m @
zw Q :nS A
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p@nU w nginfA Y ]L U a]U p@nA b>
@ y oI
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U i A ngfL
oA
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pbhbU |gU fY n T {= zhZx
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:

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qinT }B
d]> nY dL { n hUnY n L od]> U nY U|= ngfY U
S gT @ v
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g c Xm
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nw{hU nl= ngxU
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q=n?
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. ne_U ~fT ()
164
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
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zT u
|A |X ca= md< ^|= @ mvzT<
[ =
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R ngbA Y _}> U U nw{U pin\= A

w :m ghm>
h= ngbaU dhR nw{_= nY
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b> ngi }x Y
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Y gfY U \R w U }x Y
A
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}U R neT nx}U hdL qU ()x}n_eU nfngbR _= nB |U
@ {R qd_@ :nZ=
= }Z= Y hU qT :nS i = x yh[U
:QocR {U |Bjx ox Y ngSnR ?
fY {UR }Y ~>
|w R gbaU hbU ()cQ S|=
cQ {A kQ
geG G T m
.d Y U TY pUjeU
. RncU ()
. p_x}ZU bR :}î ()
165
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
neT Q a@
hU |fY a]dU YH x}ZU ngdaT U bU pde@ Y
}ax
_h]U
U
|w .x{U U ni R bA >U
gx{U
ph=}Un= pd[ eU nhUkeU Y pde@ hdL o> }x bU Y pde@ hdL

x{U U ni ni nhU L fQ ..pxneU pxnL}U nai
nh= nI negf= w {U negR negU nhB
hR hU }gS _hJ }Y
hU Y f= dx hdL }A
neT i Y ni }> H }A
{S
oLU x U pHnU
nxn\bU Y w ofU ph\S U n hbhbA n f=
.nw}hh`> nghR
{@
\x YH x}ZU ned Y Y w f_eU |w
pUjY w hdL hd> rUn= }x{U }Y nei .gbR nbi
pbx}]= {U eU a]U }_eU Y J}I L}ZU ofU =
SJ dL U y[x
gR x{U= dx phL}I }hQ
ggK|YT |gP mÌ |vmJ
nei {x{U pUjeUn= qhU hhL}ZU }hQ ph\S pbhbU

}wnK U ngU>
pUjeU R {x{U cU nY~U x{S |fY n_eeU ngR}L
166
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
hA aR .p>naY of=
pfU b>
}n_eU
Un_U dY R ph ZaY
U n[A }hZ> .}B {dU R a>}> ngilR p^RneU {dU R
Y phL}ZU }hQ U n> {A U {dU _= R [> ne=

pfU
nH e_U dL w }wnÛ nH L }^fU }[= .phL}ZU U
kw L nY :ai }]x |U kU lR pxn[S phRnb? phSB
gYncA gSbA w nY hhL}ZU }hQ
hmaT wzT g<
|fY w SeU qeA {S ph_U hibU oUnQ {x

{h_= {Y
nB {U eU L}I }hQ }B L}I {U ngHYnS R hdR
{U eUnT }H
.nhH
phiinbU nL }nH bU R new ngdB
h= nS_U R}x gR padY }î dR H nehH

x{U nY
ngfL sfx nY pY}Y
nSL nw}_x @~U nJ n]i nB hfU
.L}I }hQ {U w
>n_x}Z> fhiS T
R {x}x H j= nfinex SY Y
ni }hB
dL }@ nfU cx {=
R phR~@ peUnK ncA x{U hU i phini
Y pde@ dL p=n@ }@ nfU cx }An= pdH Y pde@ }J

}^fU ng=n }x U neU |w R pA}]eU phUncI pdH
i{x nei gi peUnK ne=

phHnS }î w hhL}ZU }hQ U phYH
.hR gU oi nY dL
:hxY dL w phUncI pdH pbhbU
L}ZU }hQ {UU nbL p

Y SeU pgU {nb_U eU :
167
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
rhA gU {_U ~hY R x}B Y >nY pgU YH S

.pf U Y Y}> YH Y bf> U _= nfg@>

U pR}Y {Q ()nx}U _= U nwnfH Q |w
S bd> {_>
|BkY yb= peTnU phU{_U ng>nRnfY o= ned_U h=
nw}hQ pxn_U neLn= ahdc> yS |T nhBn= hU nY dL i ni
x}cU }bU fU
phRnfY ngi neT nghdL n? o> }> {L fY ngUS {L Y
[:n_i] |A } =
h
T ~
m
:ij= nbU

g T
d Q :Un_> nbR }ZR }I }hR }hB [:fU] ^ G mX

a X d ^ w X *
a X d ^ w
.[ :pU~U~U] | w | H m
| w |g A m
n Rn\Y gR {gU U
x}J nhB ph>|U hd=nS
{L L rx{U nY
nY dL |w nU Sn_Y y[>
hT nfadH neT b_U cU >nRnfY U
U d[x kw _= }i rhA SdU UnY !nhB L nB w

.f @ dU peA hfU gdwkx
nY nex x{U
R phUnL o>}Y
ngdxj> ngdw U ngedL ng\R Y {=

nghU nZeU [fUnR
\U }i nh\bY = h> ni~U = U }Kni ngi :bUn=

|_Un= = pf U Y nY}U U kx |w n UnQ n R}fY jZfhR
e_U pbU {nb_U U }[U dL ZU nH lR }T neU pd L ngi

U{Y hdR yUn[U
SU U }Kni nB |w .()nB dU
}i }K h_x L}ZU }hQ {UU dL }ax nT |U xnU
{S nfi U nI {> nU Y U }hÙ ngU J \U

. }ZU dL HneU :neU hH dL @ ()
. U {hdU nfU } ()
168
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
.()}B nY R H cZ= eU |w nfUnL
}hQ {UU fL >nY {Y pgU iinbU _x}ZU eU :hmT
naU Y pde@ nfw nfg@> n@U bU R x}B Y L}ZU
onfeU SeU _= H Y ofU }heU Y Y}> U

fegx
nY ..ngZdU hdw
Y bf> p_eU pYnY n\bU nRnT
ngbaU h= gZeU aU AeU i ph\S nbeU R hU }]U
()
L i ]b>
phgbaU {LnbU f> neT n i qx ni~U {A T
_ZU eU bx neT }I Y ]beUnT ni~U = {`hU
gR YnbH >nhA dL }h]B nhL{> Y U|U nY ax U n=}S
U|= bU cex
mh `@
nS_U }bH dL fY n }A H dL {hTjU fegx

{U R
pfdU nwnLn= }H h^f= n Ùn= n Ynew w {bR ngcHne> phLne@
ngY}=
H ngUBn= Lne@ nfU R U
phLne@ nhU >
dL H fL }A {bR U R .caUn=
{gY
c>
{S h@~U h= phL}ZU pS_U B Y }H n]i B {UU cx

}L
nSL Y U L jZfx nY Y pS_U |w L sfx nY c=
}_Y ngneHj= nhI n heY
n^fU |g= oLU R ofU =}bU
{U w ngfL sfx nY pL}ZY }hQ pSL w ~U nî ngecx pSL px
phfU
pS_Un= oL> i f U R {bR nhU |w R .L}I }hQ
.nw{_= nY w{A hededU pfU w :nT }î ()

. n]]U {hdU neU nx }w = ph[ZU A ()
169
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
^ ? mX
:Un_> nS ngLnh ni B U ni~U neT kx
e < Sm
g K
ned_U _= naH |w Y [:~A] Sm
.phYH p_x}ZU {nbY w

{A w ni a A
neT pw gS
h= U {UU pi fL phfU fU R I

Un= q
> Y
U|T }eU @}U h= yh {bL pSL phi qinT nY w phL}ZU

{b_x U pS_U w pgI pSL pS_U qinT U nY R fU
q>
}Y ~>
}eU @}U @}U
U neT n _S U|T ngiT {L Y nghL}I
@ ngi nbLn= }Y nS p@~Y qin= ? nw{U phdB

ngi L{>
i L}I {U w |w pgZU pSL L sfx |U {UU lR ..nI nR
h= U yh
yhbdU nA R ofU p
n \x n hgbR }S Y
eY
new}hQ h= >
y |w h@~U h= U >
H Lnf[U
w ngbaU Y e@ }x neT hS U A ilR phL}I pSL negec>
cU L}I {bL neg_ex x|dU }eU @}U h= yhbdU pY}= }S
= hU L}I {U w |w yhbdU phdeL L s>nfU {UU lR U [A U
nY Y c>
i pa]fU oAn :new x=j= dhR ni~U b> {_U ni
.()>{U ? ngeA R deA U p\xU pAn p Ù n R}L {U gR
q? pL}ZY }hQ pSL }e? {UU nT U nY :w p_= b>
}R oi
U qx gR n L}I }_eU hU{Un= (ni~U ) U
i~Un= {UU dx gR i~U Y qi qi p@~Y qinT }eU
ng= neg= dx ~Un=
R x dU ji H R o]U bR A nf?= R [aY

cZ= ngU ni}T }aU |w nf {S ()
.ngLn]U
170
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
n eA ~Un= dx {UU :bfR }hB kU L p=n@n= {i

n_U dL {x~> {Y ~U phÙ nY nY Y n icY
hU i qx p]x}I
Y
aU {hTjU ~U hA Y }gI pH Y S a]U {U U
}_eU ()fU eU R R nU w neT fL nai _]bU ]U
aR .DNA Un= n[B
= n eA ~U L {UU afx nU |w T
f U {eU ni}T neT H R}U hf > f= SnU ZdU x
n_d Un= neH n =n= neU |w R H yR {S of= oi nU
cehU
.fL hai Y f= hU {UU j= {b_x |U ~U
R}Y S gR fL nain= d_U Y ~U U {UU pf= bU nY

h[a> p de@
:x}ZU fU rx{U R ne= U {H y[x
px}wnK {LnS U }hZx rx{U |w ()|T |vm^cT |`cT zTT
{x U p@~eU
qi U neT ~dU {UU ni phincY ZU
nwY
{UU hh_> U pR}_eU hH pe?

cx U i~dU ~dU w {UU
hdR i~U nY .}aU w ~dU ij= x}ZU rx{dU n bR chR
oi nY naU o}Q Y phU @}U L pxnfT w }U H U
fL hQ S hR ngbd J ? dY R @ ~>
U i Y pahfA = U
hA Y }gI pU {U= q> ? }èU R w }ZeU R w ng@~>

.()!{UU bU {b_U
pU dL }_dU hdL neL ncY yh[U ofU n? R DNA U neL A gbR B nfw ()
. n\bU bR :nT U @}U cex ng>{fY pUjeU
. nU yh RncU ()
. pY{S = fèU ()
171
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
w<i< mh}T < oRK
n= SL w nY cU ~Un= ni~U = pSL cA d T |w
negfh= q> gR phi~U w p\xU pAn i~U w pa]fU oAn[= bfU
phi pSL
dL e> nc> p_hZU pf U Y ngbaU nR rx{U gY R ni}T

nghdL {bL U A phi~Un= i~Un= dx ni~U =nR n i qx ni~U
dL fx
|U i fU rx{Un= U|U U{H pa]fU nb_i {_=
.()h= h= fh= dU phRnfU nx}U _= R ne= }U }wn_dU
n fxc> n R}L = w L}ZU }hQ {UU j= :U dL hd_U cex
negfL hai nY p\x= Y cY

i p=n? fUnR
phi~U i~dU
ai dL fx
|U x}ZU fU rx{U R nY hU U nx
~U w }aU @ R w nei i~U w }wn_U L {UU
px}wnK {LnS }aU {LnS :nfdS {S bhbU {UU w Y pR}_Y {L Y
nY i~dU }U ~dU {UU cx }Û |w aR .ZU

}K R }>
.fL hai cex R a]i Y {U > i~dU ij= d_U Y
nB cA gR >
dR >{U {U ni~U = h= U {L nY
h= Y L {UU nai {_U {gZx neY
ax neT ofU nai q x
L}ZU }hQ {UU ~x

negfh= fh= ofU nhai U i hhi~U
y[U
oi hbaU = aU
cex nY |w i nT h=j= }T nT Y j=
w n R}L p Ù {U ni~U = o}Ù Y w ()ow|eU pe
_= U
. RncU @ ()
. fèU ()
172
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
!new{A Y ~x x hcR p\x= pa]i Y d Y
h=j= i ]bfx L}ZU }hQ {UU y\ x {b>

}ax
Y
nY R
L kY new negf= gR wn> neghUke=

nhbU neghdL :U dL
} R eHn= dh> Y inY hdL nain= ~d

x xnL h=}>
{U {UU h= pS_U c> U ncA Y U }hQ U afU
nY
Y }T R ncI Yj>
Y dx U Y U ph\S Y fH
.nbeU R U nY neY
oin@
173
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
oaèT @
n hgbR hdL yd][x nY pxneU >n@nhA hYj> n hUnY a]U pxnL

hYj= ~deU .YH x}ZU ngdaT U SbA Y n b A e> pbafUn=
x}nbU n`[U dL nain= oUn]Y gR pbafU dL nbU hU w U
pbafUn= Y~dY nf= lR =nbeU R .fL f`x Zx

U nf= Y
R T|Y = }I dL pBhZU ~_U pdA}Y R gn= dL
.phgbaU n[eU
B dL hedeU ne@ Y (phUneU pxnL}U) U |w ?
nY :ngfY ()}>Y ngi :hS = p\haY nx U|= gw|Y
:QnbR bai fY~d> hdL }@ |U Y :Qn[U nY L

()
phUkY ex
|UnR } b R {bR nA R o?}T zTT zTT
phUkeUnR n _he@ w{bR Y Y ? h= {@

a]U dL nai
w |fhA
oU
U }h>
{L Y pU{U bfU L}ZU TnU >nL dL ngfhA b>
.{h_[U |w dL hUkY e>

YH eeU d_R }B
. cU }w@ ()
.}hQ dU yh i rx{U nbafU = Y nU p_hZU nH ()
174
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
oaèTm< |dT mX
ceU cU n_]U Y a]U @nx neL

nL w p@U pbafU
()
~hex
p@nU Y Y U }hQ pUn_eU
nY . Snail= n_U }@ neY
pbafU pUjY R pfh_Y Y dL {ex U i neU |w R YH x}ZU
Y d> pT}Y ngi

neR }B I Y }B ncY
Y }B nY
U|T bx {S n_]U ceU ndU Y =nU Y~U R n b nT

pbafU }Y ngbaU r= {S .UnU U nL}Y }ax |U }Y nfinY R
.@}dR phgbaU ocU R ngdhna>
T odac T
x}J Y pbafU phg> hU dL o@U U nI {>

U x R .~>U pL}ZeU nH U x}]U Y nei nT
nT ne=
L}I }hQ x}]= oceU neU Y g>T UnhL n_J
gdbY g>nxf_Y ghA
dL dH }h?j> }U pebd U n_J
nj= ni nY{fL f_eU |w dL QhU nY i {S inex
hmZK X wzH|dT
X mS eKmI dQ :hdL }e>
x|U {_H = }eL
bh\< pcX zaQ TR dX |gP |X mK

bc S gbc fdT X mS
|T X
.()b<cR cK I
mg^T cK o^GT
H {h= ngec> U phY~U hibU pbafU pUje= >}x nY |w

}H B nehH phLne@ nS_U nhU }>
}hT |x

. cU }w@ ()
. i n= :}î ()
175
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
]fY R n= x= pSL @~= ~U pS_= >}x nehR H

hU ng>nS ngY} hibU
nH dL f =
n= =
o Hn
nS_U .x
]fY n> `fx px}H
nY ox nY phiinbU eU
pUneU pbU peU
nH dL bU eH fY R w nY U inbU
ni{@ |U phU
L n\Q nA ]fY R peU B
L @}U n_= } U {I PdU H L U nx}U
ne= hdL dU H
nY ghdL Hx
hdL UnhL dL pbafU R }hbU
} x R pex}T nhA Zh_hU }H {A
dx o@U {A
nx
zK cK ^h nw
:PdU H L rx{U aR pA=
cT
~gT :PfL }B }B R ()jT
jT _w gcK d^h |> |w
.()TmgK cK | R > gcK cT G

X me X
eY
phLne@ pUnU nL}Y nbeU |w R nin= {x
nfU pYn_U
L }bR @
nT lR g_Y p]UnY g= pd }edU cx
w n_U U
dL Snai phdeL R pec= Yn_x U {bx n= }ahR

g>n@nhA Y nf= }x x}B naJ }LnZY {x T
|fhA
{hR pxnaT } x pUnA w pYn_U pUnU qinT U nY
.g>nd ]Y
}n= gxnx gbdx ne= nf= dL pbafU Y Y R}x }HeU n=
hdL ng=@ {L p=
nd ]eU _= Y gY}x naJ
nA kU ^= B}> ngi ngd S hU g>nhai
dL phdH n? U|U
.nbU |Un=
w}_Z> ghdL
. b_U > ()
. nHU {Y ne_U ~fT ()
176
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
mÌ mwzv
ngY n=n= }x{U Y lR @ |w L {h_= }hQ

ncU T
{b
> U px{gU lR ..px{gU eU pnB
phew
Ux a]U n=}S Y
hU {S
e= x{U= phaJn_U SL c > dS dL }U B{> a]dU
}hQ }aH R ~feU L nh`x nY{fL x{UUn= x |U px{gU
ex new x{U L }^fx S x a]U nf=U px{w neg_Y ex
nxnU q_I
{S .eUkx i~x {S U lR phUnB {h= nL lR nx{gU neg_Y
dL pxfU
ne= naJ dS dL }U nB ijI Y nY T
nI
ng=? nx}U _= R U px{gU U R

pS{[U ? L bx
mfcdQ o`= |HmQ T A X :PdU H nS :nS nL = _R
Y px{gU w paU .()..rwmX R T oRz XmS mS TmgK T
.U }hQ hAnx}U pgTnaU
o^dT zg^T mwzv
}aU nHnfY R nh_U naJ dL p_HU nH {Tjx
i
|> |U hU w p_eU x U|T nwi nR~U

{h_U nxjT
n @ }h_I hR h]_U cx U phLH
pA}H x edeU
aR o@U p]x}I nx Y }hQ R neT }ZY ~n@ hR e_U =
G mR :nS QdL
L Rn= L Qn[U nY L }U
Q bgTmv Q| I :PcT
@|`w @ c T ofSm`T X Y<
o^d? S
negi LhU U hYnY }hH R n@ {bR |cw .()o^dTm<
. {[U UnY ()
. {[U zhZdU n[U ()
177
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
h> O}w~U peJnR negY Y }h` new ndJ {h_U }S neU

.()gnf= nfU hx neT {x{@ n =nh? negU
mg^T o?m@ X oRz
}hQ
new } dL phYH hUn_U {T {bR @ |w L {h_=
S w}hQ S UnaJ UnhL dL pbafUn= }eU
}hU neLj= }cax
{_Y nY = ph }> pS{ R }_eUn= U h=}S
}baU dL UYj= ni {[x
I R }_eU }hU Y hU
{_H = }YnL L rx{U R nfU dL p UnL UnaJ }x }hU hH R

nx :qdbR i_x PdU H in>jR fY qhaI n }Y q}Y :nS h= L
nY U :dU H
f?}x hU }hT
UnY d= {[>jR
f=
:nS rdUnR :qdS :PnS ([fU ) }]ZUnR :qdS :P:nS

o TmK fS|= X fT |gA mgeP > |= h !|gS qcT qcT
.()meT `` bw
?
_c< cT G
:h= L Qn[U nY L rx{U R
meT `` bw fS|= ocgT pgX fT ~gT m_ og T Q= mZh X
.=X z^< faK h v|gP T ~gT gR|T X oG T mS zR
< ê mX :XaT PmaQ
.me Q :TmR
zT |= G v X heQz= bS|= mX dcK T h mX :PmaQ
.()!meT `` bw m_
. i n= :@ ()
. nfU fH ()
. }hedU nfH }S ()
178
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
mÌ oTmdK |vmJ
Y }hcU R ph ZaY }wnK U }]U

nfhdL n Y~U {i nhU |w R
rUnU U n_U {= _U hex nY phYnfU {dU

pUneL }wnK w
ni bA ne^fY
phSbU nHkeU new qL}H U naJ
ng>nhdH U gfR
nw}JnY Y |A
.}H a]U nxn\b= hegeU

=
}J {U }_> : neU a]U bA phSna> R n@ {S
cx y@}
Y n[S `H Y xneA R a]U
x eL
i{U ef=
n cx a]U d _U pSnL ex }h]B
a]U p[=
{U T|eU phSna> qL Lne@ f_eU A}U db_U
oHnfY nî
e_Un= a]U nU i } e L
:U }J
nai ne\U phHnS }B ~@ n=bL }R R}K e_U nLnU
.()neU |w
G RX
U Y fex nY pe?
gR a]U pUneL Y H SY w nY :jT
}Z= ~n@ pUne_U {eU rhA Y
nB }>
dei nfi :oagaT
phgbR {LnS pf U ncU R n [i
R J i dL e_U {hY U a]U
A}Y dY }Û T
B Y pUjeU |w R YH SeU n\hH ncYn= cU pUa]U
:phUnU nbfU
. a]U bA phSna> ()
179
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
mYdT d=
`\T
phUkY L YH ne@ Y {b>

nY :U p]bfU
{S a]U dL nai R TnU {U
|w R H SY U }Ikx

Y~dY w gUnaT x pxnL R pUa]U pdA}Y R a]U nT lR .ph\bU
U hdR hdL nain=
{_Y nhUkeU eU
wkY
}hQ i
{S nY |w .e_U nZY eU
{x}x H U }Ikx
n hai n x{@
{heU |w R UnB
nehH
x}B dL pbafU R n b A U _@ neU
U nU UnY R }[U
hdL }A {S YH x}ZU pÂe=
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U [x

:Un_> nS fY hdL afx |U w > UU {g_= UnY cx nei
T R v
S mfg Q v
R m Xmg R b T c T ^ ? T b T X mf ` T
=j =
.[:nfU] m Q| ^ X R f T
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f= dL px pxU gaY {fL
{UU dL U p]dU
_Y }[hU
_@ f_> gR {I}U UnU }hQ
h=}> f= pxnL }\= {UdU n ahdc> e\>

w = U dx ne= Y R
nT nY Ax hd_R |U yd i {h= |B necU i SH

.U {aY U pd[Y e_U {hY U a]U nB R
nY U ~hheU H
S a]U nB R pd[Y ilR oUnÙ R
{_= nY
lR T|eU U
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R db_U {U ei
a]U p
cZ= }? kx e_U nT
dL dH
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pxU U dL U px hR YnS UdU x
180
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
|T .U R gbaU U dL >{aY {L S dL a]U pd[Y

|x
}Y U lR H ehd_> nA dL x a]U eL nT U
ngew pxinU xnf_U _= nd= L}I ncI Y dx {S = H
hR a> d Y eeU Hkx {S i
U
>nRnfY U n Rn\Y gU phY
.hU nI qY{b>
neY
d _U R a]U
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n `Y n Y}Y
}Y hU dH cZ= hdL }? k> phdb_U px{U >{S
{S U |Y
nehH
dbY R U pine cZx
n =d]Y cx {S =
} dL x}cU }bU {T {S ed_U neU R n @ni cx U

@ X m g T c <
:Un_> nS UY hU R{> S hhU a]U nB
}Y [:nfU] f T X f g T ^ Q mQ z H f e X h kQ m
b e T _c <
dU hA U nBn=
_= dL fx}e> x{> dhwj> R e\x
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H
`Q o<mbT {v e< p d c K zR cT G mw :maQ PeT
T ?
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X X Tdc T X X e dw m`S gw
T
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mX X (fQ) w rTm^w hkQ mZT mX ~dYT
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mX m Xw g^< m^\T |b@ zR macw X T
meT
m RmG z^T cT
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zdX mw :maQ w|? hm= hkQ
. rx{U = ocx nY = Y nU p_hZU nH ()

181
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w :nghdL hfU }\U Y }i U pUnU p]bfU

ncI T
`H pUnY U Y n L}I pY}Y
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U `H
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bfY }hQ }@ U R{x {=
n Y}Y deL cx e_U {hY nghR
Y oH j=
Y Y a]U dY R B{x nY T cdY UnY neU
hA U U ax {=
nT nx{gU }heUnT d eU nH
hR }[x
pd[Y U R nT
UdU A x {I}U dU
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nT U @U Y @= UnY dL Ux {A x pdbY phUnY pY
\R =nS Y
.w}hQ L
d^T G
zwz=
S ng= pbdeU phU S U{U e_U ocY phSna> {A
ngd_@ phincY Y pfH = naJ h`ZU e_U Y i {U
neT RncU {bUn= ehd_U ngYnî nwn[S ]>

U U {dU pfH
( pfH) naJ eL A S ph=}_U e_U pe^fY phSna> q[i
()
dL
. pdecY pfH w a]U h`ZU }e_U Y i {U
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H
{x{U R SY nfU hU cU phdb_U px{U e_U H UnB
TnU px nH dL n hgbR
U h@> cex naJ h`ZU pfh_Y
w ng= {bx
U nh]_eU R neU |w R n A }x nY L}ZU
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. nfU R naJ n :@ ()
182
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oKm|T @
x}cU }bU [i R n hd@
hdL ~hT}U {x qR YH }A pe?

nxnU nI R
qnR {bR .a]U n dL }U w pxfU
L ngJ}I ngYncA ng= pLn}U phew L rx{U R nx}U

..ngUn[B p_}eU naY
S
oKm|T
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= nw{hU nl=
Y U dL n hUnY n L od]> n L fe> R U
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x R n R ngU pxU nb=
nLn= hU
pLn}U }L YH x}ZU
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w nU p_h]= pLn}U nw}R pxnL }H dL nai L keU
H a]dU U
|w hYj> Y {=
R hdL .ngikI pbafU xn[Y Y

w neT n aaY nT n h_hJ oHnfeU dU }hR> pHnfeU p_}eU }hR=
inH nS a eU ohdU dL neL n_> rhA ni}[L R nZU
^ | w
zT T
pLn}U pUjY L nf?{x
w
:ngYncA _= ng>{Y
183
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
T d T c K o Km
f R T
|T
w d T g c XmS g T @ v
T X mv z T < zT u
[ = mf ^ G ~ ` h c b = | ^ d T m< f = S
T c K z T < T
Q m Y = md f e X
| = K mZ Q kQ T X
Q S ^ | = = md f g c K m
mX d c G b g c K m
e ?
e ?
|^ d T m< g=
.[:}bU] |g Z < c d ^ = md < c T d c K c T a =
T mZ Q c d @
:n \x nS [:nebU] g X mK Q T mZ Q
:inH nS
.[:nbA] |f H > >
mfZmZA og^g\T
oKm|T
{? Y a]U n\> phini nU ph]U

nH{U {Tk>
xeU I R pLn}U ncI Y }h`= nbx |Q Un_x Y

{A a]U dL afUn= _> ph_h]U pLn}U dL .phaJn_U ph[U
R dR
a]dU ph_h]U pLn}U {aU pfUn= nY .n \x dL =
n= {x ph|Ù >n@nhA n LnI ph_h]U }]U \R gH ngi

~x}Q ceY qS }H R }InY > {_= ngdaJ n U n>
neT qSU U R nwn[S d> {fL n[Y
pd[U
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pfU
Y a]U ex i neT
R naJ oh[> U }Y Y i {L
ilR :pUn? pg@ Y hi n=ngU nT~U ngHnT g>nhA Y U
Y a]U ax hî b_Y ohdA w pe_J Y a]U phHnA
d bx
}hQ U naJU {b>

U pfhfbU pRnî {L L @nfU dUn=
p=n
ohdU }T|> U {aU Y U

.a]dU pfUn= |w
184
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U pfUn= nY
|U {~U U {bR dL nw{Ln> ph_h]U pLn}U lR
@ h_> dL {Ln> ohdU ni phdeL neT eU }R B T
.jZU |w R }U w Ubx nY |w _h]U eU inceU A}U
h= peheA phaJnL pSL f> ph_h]U pLn}U fi
ngdaJ
pLn}U {R ~@i ni U a]U bY dL =nx nw}h?j> }>
|gA T ZcT
~gT fL nehR PfU
S Y d= {i dR ph_h]U
]K ZT < |w T X mX :QhfYkeU }hY L .()X T X
.()X T X gcK oS|<
ow|P |vmJ
pLn}U L }eU ~L }wnK w px}Q }wnK neU |w R nfaS>

h= p>naY padY o
f= ph_h]U
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d _> phUne@ nL U odQ R ~_U |w }Y
.}Ù Y {RU
nehH
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U pHneU ngdaJ p@nA h= ngi{= phUne@
h= > nghdL w U
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() q>
{bR Y U U a]U p@nU ngfY n T nhU |w R
qR{w nL phU pi{Y
dL (phT}hY {eU nxU {L nY) pU
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px|Q nfeU xU
./ :Qn}U nB hL ()
. ncA ox|g> hbaU }\x Y RncU ()
185
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
U _Y yeH {A
}= p_}eU
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dL n dH }? nw{hU= [U fL }
U nehR n\Y }gI R nh[U
.@}dR phgbaU ocU oUnQ R U dL

i {S ngfU
o^|dT m`
naY pde@ U ph}U [fU R U nI nxnU }hZ>
n _dx |U {U U phd@
p`hd= nI R p_}eU R nw}R> `fx
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dL }h?jU R a]U ei R p_}eU U
neT .nex b_U pa _U :w na[U |w w .phafU >ncdY aJL
L rx{U aR phnfU Ù
pifeU nbeU of > U {I
madT ^|= Smw

:nS i PdU H L QhfYkeU }hY
w c T kQ
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c T kQ
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.()z^w
m X |gA ogh|ZeT owfgT m :nS Qn[U nY L

nY U|T {_x d U j= nx}U |w R U hd_U .()ogmeT
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m|T : j= }B nx R
.}LnZY SB h}U nJ dL d U
nfU nH Y =nU Y~U R n Rn_Y nT nY U }Kni nxnU |w
. nHU {Y ()
. RncU B ncY ()
. rx{U ncA = Y nU ai {[eU ()
186
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
}[_U dwnU }[_U R n _nI }Y |w nT {bR = gL}> nU
A YH
.px{_U pehdA w pLn}U
Y U qinT PfU
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nH n aa Y nT H nx |w R naJU {b
j= U
x |U ohdU
Y {_i
n h? {_eU
ohdU L pdd eU }hQ nihU ohdA L
.U i
neT odcS odT m|T
SB a]U p
dL p_}eU dU }hcU }h?jU |w o= d _U
n}U YH x}ZU }L {bR >nL
p=}S pSL ZfU n H cZx
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|
w :rx{U R {S phfU p=}bU ncA Y pde@ nghdL o> }>
nSL L h[aUn= ngbaU {>
{S .()ne T X |
X
w mX m|T
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Y {x~eU
.eU |w dL J
phgbaU n[eU
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187
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
}Tm< Sme< eZ@
(m`K @)
dL R h= w Y pe P fU
L px}eU nx}U _= f>

c< ?}w
}eU neR ()?|Q ^w
X
zT cK zTT @
oY
eL i {UdU nw}hR> ox U bU Y w w naLn=
p@ nhB R n b A fe> {U naL L phUkY w oR

qfU =
m`K e^X
f[x
~U }K phg> dL >{LnY {UU naLl= }eU
ne= >nY{bY
:bU cex }i @ L {_x }U R SU Y
ph\S
gR nY{beU
phg> pxneU {LneU }Y
Y {_= w nY U Y}> naL

Bn= d dU gh@> nJ R }>
phRnb? px=}> phdeL U U n Rn\Y
}H R SU L {_x |U }Y n x=}> {L n hA fh[> pdnaU

.}i nI ~x}Ù }]hH gU
~fT B ncY h^LU p :@ hbx}aU }J Y }Y

e\eU |w ()
. nHU {Y ne_U
188
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
n= phUkY dL {hTj> w n ?ni T nf= naL U L{U
= phfU phAnfU Y g@\i nf= d= }e=

]bf> ngY
dL nw }h?j> ngU U pHnU pdA}eU |w R {Tj>

Ln\> phUkeU
{b _x {S pdA}eU |w R }i j]U >nhA }bH = bY
.nghdL phU
U^= B}x pYnbU >nhA
m`K nw v
hU H {fx SB A
}Y
w {UU naL w :jT
}h[b> nA R U|= oUn]x = ~d

Y UU
w nei ()o@ }hQ naL ngbaU h= gZeU

neT {fY eL
bA L q?{>
|w }T U nx}U nhH U|= {gZx
ngilR U
.p=ncU ed _x eH x hS Y phSB
@= bU U ()x}n_eU ngbaU _= ow U =nbY R

T}> dL }[U h]x ~U U n @nY {UU nT nA R naL
pbafU o> neT gnf= n= dL p@U pbafU kI Y U }_Y
.gn= n> nf= dL
X :PdU H L rx{U R nY [U |w R @U {xkx
{UU oc> ) m >z@ z@ > (@~x

) be w mX zeK mbeT zT c<
cx ? lR dL ()gcK >mQ (n Y}A
o@U }> dL
cU }w@ :}î afU A {eY zhZU hbaU U }T neT ne@ U dL L = ()
.n_eU L UnU de_U n= U {H

.
. n[U bR ()
. ne_U ~fT ()
189
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
R nH pfx}S Y }T nY Y |w ax neT }U _R dL
.y }hQ hU nZeU
nhU w nx}U
zTcT @
o?}T mgA
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w nhU x}I nhB = gnf= p@~U ~U nhB A

w yfY
n=U x R ~U R hQ}U x{I}U p=nZU nZU bA Y A
}hcU _ax neT gfL nhB ~U dL nf= }T ngY |T

ngeL
=n= }S dL ngi}hR naU sx~> R n [B |w nfYx U
Y
nhU }_
> U {HnaeU Y hR n L}I ^Y }Y |w .}hQ
iT L
\R n]B Y }hcdU
bY ph@~U
A
dL {L cZx
nY jH a_x = = rx{U R >nhA x}I nhB R ni
}Y ~>
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{x i :Qn[U
.()< fw T
pwv T }=
n= nehH
g=nS ghdw gx [fx nZUn= {x _i
g>}B g=n> Y {hax gv= {I}x ~U }Y R ngY
p
R }Zx n R}_Y n hgbR n x pe?
= neU |w R phLne@
T = mfè< cX fQ ohU fL }TnU }hQ nY nghU
pbRY }TnU naU
ghR e= he@ {fL ox ()px}U i
R n@ neT mH X mv|X
nZH nH R ngbaU ~U }Y R {I}U }TnU bH }x Y
. neH w
. ncA ox|g> RncU ()

. RncU ()
190
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
UU U p@nU pUjY R nw}hQ }TnU h= pS}aU R }U

_U
|w Y naHU ngdwkx
|U }Y pb=nH ph@ px}= }Y
{S ohU

pLneU J_U nhi }i n]B R> R p=}U
nZH U c> nY A ngilR |U {x{@ n eUnL B{> gR }cU =
.g>}B gv= nfH ngx
meT me< rw}= Q ^T
}Y R {Zx
ngY n=n= }aeU lR neU |w R
nx nY{fL n= Y }hcU _ax neT ~U naY R qfU

Y } hT R phw |L {_Y
s= gf=n= ~U UnJ R U
{S }Y |w .nZdU Lne@ n[S Un= |_UnT

nhA
{U n> f cU g>nf= bY dL ngY n= }A Y d]fx
ngUx
{S ~U R ngdY _\x qfU nhA dL n dH }? khH ilR ph_h]U
ngY}=
nhU dL ngx dL pebfU kU jhU h_> inL nR U
U neU phUnhU }ZU L d x ph_SUn= d x w dL lR |U
R _x ghdL = nhaU nehH
sx~> pUjY R nghR
nY oh_x nY U R hU gU heeU L haU gx~>

Qoh_I w dU nhi Y i |gR gRnaL gfh[> w {gU
R :QHY dU i dL hex}T {A sx~> }_x

zw h m

[:[bU] r @ hmd > h| ? i = c K g =mv e < z@ bh
ngai }_> qinT PfU
Y R }eU nx}U _= Y nax
m? :nS Q}a_@ = L rx{U aR nhA B ~dU
? maQ {fT X :PG|T maQ e?
T |X
:pTmaQ PeT
191
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
:maQ H T mX :maQ mfg\^= mX :maQ mfge?

cT G mw mh :maQ
maQ mK > ?|T |gP z@ aw cQ bT PcT G mKiQ mKiQ
zR :maQ ^h :mR m gH |aT X =
:oTmT |dT
Q PcT G
nf?{x
zxnU lR |cw ()mw mfdc ^Q |aT X = mX cK mfb?
ngai q}L U w (ngfL dU ) {dxB qf= px{B hfYkeU

.PdU H Y ~dU
|gAiT |T
g<
{b>
T nf= sx~> R h_U }U
U L cZx
nY
}hT U }JnY lR db_U {I}U fU \fU neT S n ?ni

e@ L {h_= phijY pH U nx ni nhA R }h[Y nhB ~U
fhL qSU R nff cU paJn_U f@ ~x}Ù
H
R }eU
}hQ }hBjU Y |i
h?U H
dB{x nZU oUnQ rh= nfinY R nA w neT ~U
S
}hQ }wnK nY nfd_@ neY
}H nf= ~U dL {S Y fcex
afU eU dL {HnaeU }JneU Y }hcUn= pRaY ph
bdU
[U
|w R dbdU L{> oi
nS U }hZ> nhn[A .}H
[> }~U R % U ~eU

}hQ nZU pi [> }[Y aR neU
.()% U i_U nfU pi
:e_U dL w ~U H
}wnK nZi phHnH nH
}Bj>
nhU nL na> U k> U pxn[S n p=_
nL U shdU {T ph=}_U {U _= R geU
Q }wnK nghU
. RncU ()
. w }Y
R n[U {_U }h= YH RnbU ~T}eU pdY @ ()
192
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
dL pdhB hS nZi Y hd_U }K |cw p^wnU ahUnc> ~U

nfY~dx U nH Y U }hQ U ph=}Ù nhU ef= }? jU phi nf>n_eY
}R pY
.nghdL od Ù ngchca> dL e_i phdw nHkY
n YncA
193
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
m[T mdh zgTmaT m= :zgTdT mdG

(ogdT @)
pe _= L PfU
n R}_Y n x{A pe?
U nI }Y
L n x}Y
{U dL {UU bA L {x
w p=nbY h[= RqhU w Y
w :zTT cK zTT @
:p`h {A R n@
< w dG
nfhdL b= }bU ehd_> L A L nfed c> {S ()|aT dc ^w

.pheU A
L rx{U
w px}U R U U
m[< mfRK mdG

oX
YL ~> qinT neH nhBn= nY~U x{S Y ni w
.YbU xnU fx{U Yn_U ngew

nhB |w R o_d> {x{L
dL }hcU }x rhA neU |w R U UneU }[f_U neT
} @ H nhB
edU lR |cw afU dL ohJ
bhHY
S
U RnbU n\U
neH nx n\U eeUnR U R pY
nhB }_U L }L {S {U eY R }ZfeU neH L d>
:hS Y neH gfh= }Zi |U p=[U nbU bUn=
phAeU neH
incR w{hL gY{B nY gnf= pfUn= |w ..nL
~eA }A }
. ne_U
~fT nHU {Y ()
194
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
{S kUkU nx UnH :hS Y pS }U ]d Un= A> neH gU nx

nfai nfinedQ nf{L ninf= ei
:n@jR U oH L w{A H
w }_U
x U :U qdS :nS Qn}U nY L rx{U R
f
= phmbQ |@ m |^T phmS :nS U nI }ei {gR odc=
{v mH dgX mX | Q :vzgK dw
v mdGi< z^T cK
neH nhB R R}Ù hU Yn_dU lR |cw ()mf< edgw
pdJ pd^fA R neT px}[U n>nfU Hn= pheU }_U {fL nI |U

neH }ei ohdT ox pd_? R neT nihU neH
..pdY } T
pd\aeU
neH w nY neH U H }^fx hT :kU
x{U
@m ogZH
cK |g>i= G
:U A H nhB w {hUU H R H hdL }x } Y

phZAU phbU neH nf@ x{UU dL f_x nY dG w
nT lR hai
An ph[I dL }h?j> HU lR f_Un= A> U
n xf_Y xkx }_eU

Un= An Sx {S ilR n ^hdQ n hZA n eH
he@ n hJ
Y }hcU HU L{x neY

n eH nT neU n RB n hai
ngÙ ngehS phdwnU }[L U ef> neH gnf= nx U~x n=
RnJ UnK {gR o :H R nU w neT {YnU phZU
xn
e> neH Y U U nY ({L }h`[>) {L
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. Qn}U nB hL ()
195
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
nY{fL H
ex
U
H {Tkx
ilR {U dL {UdU A
R }hU
U dx ne= nhB R }A
hU gR H nhB phUkY

hdL = p@ pY phi ~i dbL w dL pheU
}cax
S
}h?j> Y H T}x {S nY {_= nehR HU US {Y {UUn= I T
Y U dx h[I dL
:n[Bn= n fA cx U U nehR TnZY {bL
Y }U
{UU dL }ax nY {UdU A
w neY
pheU
}T {UdU A
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phU phUnU {hUnbU
Hn= f= phe> ZU dL }a> {S ph=}_U nf>n_eY R {hUnbU
ex ne=
{eU rhA Y fY inY }Y |w >{U Hn= f= {U
hU U {h= neg= }U
negY
x {S w x{UU }A Y n Li
L }_
U nehR n Y
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Y }Rni {U
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H nT
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L n_= ngY |T n= dL eU Y cx U dL
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Y pingeUn= A> U dU }hÙ px_U dU neHj= pheUnT dÙ
odT
nS :nS Q}SnU nY L rx{U R dL
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mdv
()
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196
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nT g\_= pdgH nwneR
phnL e>
n_U
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()
g\_U {U ()}Z= neR
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H eH
nT }B h= neR
{A U nI R ()!beK|Q Gm< dgdG
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pe nhi neH :H nghdL Zx

U pf U
neH Y
()mgh mdGi< dG
:PdU H L rx{U R {bR nhU
U Rnhi neHj= pheU
hU cZ>
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R ngx~Y
w nei g= p=d]eU
R Rnhi \A }wn^Y Y }g^Y e> ngiT
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}> UU fU
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}A ~RnA cZx
R {S UU fU
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Y nx}U _=
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. p=nÙ {H ()
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197
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j= :bU y[x R |w dL
T Rnhi neHj= pheU }> U
Y gneHj= eeU
c>}x {S nY o= peU pf_d U gU U odx
L n_= }ax Rnhi }A lR x}B =

nH n]B
dL ng= pheU }> gneHj= e>
n bd B hU ZU oU
Y oH
()
. bd]Y dL nL ne=
= = {[S Y n]x ilR [A U n hYH
Y neH }hQ
n]U = }eL inU pahdU }x neU |w R
@ {bR Rnhi Hn= n heY
R hdL B hw}= eH
nT
{L neH
eH }h`R
Y H }h`x
nhi neHj= e>
hA x
()
eH }B Zx n [I eH rhA {b>
nY U R A
qinT eA}U
{eY
x {eY
L{> dU != o
fY :}hBU nbR {eY
()
{h= eA}U {L neH
n }L S |w pahdU }[>
n hA
qY nY
x|U hedeU Y
Hn= wnf= eH
Y w PdU H j= hdL A
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dT mdG
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neT bi {bL Y {x{U R pQ}U d]f> p]x}I cU ngfY {hdbU
x|U ph=}_U phYH gneHj= dx eY
_U {U nU w
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R }S }hacU b_U :nT R ni}T nY negfY H SY oU _dU >}wnK A @ ()

. n[S sgfeU
. ne_U ~fT ()
.ai {[eU ()
.ai {[eU ()
198
`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
qd A nf>~Q U phf@ ph=}Ù

phYbU phfJU phYH neH Y
ed_U {h_[U dL H ~`Y hYn\Y e> oUnÙ R ngi Y
B }Bn= ngi c_> nY {b= UneU A }caU A}U
Y
.|U
heUn_U
dU {eU niL }B
199
mZdT ?|dT
?|dT mZdT |fQ
.x}cU }bU
= :hb> pQU sgi }I (w :) U~_eU {x{U = =
.}h= phYH nH{dU ph_YnU pHkeU hw}= \aU
pR}_Y R p=nÙ {H (w :) inhZU {eY = dL }h? =
.}h= =}_U ncU p=n[U
.}h= n {eA {fY (w :) {eA nY fA =
= oSnfY (w :) }U dL = {eY I }gI =
. }I fU px{hU pceU oUnJ
}_U nU (w :) }[eU bx}R }cY = {eY ^fY =
.w }x S U }Zi
}eU peU
ZT (w :) }a_@ = HY = dL
nJ =
.w phinU p_]U }x S YH L ocY pgeU
n_U p_]Y =}_U }caU ph[ZU A {eY
}w =
.pUnU p_]U }wnbU

= fH ( :) inU r_I = nehdH =
. /w }caU nd U {eY {h_H :hb>
201
mZdT ?|dT
.}h= (hihU) pUa]dU {eU Y pe^fY a]U bA phSna>

phLne@ kZU nfU R naJ n
. }h= pUa]dU dL deU
R peÙ
ZT (w :) yaU = = hL = dL d=
. phinU p_]U }h= pe pR}_Y
oHnceU (w ) UR{U hY {eY = \>}Y n[i
U p_]U n[i zhZU }e>kY L pbfY pfU {L pY}eU
.w/
}_U ncA R }nfU {U (w :) Hx i}U
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}caU nU yh (w :) hLneH = {eY nU
. phinU p_]U }h=
{hU hb> HneU (w :) {UnB = {eY = {eA S}U
.}x phYH ocU fhU x{U @
~x}geU {gY :hb> phgbaU {LbU A {eY fU
.phinU p_]U }x S nY hU :}InfU x{U hA {eY
}cU fU (w :) dL = U = {eA bghU
.}caU
{hU {U }x}b> pwnbaU n[Y ~x}U dL {eY {hAU
U nY pLHY e p@{eU U p_]U dU eA U
.w }x S
{eA :hb> n[U (w :) neA = hLneH }wU
aÙ {L
. }h= p_=}U p_]U hxedU d_U n]_U
202
mZdT ?|dT
}x}b>) {U ncA R \feU {U ex}T dL zhZU Y}gU

}x S x}cU }bU (dU eA inchdcU {hU {U
.w U p_]U
p_hZU nH h[a> (w :) U = {eY dYn_U }U
S }U nhA RqhU pHkY p_x}ZU nY }x}> U

.w phinU p_]U }x
L b_U > (}gU =}U }bU) dL = U i}U
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.w
nehdH :hb> rx{U ox}Q ( ) nH = hw}= =}U
.w U p_]U {@
}ZfU pLn]dU pfx{eU }xn_U
:hb> nfH }S (}gU rUnU }bU) }a_@ = dU {L }heU
.w U p_]U }x S }U nhA RqhU pHkY
:hb> LnU ni L{U {L (w :) {gR = {eA dU
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}x S (naH) nfU } HeU HnbU = U
.U p_]U
(w :) }U x}ZUn= }_eU hU = {eY }U
.w U p_]U S }x {L {eY zhZU }I pQU sgi
.w pUnU p_]U }x S n[U bR n {eY inA}U
bR (w :) {i}U o]bUn= }_eU dU pw = {h_H {i}U
S afU ZL}eU dU px pcY fhU {eA {hU :hb> }bU
.w phinU p_]U }x
203
mZdT ?|dT
}_U n> (w :) ]HU fhU \>}Y {eY {h=~U

.w }h= }caU }hI dL hb> YnbU }w@ Y
p_=}U p_]U ZY }caU U YH baU pw dhA~U
.
}h`[U YnU (w :) }c= = = eA}U {L JhU
. U p_]U }h= }caU
pLne@ naÙ }T dL :hb> hbaU }\x Y ai {[U
.w phinU p_]U S hH{eU
YH baU R {x{U ng@ {gY {eY x{U eI
. U p_]U }h= }ZfU nH{dU phU{U pHkeU
.}I fU p_]Y pU naU }Sn= {eY {[U
(w :) ebU x=n= = hU = dL = {eY {[U
}x S hH{eU p_Yn@ naÙ }T dL hb> n[U
.w
. fU px{hU pceU x}ZU dL ai {[U
}h= edL pHkY Ln}U nB hL ai {[U
.w
.pH{beU
S hH{eU p_Yn@ {hAU ai {[U
p_Yn@ naÙ }T dL :hb> hbaU }\x Y ai {[U

.w phinU p_]U }x S hH{eU
U p_]U S p_U pHkY :hb> UnY ai {[U
.w
. w }x =}bU adaU _eU he@ nhd
204
mZdT ?|dT
{Un= ncA hb> R neU nx dL {hU n]]U

U p_]U }x S }U nhA qhU pHkY :hb>
.w
B ncY (}gU nU }bU) \aU = U H}]U
.pHnU p_]U }x S }U x}ZU :ZfY
pHkY }bU }ha> R nhU eY U = \aU H}]U
.w U p_]U nfU }h= nL]edU edL
:}Zi hb> H _eU (w:) {eA = nehdH i}]U

. xU }ZfU pLn]dU hY}U
(w :) H]U zhZUn= }_eU U = {eY H]U

phYH ocU nH}U A {hU hb> ncA ox|g>
.w pUnU p_]U }gJ
x}I }I R ncA {Y (w :) dL = {eY dYn_U

}x S }U nhA RqhU pHkY :hb> H
.w U p_]U
ZT (w :) bZY{U A}U {eY = hLneH id_U

}h= pUnH}U pHkY bU {eA :hb> nU x~Y naU
.w pYnU p_]U
{U H]U U~Ù nfhH = n bR a]U ph=}> {eY n]_U
. U p_]U }h= phYH
S hH{eU
pLne@ ncR pxngi (w :) nh nQ S}_U
.w }x
205
mZdT ?|dT
:hb> (w :) {fS}eU nhL = _Y = {eY Inh_U

.}gJ phed_U pceU >eU UH}U Inw {hU
{hU {U }x}b> b?U }_U }I R yhbfU dL }heU }Ù
.w pUnU p_]U }x S ngU dU eA U
ZfY h^LU p (w :) {eY =nhfU naU
.}x S }U x}ZU
}h= a][eU nh@ ph=}U d_eU n {eY dU \R
. U p_]U
}h= eU phgbaU neU hA {eY {hU dU \R
. /w pfYnU p_]U nfU
U p_]U nfU }h= eU p_x}ZU bR ai dU \R
. /w
. U p_]U }h= eU nhU bR ai dU \R
nL]edU n_U ph=}U p?U h= a]U b> {eY adaU
. phinU p_]U nfU }h=
(w :) inIncU haUn= }_eU Y {eY inIncU
.}x S hH{eU
p_Yn@ nhA ox|g> R n\hU peU
aJ =}i
p_]U }h= fU n `=ni
hT Y eKncU
. U
px}A p_J {aU ~fT (w :) dL = {eY c@}cU
. w phinU p_]U }x S a][eU pcY
}T dL hb> RncU (w :) b_x = {eY fhdcU
.w }x phYH ocU naÙ
206
mZdT ?|dT
}h= a[U (naH) nU nI n {eY inchdcU

. U p_]U
ne_U ~fT ( ) x{U nA = dL x{U L {fgU b eU
pHkY nbU
a inhA
}c= hb> n_R S fH R
. pYnU p_]U }h= pUnH}U
nRU pHkY i n= (w :) }Sn= {eY deU
. phinU p_]U }h=
}w@ (w :) }wU oAn[= }_eU A {eY afU
p_]U }h= =}_U }U nhA H x}I }I R cU
.p_=nU
fH) = }_eU fU }= = dL = oh_I = {eA nfU
. U p_]U }h= }caU (nfU
w fU {eUn= }_eU H}]U hA fU
nhA RqhU pHkY neU fY nHU {Y
.w U p_]U }x S }U
{hU :hb> LeU cU hL hdU {eY = dL ]HU
U p_]U }x S rx{U {f@}hU fU hA
. w
:mwzT
phYH pxgedU phRnbU pxnZeU nw{[> phYH pRnbU

.ZY R phi}x
207
mbT mwX
mbT mwX
..........................................................<|= aQ h :oX zadT
(mfc@|X mfXf`X) oT`\T :
Z`T
.............................................................. oT`\T f`X
............................................................ a]U x}_>
............................................................. pUa]U px{=
................................................. nw pUa]U A}Y
........................................... ~èT mdcK zeK oT`\T @|X
..................................................G Q oT`\T @|X
.................................................. }B nhUkY rxnA

........................................................ pLn}U pdA}Y :
........................................................... ~hheU pdA}Y :n hin?
......................................................... ~heeU
w Y
....................................................... ~heeU
ncA Y
................................................................ pbw}eU :n Un?

.................................................~heeU
gaeU
....................................ng>nd ]Y pbw}eU dL }_U

..........................................pTeU pS{[U h@U
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209
mbT mwX
...................................................>nY >{Y
.................................................... {hdbU w}eU
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..................................................... ngbaU Y paS
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{I}dU hU
H
(mG mX) og<|T :hmT Z`T

...................................................... og<|T Q a @ `\T
hU
......................................................... n = {U T
......................................... {U ne@ }U ne@ h=
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................................................. U {U Y }hB b_U
................................................ > S a]Un= pxnf_U
............................................................. U {_=
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.................................................phini ph[ZU Un?
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210
mbT mwX
.......................................................... dUn= oxjU

..............................................eU }Tl= eU }@
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............................................................... {U nxn
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211
mbT mwX
............................................................. nH R
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..........................................px=}U phde_U R x{U :
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................................................... d c> nS pÙ
..................... pH{beU nbA Y phehd_U
sY}U }hg]>
.................................................. nY }[f_T x{U

............................... p_x}I {hbL Hn= f= fb> hT :n hin?
.................................................... {@ nw}=
................................................... }hZU pecU
.................................. yUn[U dL eUn= a]U =
....................................................... pbR}U nhB
........................... L}ZU {b_U hUneU R phfx{U ph=}U :n Un?
{nb_U
.............................................. nex H
............................................... Y
dU pR}_Y
.......................................... nU h= nex
.................................. Rh= w PfU

pY
..................................................... }bUn= ]=
................................... pR}feU {nb_U Y }x|U w
........................................... pxn_U ph=}U nfUnaJ
........................... nf=U }B beUn= new
..................................... a]U nL phL}ZY
[U
..................................................

..........................................a]U nw n_U
...........................................n_U R n[S w
.......................................ohUnH \R ni
................................................h]Un= hd_U
212
mbT mwX
...................................... mfeX G RX ogeT og<|T

.................................................ngi S ~}Ù nbx
.........................................................oh_U fU
.................................. phfU n? hU phfU ph=}U
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......................................................... naJ nL
............................................. phSB pLnfeU ~feU
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`\T a@ :qTmT Z`T
........................................................ mgT @ `\T
.......................................................ng@ pex}@
............................................................ naJ
............................................................{x{U U
..................................................a]dU ph[U pxnL}U
............................................ }U R naJ pxneA
.................... (ogZT
owmK|T @) ogèT owzT `\T o

..................................................a]U p[=
new
.................................................. ng|`= YnU new
...................................... PdU H Ukx [U }
......................................cU U gH naJ
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dX Q `\T ow|@
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213
mbT mwX
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px }U
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nf= R
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H hQ
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Q oQ|^dT c^T
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o>}Y

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214
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pin\A
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215
mbT mwX
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..................................................................nx{U
.............................................................mbT mwX
216

حقوق الطفل في اللإسلام

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حقوق الطفل في اللإسلام

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Copyright:

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