`

Dharmik
xaimRk

Concept Gems
&
Tools

Data
Information

Knowledge
Consciousness

For Knowledge Workers

by
j.kedarnath

Namasthe,
This is an evaluation copy of the book Dharmik Concept Gems
and Tools - Data, Information, Knowledge and Consciousness for
Knowledge Workers.
I am planning to publish this in the print on paperand electronic
formats and I need your kind assistance for the following.
1. Evaluation by friends and well-wishers
If you have received a copy of this, you are a friend and wellwisher. I value your opinion very highly and will be very grateful to receive
your comments.
2. Subject matter evaluation by expert friends and well-wishers whose
works are referred to in this book
Reference has been made of your phenomenal works and my
humble request is for you to take a kind view of the manner of my
presentation. Kindly inform whether the reference is appropriately covered.
Your opinions and comments are invaluable
3. Subject matter evaluation by those that I would like to include in my list
of friends and well-wishers.
This is for publishers and offers for publishing support. It will be
highly appreciated if you could send me your best offers to support work I
have undertaken for a Vaidika Village in India. The concepts can be seen at
VaidikaVillage group at Yahoo.Com
My email address:- jkedarnath99@hotmail.com
smartxpark@yahoo.com
smartxpark@hclinfinet.com
Postal address: J.Kedarnath, B/4 Hermes Twins, 126 Nagar Road, Pune
411006, India.
Dhanyavad, Thank you,
Kedarnath

Select
Namasthe For
Page

Contents
_/\_
samskrutham - Sanskrit Words In This Book...........................................o
_/\_ o
Preface ......................................................................................................
What Is A Computer? - What Is A Machine?.......................................... O
_/\_

"What is a Computer"? ..................................................................................o

"What is a Machine"?..................................................................................... o

_/\_ o
Meanings - Data, Information, Knowledge & Wisdom ...........................
Dictionary Meanings...................................................................................... o
Data, Information & Knowledge? A First Look ..........................................o
Data ................................................................................................................o
Information Is Data That Is Understood........................................................ o
Knowledge - iv*a vidyaa & }an< jJNaanaM.................................................. o

_/\_ o
More About Data......................................................................................
How is Data input into the Computer? ..........................................................o
How Is Data Represented In A Computer? ....................................................o
A Brief Look At Sense Reality Truths ............................................................o
A Brief Look At Sense- Reality- False - Illusions ...........................................o
A Brief Look At Abstraction ...........................................................................o
A Brief Look At Sense False........................................................................... o
Data Are Indeed Recordings Of Phenomena in Nature..................................o
Depictions-Data .............................................................................................o
Depictions-Data Sense Realities (True and False!)..................................... o
Depictions-Data Abstractions ........................................................................o

_/\_
Phenomena In Nature And gu[ Guna Intrinsic Qualities ........................o
Phenomena - Sense-Reality-Truths and Sense-Reality-Falsehoods...............o

Phenomena in Nature And Sense-Reality-Truths.....................................

_/\_ o
_/\_ o
vEzei;k sU vaisheshikasuutra By DevRishi Kaanada...............................
Tenets of Specialized Observation.................................................................. o
What It Is All About - Observed Phenomenon - Generic ...............................o
Physical And Chemical Nature Of Observed Objects.................................... o
Gross Qualities Of Observed Objects ............................................................o
Physics Of Objects.......................................................................................... o
Classification Of Dynamic States of Observed Objects .................................o
Entities That Are Observed ............................................................................o

Entities That Are Observable Directly ...................................................o

Entities That Can Be Inferred.................................................................o
Observable Qualities Of Entities.................................................................... o
Qualities Perceived By Sense Organs............................................................ o
Saamkhya - The System Of Enumeration And Discernment........................... o
Inferential Knowledge..................................................................................... o
Buddhi The Thought Process Or Intellect .....................................................o

_/\_O
Where Is Information?.......................................................................................
Summary Of Concept Gems And Concept Tools..............................................
_/\_O
Miscellaneous Concept Gems............................................................................O

_/\_

samskrutham - Sanskrit Words In This Book

_/\_

I am just a beginner with hardly any knowledge of the language

samskrutham. Yet, I have dared to write this book because there is
indescribable comfort and familiarity of the home in the language. I am a
small child again and don't know fear yet. I do not understand when the elders
talk among themselves. It is all right for me to yawn and fall asleep. And it is all
right for me to be wide wake too. When others speak to me, indescribable
bonding is the material that becomes spoken words. When I speak what I think
is adult language, it is that bonding material through which they listen.
Often they are amused. Often they pretend otherwise but they cannot hide their
pride at my efforts. I am always encouraged. That is the language of the heart
and home I find in samskrutham. And my effort in this book is that scribble on
the wall.
Insufficient knowledge of my own native language was a good start.
Telugu is my maatru bhaasha (mother tongue). I can pretend fluency in Hindi,
speak and understand some Tamil and have some understanding of spoken
Marathi, Kannada and Bangla. The words used either have origin or are
samskrutham. For example the word, uuha is a common Telugu word. It has
connotations for expectation, hope and also conjecture. I looked up
Monier-Williams Dictionary and fair enough, the word has reference in the rik
vedam and mahabhaaratham! In the rik vedam, it is used with meaning to
expect , hope for , wait for and listen for. In mahabhaaratham, it meant to
comprehend , conceive , conjecture , guess , suppose , infer , reason and
deliberate upon. Another word, mitthya in Telugu means illusion and in
Bangla, mitthya kotha is a fabrication or a lie. And mitthya is a
samskrutham word meaning illusion.
I have intentionally avoided Anglicizing samskrutham words. In the
beginning there was pride involved to establish a distinctive identity for the
language and me. Later, I realized that samskrutham needed no so such help
from me. Surprisingly, the effort was good enough and the beauties of both the
languages stand separate. Words entered as parts of running text are as close to
how it may be pronounced in the native languages mentioned or the little
samskrutham I know. Most of them are in italic with no capitalization at the
beginning of a sentence.
It was possible to put my thoughts on the subject matter of this book

together in just a couple of month's time because of the vision and effort of a
few and search engines. The dhaatha, (providers) and their phenomenal
works that have been relied upon are given below.
Lexicon Bharathi giving equivalent words of all the languages of
Bharath and English! This is by Dr..S.Kalyanaraman, famed for monumental
findings on Sarasvathi River Civilization (to be printed in seven volumes),
compendium of dhaathu with English translations and other scholarly works.
I understand the Lexicon Bharathi took 18 years of hard work and more than
32,000 hours at the computer! His outstanding works are available at the web
address given below.
Http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/indlexmain.htm.
The web address for his compendium of dhaathu with English translations is
http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/dictionary/9ROOTS.HTM
The HTML version of Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English
Dictionary prepared by Prof. R.B.Mahoney from New Zealand is a
phenomenally more than 28 MB structured documents! His few words on this
work, I am pleased that this version has been useful. I should stress that it was
only possible due to the vision and effort of many others before me conveys
brimming libraries of meaning that I can never express. The details of the
version are as follows.
Version: 0.1a_8 : Last updated: Thu Mar 27 17:25:54 NZST 2003 : Based on
the IITS - Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon
Converted to HTML by R.B. Mahoney : r.mahoney@comnet.net.nz
Latest Version:
Http://homepages.comnet.co.nz/~r-mahoney/mw_dict/mw_dict.html
Both the above in HTML format are easy for exploring using the
feature of Find - Files or Folders option in Microsoft Windows and Edit Find feature in the web browser. And I have earned hours and hours of
sheer enthrallment.
Another dhaatha, are the sanyasis of Swami Omkarananda Ashram
Himalayas, who developed Itranslator99 software. The devanagiri letters in
this book are generated using the excellent freeware. The contact address is

Swami Satchidananda, Omkarananda Ashram Himalayas, Swami

Omkarananda Road , Muni-ki-reti (Rishikesh), Distt. Tehri Garhwal. P.O.
Shivanandanagar - 249 192, Uttaranchal, INDIA
Website:- http://www.omkarananda-ashram.org
The English letters following the word in samskrutham in this book
are those that are entered in Itranslator99 to generate the devanagari
characters. Many of the words are somewhat like how it is pronounced but
they are not given as a guide to pronunciation.
The Sanskrit Documents web site http://sanskrit.gde.to/ is a gold
mine of downloadable documents in devanagari and translations. It also has a
dictionary. A substantial portion of the personal collection of documents I am
proud to possess is from this site. Merely having the documents gives a sense
of fulfillment almost for this lifetime to me. To study them and learn, of course
would take many lifetimes.
Before all those behind the works mentioned above, I don't know
why everything else I wanted to convey disappears and I stand blank in
silence.

Preface

For the past few months I have been looking up Bharatheeya (Indian)
scriptures and also trying to learn samskrutham, (Sanskrit). I see within them
innumerable star-like gems of concepts. And they seem to be extending on and
on This reminds me of my experience a long time back in the Himalayas.
From a height of about 10,000 feet above sea level I saw innumerable stars
above and around. They extended on and on into an indescribable horizon in a
valley far, far below my feet. There was a long period of sheer awe. And then
followed a longer period of more awe to know that something within enabled
me to see stars in the first place.
You must be thinking, How are dhaarmik concepts, scriptures,
samskrutham, Himalayas, stars and things in the mind of a person related?
And what do these have anything to do with Data, Information, Knowledge,
Wisdom and Consciousness on the title page? And how are these useful for
Knowledge Workers, whoever they are? There is a relationship and that is
what this book is about.
Let us start with Knowledge Workers. Who exactly are they?
Anyone who works with the concept, Knowledge is a Knowledge
Worker. Specifically it includes designers and users of computer based or
manual Information Systems, the multitudes of Domain Experts in
different subject areas and System Integrators like me whose specialization
is generalization. In its broader connotation, we can include those reading
for "general knowledge or students with some unspecified future use of
knowledge. In short, this could mean any one. Now, all of us work with the
concepts of Data, Information and Knowledge in our day to day life and
many work with computers where these words take on special significance.
And then we hear statements such as We are living in an Information Age
and We are fast proceeding towards being Knowledge Based Societies. Can
this have any meaning to most of us? We know that Data, Information and
Knowledge are related someway but can get confounded when we look at
the meanings of these words in dictionaries. We know for certain that
computers process Data. Can they process Information and Knowledge
too? And what about Wisdom? Where does that come from?
It may come as a total surprise to many that Bharatheeya, Indian
scriptures have astounding wisdom and clarity on the concepts of

knowledge per se. These concepts have relevance in real time anytime. This
could be an eye opener to many with dichotomous views that there is a great
chasm between science and technologyand our traditional knowledge
systems in general and dharmam in particular.
dhaarmik means related to dharmam. The words dharmam,
dharma and dharam in many Bharatheeya languages including Hindi, and
translations in English are often used to mean religion. Literally, it is that
which holds things together and has broad connotations for eternal cohesive
principles in the Cosmos and applications for good living by Man. As
sanaatana dharmam, it has further connotation for eternal all pervasive
principle of origin, divergence, existence and dissolution of all Phenomena in
the Cosmos.
Bharatheeya scriptures and culture are all about dharmam and that
includes sathyam meaning truth and karmam meaning activity. vedam,
our scripture in the form of a long poem is the origin of iv*a vidyaa and }an<
jJNaanaM . These have connotations for the totality of Knowledge about a
subject received by grace from the Cosmos. There always is a great reverence
for the subject matter that iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM are about.
vedam is also called shruthi with connotation for harmonious
sound in the vakyam or words of the vedam. Appearing as though designed
to challenge the ravages of destructive forces and time, the truth in vedam
and samskrutham the language were passed down generation after generation
by word of mouth.
In their barest essence iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM meaning
knowledge and a little more is about observable objects or phenomena in the
Universe. Faculties gifted to us by forces of Nature enable us to observe these,
wonder or take them for granted and reason. First among these are the
jnyaanedriyam, the organs of sense such as the eyes, ears, skin, nose and
tongue. Incident energy from objects or impact of objects themselves on the
sense organs is the first step of iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM.
Data is a scheme for depicting and recording the incident energy or
impacts on the jnyaanedriyam, the organs of sense. The sensitivity of
jnyaanedriyam can and has been improved often dramatically by "sensors" or
"probes" designed by Man. All these enhancements purpose none other than
to perceive objects or phenomena in Nature better. And then it is all in the mind
where mahad or buddhi, the intellect understands or "makes sense" of the Data
and a transient entity called "Information" is formed that goes on to

consolidating iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM, knowledge and perhaps even
wisdom in the mind of the perceiver. Relevant here are satyam, the "truth",
asatyam, the "false" and mitthya, the "illusion". These are about the mind
making correct, incorrect or insufficient sense of what is perceived.
Additionally relevant are the beautiful gifts for abstraction and creativity that
we have. uuha, is conjecture and kalpitham, means imagination.
So, the start point of all things that you and I can observe are
phenomena in Nature. And the manner in which they can be depicted is the
Data. For the depiction to have substance they must be based on a truth
principle, satyam. And that is an integral part of dharmam, the unifying
principle. It is sheer awe to see the simple, synergistic, radiant and beautiful
principle in things around us and in things within us. It is there in our
scriptures, and in the stars, in science, in the mote of dust that could be our
planet, or me. This principle, in truth has no dichotomies and it is this truth
principle that can be the only basis for resolving dichotomies existing in the
mind between Science and Technology and dharmam and dissolving blocks
to our own progress.
There is never a doubt that the bedrock of Science is truth and
facts. The totality of existence including foundations of our scriptural and
cultural thought are truth and facts. Additionally, there is dharmam and
karmam too. Thus it is that there are connotations for not only reality of what is
observed by Man in Nature but also his own place as an integral part of the
whole rather than as an outsider.
Bharatheeya scriptures never had the need for change, nor for that
matter can they be changed to accommodate the growth or retardation of
Human understanding of Nature. iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM actually
have much more meaning than their translation as "Knowledge" and so has
vij-jnyaanam as Science and Technology. The difference in the meanings I
mention, can be better understood by analogy to the difference between
"education" and "literacy". Actually the holistic approach to }an< jJNaanaM
knowledge and iv}anm! VijJnaanam, "science" is very simple, In order to
know a live frog, we don't need to kill it, dissect it and then do whatever else
with its parts to go on and claim "scientific" comprehension of live frogs. All
that maybe needed is to aware and look at it with awe. MahaRishi Susrutha
described delicate surgical operations done with sophisticated instruments
and herbal anesthetics in aayurveda.This system of medicine, I understand did
not need cutting up cadavers to know anatomy.

iv*a vidyaa, }an< jJNaanaM and iv}anm! VijJnaanam, are all

enshrined in our dharmik granth or literature. Concepts related to these are
crystal clear and suggest a level of understanding that is much needed today.
These radiant and timeless concept gems and concept tools can enable us
knowing more about eternal truths of Nature. The timeless truth and
serene wisdom of the ancients are cherished, used and perpetuated to a life
beyond life. That was how we received them passed down with love and care
generation after generation. They are part of our traditional knowledge and
cultural heritage. The truth and dharmam in them ensure their timeless
nature.
Sheer genius is to be noted in the amazing redundancies in our
scriptures and literature. The truth in the vedam has been reiterated ever so
often in all other scriptures such as upa vedam or upanishad, itihasam,
historical works and purana historical works with greater antiquity and in all
the different schools of Bharatheeya thought. The purpose was for the
perpetuation of iv*a vidyaa , }an< jJNaanaM , iv}anm! VijJnaanam and the
eternal dharmam, sathyam and karmam in them. Thus it is that it is the fabric
of our culture.
One can have nothing but the greatest reverence for the sages who
were blessed to know these "truths". Equal reverence and admiration is for our
ancestors immediate and from antiquity that passed these on. These are still
available today after waves and waves of annihilating influences and ravages
of time. The objective of our ancients is obvious and simple It is to enable
"truth" to raise us in our present rather than for them to receive anything we
may have to offer after they are long gone. The hope they passed on is satyam
eva jayathe meaning Truth is ever victorious. And it is too. Bhaarath is a
free country. manushyo bhava is another blessing for Man to become the
emancipated Man and for that too we strive.
To put things in perspective I need to share again In these
innumerable gems of concepts and in the Himalayas I saw innumerable
stars above and around. They extended on and on into indescribable
horizons There was a long period of sheer awe. And then followed a longer
period of more awe to know that something within enabled me to see the stars
in the first place And to say, "I am grateful" and whatever else are
insufficient translations of namasthe jnyaathapathaye namaha
Dhanyosmi aham namasthe.

What Is A Computer? What Is A Machine?

_/\_

We are reading a lot about us living in The Information Age and

proceeding fast towards being Knowledge Based Societies. Well, one thing
is sure. There are phenomenally increasing number of people with increased
skills to use computers in different walks of life. And I have this simple
question.

What is a Computer?
To many a reader this may appear shockingly naive, child-like or
even stupid. If I asked you this face to face and you pointed a PC to me and said
That is a computer, I have overestimated your age. In all likelihood you
might condescendingly give me the technical definition: A computer is an automatic, programmable machine that can process
Data.
Preemptively a part of this has answered another question, What does a
computer do? that was to come much later. After this, I have noticed a
desperate hurry in many to get down to business. They go on to explain the
limbs of a computer, its innards and How a computer processes data, What
I can do with it and What others have been doing, and so on. I appear to be
listening politely. Actually I am reordering the first answer in my native
language in my mind, a machine that is automatic and programmable and
which can process data. Then the following questions pop up in the mind.
What is a machine?
What is an automatic machine?
What is a programmable automatic machine?
What indeed is a program?
Only those with a thorough understanding of the subject can answer
this series. Such an understanding requires considerable contemplation.
Finding the right words to answer requires thought and time too. This is not
something that I expect even experts to attempt when they have a train or a
plane to catch.

What is a Machine?

The word machine is similar to ym! yantram.h in samskrutham.

It is best to leave the similarity there for the time being and explore the world of
difference between the concepts the words represent.
My training was in English from early schooldays. I understand what
a machine is. It is a thing made by the ingenuity of Man. It has moving parts
and the whole thing can be started and it keeps running until it runs out of
juice or into something.
Machines are wonderful. Short though it was, I remember the
wonderment and exhilaration of riding a bicycle the first time. I was 7 years
young. A cousin, nearly a year younger was the guru. He could ride adult size
bicycles although his feet barely reached the pedals when seated. He told me it
was easy and it was fun. We hired a bicycle from money given to me as the
senior by his loving mother. I walked the bicycle up a slope with his help. That
was easy and no different from walking his pet dog. At the top, he helped me
get on to it, ran with me a while and then I was off on my own! I actually was
riding the machine for a full minute and a half then the position of stars
changed and I was stopped by a person. He was unaware of what was coming
on to him from behind and I was aware of panic and catatonia. The machine
could not be stopped!
Nevertheless, wonderment and that indescribable variety of feelings
always came with newer types of machines over the years. In fact getting any
gadget into the house still is a family and community affair. Sweets are
distributed and chai is poured out and smiles and good wishes pour in. I
always wonder whether they know about my experience with the bicycle.
Anyway, good wishes always are welcome.
Going on to ym! yantram.h . This is a machine in the Dictionary at the
Sanskrit Documents web site http://sanskrit.gde.to/dict/
Located nearby are also these entries.
yagarm! yantraagaaram.h :- (n) factory
y yantra :- a design used in meditation
yNt& yantR^i :- charioteer
This dichotomous collection worried me a bit. The first two indicate
relevance to a modern context while the latter could be associated to some
kind of archaic superstition. This goaded me to research. I looked up a
compendium including dhaathu with English translations, by the renowned

scholar and historian, Dr.S.Kalyanaraman associated with findings on

Sarasvathi River civilization, Lexicon Bhaarathi and other scholarly works.
All these are maintained at the web site http://www.hindunet.org. dhaathu and
translations are at the web page in HTML given below. This is excellent for
searching and finding needed words.
http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/dictionary/9ROOTS.HTM
I also looked up the phenomenal HTML version of Monier-Williams
Sanskrit-English Dictionary developed by Prof. R.B.Mahoney from New
Zealand. For a person like me who is frequently lost when it comes to serious
work of any nature this version of the dictionary gave directions for the way to
go. This is a class in itself excellent for searching and finding English
meanings for samskrutham words and vice versa too.. The details of the
version are as follows.
Version: 0.1a_8 : Last updated: Thu Mar 27 17:25:54 NZST 2003 : Based on
the IITS - Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon
Converted to HTML by R.B. Mahoney : r.mahoney@comnet.net.nz
Latest Version:
http://homepages.comnet.co.nz/~r-mahoney/mw_dict/mw_dict.html
Among these many, many megabytes I noticed the square root and
equal to signs. The square root sign was for dhaathu. In English, they are
called roots! I don't know why they are called roots. dhaathu has
connotations for elemental substances. For example panch dhaathu has
connotation for an alloy of five metals.
Seeds germinate. Shoots grow up seeking air and sunlight and Roots
grow down and in different directions underground. They take in water and
minerals. Nothing grows up from roots. They are parts of a whole plant. So, if
origin or elemental constituents were to be conveyed it would be appropriate
to called them seeds or buds. But I suppose this will cause more confusion. In
short, it is difficult to find words to communicate the concept easily in English.
The square root is a beautiful primal concept for numbers and the
square root sign is a wonderful representation of a mathematical concept.
dhaathu is a beautiful primal concept for samskrutham. Mathematics and
language are two separate radiant gifts of capabilities for abstraction.
Elements of each of them are individual conceptual gems. Hence, I think there
is need to let their beauty grace us individually. Perhaps, the Greek symbol for

 h?
dhaathu are not entities for manipulation by arithmetic as they are in
the alphanumeric class and a different conceptual set. This class is amenable
to string manipulations. Concepts from the set theory in Mathematics
howeve, may be applied to categorize to analyze meanings and usage of words
if rules of grammar are also known. From dhaathu can be understood how an
entire language takes its beautiful form. They are very, very roughly akin to
seeds containing the life of the language within. I would not like to use even
the word, element for this. The best I can come up with is dhaathu.
Maharishi Panini, compiled the dhaathu patha. This has more than
2000 dhaathu in a form that could be memorized easily. With even a beginner's
knowledge of samskrutham, the study of dhaathu reveals unimaginable
beauty and emancipated culture enshrined in the language. Highly evolved
concepts can be expressed and understood in a straightforward way.
The dhaathu for yantram has this stunning revelation. y! yantr: means restrain, to bind. I always thought machines were associated with
freedom and what else not. I searched for similar sounding words or parts of
words and found the following.
ym! yam :- to check, to stop.
y ya :- who (sounds very much like the name of a large successful web site)
y< yaM :- one to whom, to check, to stop;
y<tu ya.ntu :- reach us
ym yama :- the god of death, also the five moral commandments
ym> yamaH :- the controller of death
For a machine that is supposed to start and keep running by itself,
how come the dhaathu is to check or stop. Then, I realized that embedded in
the core of the concept of a ym! yantram.h . or machine are concepts such
as to restrain, to bind , to check, to stop and other moral and spiritual
realities.
I am filled with awe, at the stunningly simple and fascinating
wisdom. The crux of the concept of a machine is not so much to build it, get
into it and start it if you do not know how to stop and control it. And I state this
not because I fell off a bike when I was young. Nor, is it something to brush off
as being a non-problem just because there are simple solutions. You may ask
What is the problem? There are in-built safety devices, excellent training is
provided and users have increased skills too. The truth is that problems

exist but are not manifested because solutions override them (no pun
intended).
And the point is that the dhaathu - to check or stop is the substance
and truth of the ym! yantram.h machine. This truth was always and
will be there. There is need for us to be aware of this and integrate other
Truths to achieve harmony for using machines. This indicates a lot more
contemplation at the drawing board stage rather than racking brains for
solutions for problems when they come. But problems are certain to manifest
again and again in different forms. These could be from uncontrolled
production, lack of parking space, pollution, misuse, accidents, addiction, and
information over load the list can go on. Now I can understand the truth
in Murphy's Law, If anything can go wrong it will.
Information Overload mentioned above is a very peculiar case of
the manifestation of the dhaathu, y! Yantr :- to restrain, to bind. for
computers and the web. Web sites number in the millions and are growing
every day. The subject matters covered by them too are a large number. Take
the case of this knowledge starved person who wants to find some
information on knowledge workers There are these remarkable search
engines that can be used. So, you type in knowledge worker and within
seconds the results, 579,489 with 15 web site addresses per page are
displayed! I guess there be many like me who after looking up a few page fulls
at random realize that greed is a bad thing. And also become more and more
certain as the internet clock and telephone meter keeps ticking that the
remaining 579,459 dont really have too much to contribute
I felt sad that I had structured my being and ambition to understand
progress as conceptualizing, creating, using and making others use
machine-related things as the base and starting point. And on to this base were
injected control mechanisms as an after thought. That too, more or less on a
when need arose basis. And all this was in disregard to the unforgettable
experience of catatonia in face of impending crash. Furthermore, this was in
disregard to knowledge of plants and that Nature is, in essence, nurture.
Anyway, the substance at the core of machine building and using is
the dhaathu, y! Yantr :- to restrain, to bind. The crux always was and will be
How to stop, check or control it. With this start point, if we went ahead to
find answers for the questions below, we ought to be on the way to know
something about the quintessential computer. I am pretty sure that brilliant
and talented persons around the world would give well thought out answers.
And I know them too. So, there is no need to dwell on these further.

What is an automatic machine?

What is a programmable automatic machine?
What indeed is a program?
A primal understanding of the dhaathu, the substance of the ym!
yantram.h machine is needed not merely to help children to ride bicycles or
net researchers to have good search algorithms. Specialists too, may have
help to understand the quintessential intelligent robot! Of course, these
specialists need to be quintessential emancipated Human beings that we may
be and hope that our children, or theirs, or theirs will be. Otherwise, the world
may become how Alduous Huxley describes, the Brave New World in his
book by the same title. Interested readers may look into a library or a good
book store for this book as I do not have a ready reference to quote.
Isaac Asimov, the famous physicist and writer of popular books
including science fiction enunciated certain fundamental laws in the
construction of intelligent robots. This was in his science fiction books. The
general theme was that the robot (a) will not kill or harm a human being by
direct action (b) will not allow a human being to be harmed or killed by
inaction and c) the robot will always obey a human being. His books too would
be in libraries or a good book store in the science fiction sections.
I don't want to stray too much into highly technical areas but
concepts such as entropy, death of the robot and humans and a number of other
dhaathu derived truths may need to be embedded in the core program for
design of really intelligent robots.

Meanings - Data, Information, Knowledge & Wisdom

_/\_

The words, Knowledge and Wisdom have figured a number of

times in the material written earlier. What exactly are they?

Dictionary Meanings
The Oxford Dictionary used by school going children of the 5th class
onwards, from age about 10 in Bhaarath has the following: Data / plural noun (also treated as singular) known facts used for inference or
reckoning; quantities or characters operated on by computer.
Information / noun what is told; knowledge; news; formal charge or
accusation.
Knowledge / noun (usually + of) awareness, familiarity, person's range of
information, understanding (of subject); sum of what is known.
Wisdom / noun experience, knowledge, and the power of applying them;
prudence, common sense; wise sayings.
And there is this word too. Keyboarder / noun computing.
Computing is in a different font. I guess this indicates the context
of computing. And among the Editorial staff are keyboarders! The edition I am
referring to is 1986 circa. There is one at home that is shabby, dog-eared,
obviously handed down with missing cover pages. In this alarmingly is
included a section that declares A supplement of words from India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka intended for those who live in the region or are
interested. And then goes on with the compiler has also taken many
fromThe last two books appeared nearly a century ago before dosas, idlis,
bosons and jhuggies.
Some readers may not know what bosons are. I hope they are not
too many. Bosons are elementary sub atomic particles that have symmetric
wave functions. They are named after a great Bharatheeya physicist and
mathematician, Prof. S.N.Bose. Bosons do not belong to the sets that dosas,
idlis and jhuggies belong. The words, dosas, idlis are names for culinary items

and the jhuggi is a cart. And Bosons are elementary sub atomic particles that
are universal. Physicists around the world know this. And it is a wonder that
this word is not an entry in the main text! Nor is Bharath for that matter. In
the supplement though it is given as the alternative official name for India.
After reading all that from publisher with a name that is a Great City,
and a seat of learning I started worrying about children's education in
general and what the future was going to be and I needed a cup of chai. And
then I remembered Shri Krishna in The Bhagavad Gita saying The untrue
never is The True never is not The knowers of Truth know this (Chapter 2
The Path of Yoga). I could also see the beauty of built in homeostasis of
Bharath's ancient and recent wisdom too. Homeostasis is the quality of a living
entity that enables it to adapt to an immediate environment and has
adaptability to changing environments.
Bharath is physically a free country. It is united into a number of
states formed on basis of different languages. I have always wondered why?
Would it not be better for the basis to be anything other than language? I now
see the wisdom in its current organization. All Bharatheeya languages have
samskrutham or samskrutham derived words in some form or other. And
samskruthi meaning culture is just a syllable away. Both these are blended
beautifully with other equally evolved ancient languages including the
Dravida bhasha (language). With such a structure, the more chaste a person is
in any language the more the person would tend to look into the dhaathu. And
find that the substance is wisdom and dharmam.
It is appropriate to reiterate that we can have nothing but the greatest
reverence for those sages who were blessed to know these truths. Equal
reverence and admiration is for our ancestors immediate and from antiquity
that passed these on. These are still available today after waves and waves of
annihilating influences. The objective of our ancients is obvious and simple
It is to enable truth to raise us in our present rather than to receive praise we
may have to offer after they are long gone.
Let us look at the meaning of the word Wisdom given in the
dictionary. Wisdom is Power for implementing experience and
knowledge. And what is this power? And why is this power needed? The
power being referred to here is not from a 12-v battery cell, nor Bhakra-Nangal
or Neyvelli power plants. So, in order to understand the word Wisdom do we
need to understand power?
In Physics, Power is the rate at which work is done. It is the work /

time ratio. And then we need to understand Work? Work is force acting
upon an object to cause a displacement of the object. So, we can go onwards to
the meaning of Force and on and on to a lot of confusion.
By all this I am not saying that Knowledge and Wisdom do not
exist and people do not have them. I am saying that in dictionaries the
meanings given for words such as Data, Information, Knowledge and
Wisdom are not clear. And this is a matter of concern because these are ageold concepts and they have great relevance today. They are in fact the prime
concern of Computer and Management specialists and society at large. My
understanding is that dictionaries compile commonly understood
meanings of words. This implies a statistical majority of some sort. So, is it to
be understood that there is common confusion on the concepts?
The meanings of the words given in the dictionary are still bugging me.
Data is known facts used for inference or reckoning.
Information is what is told; knowledge; news; formal charge or accusation!
Knowledge is awareness, familiarity, person's range of information,
understanding (of subject); sum of what is known
Information was earlier given to mean Knowledge. But, Knowledge
means a person's range of Information. This is recursion and confusing.
And Wisdom is experience, knowledge, and the power of applying them;
prudence, common sense; wise sayings. This is not clear at all.
Are appropriate words not used to express the meanings properly in
the dictionary? Is there a common lack of understanding? Or, are words in the
language inadequate to communicate these age-old concepts clearly?
There is need to know these because unless unambiguous
relationships can be established between Data, Information,
Knowledge and Wisdom there can been no truth in claiming
relationship between computers and Information and Knowledge leave
alone Wisdom. And it is not that computers are very recent either. They have
been in existence for quite some time now.
Let me put this in a different way. If direct relationships can be
established between Data and Information and Knowledge at least
and with public relations work with compilers of dictionaries then marketing

departments of computer related industry would need to spend less and there
would be I can feel the reader's being perking up. Thank you. So, let us go on
to understanding the fundamentals.

Data, Information & Knowledge? A First Look

Data
Different definitions for Data would be found in computer books,
books on Elementary Statistics or Dictionaries. In the Oxford Dictionary,
Data is known facts used for inference or reckoning. The first part, Data is
known facts is relevant to understanding the primal concept of Data. What it
is used for may not be needed to understand the primal concept.
Data is facts is qualified here with the word known. Technically
the opposite of known is unknown. If it is unknown then it cannot be
fact anyway. So what is the purpose of the qualifying word known? And is
there a possibility of existence of the partly known facts.
The purpose of this detailed examination is to get a clear-cut idea of
what exactly Data is. It is put into our computers and all of us know the
famous adage with reference to computers. Garbage in Garbage out. Hence
it is paramount that we understand what indeed Data is. For this we need to
look into what a fact is? It is given as follows.
Fact / noun thing known to exist or be true; reality
And what are the meanings of the words thing, exist, true and
reality and the qualifying word known? All these are given below.
Thing / noun any possible object of thought or perception including people,
material objects, events, qualities, ideas, utterances, and acts colloquial one's
special interest; (the thing) colloquial what is proper, fashionable, needed
important etc.(in plural) personal belongings, clothing or equipment; (in
plural) affairs, circumstances have a thing about colloquial be obsessed by or
prejudiced about
Exist / verb be, having being; occur, be found; live with no pleasure; live
True adjective (-r, -st) in accordance with fact or reality; genuine; loyal,
faithful (+ to) accurately conforming to (type, standard); correctly positioned

or balanced, level, exact, accurately with out variation

Truth noun (plural truths) quality or state of being true; what is true
Real adjective actually existing or occurring; genuine; appraised by
purchasing power
Reality noun (plural ies) what is real or existent or underlies appearances(+ of )
real nature of ; likeness to original. in reality in fact.
Know / verb (past knew past participle known) (often + that, how, what etc) have
in mind, have learnt, be acquainted with, recognize, identify; (often + from) be
able to distinguish; (as known adjective) publicly acknowledged in the know
having inside information; know-how practical knowledge or skill
Which of these is relevant to Data? Perhaps arranging the
meanings in a tabular form might help.

Known
Know / verb
(past knew
past participle
known) (often
+ that, how,
what etc)
have in mind,
have learnt,
be acquainted
with,
recognize,
identify;
(often + from)
be able to
distinguish;
( as known
adjective)
publicly
acknowledged
in the know
having inside
information;

Data is
Known facts
Facts are
things known to exist Or be true; reality
Facts
thing
any possible
object of
thought or
perception
including
people,
material
objects,
events,
qualities, ideas,
utterances, and
acts
colloquial ones
special
interest;

exist
be

True;
in accordance
with fact or reality

having
being;

Genuine

(the thing)
colloquial what
is proper,
fashionable,
needed
important etc.
(in plural)
personal
belongings,
clothing or
equipment;

occur,

Loyal, faithful

be found;

(+ to) accurately
conforming to
(type, standard);

reality
(plural ies)
what is real
or existent or
underlies
appearances

(+ of ) real
nature of ;
likeness to
original.
in reality in
fact.

Real
adjective
actually
existing or
occurring;
genuine;

I don't know whether we are closer to understanding the meaning of

Data and Facts even with all the effort put in. A heuristic or "gut feeling"
approach may be needed. So, I take the plunge and state that my understanding
is that
Data is record-able measurements of observable phenomena in Nature.
I substantiate my understanding briefly here and will elaborate in the
chapters that follow. We can quantitatively or qualitatively describe any
phenomenon that is observed in Nature. This could be a picture of a UFO or an
erupting volcano or recordings of heights, weights, number of voters, males
and females in an area, brightness of light, color of light, heart beat, sound
pitch and pulse rate and whatever else.
We can observe directly or invent sensors and probes to do the job for
us and describe what has been observed. These descriptions of observations
are recorded on paper, audio-tape, magnetic media or any other way. Such
recorded material is Data. They represent the observations of the phenomena
in Nature.
What are abstract paintings, mathematics, fiction, illusions and
the many things in the human mind? These too are phenomena because we
ourselves are phenomena. We can observe our thoughts and ourselves and can
keep records of them quantitatively or qualitatively as Data of our
observations
Data needs to be stored after recording. It further may need
elementary tidying up such as storing them in columns, collating related
items, sorting them in some desired manner or otherwise categorizing them.
There may be need to transform these using statistical techniques. These may
require output or are stored to be retrieved later for analysis and
transformation again. All this is processing of Data.
At any or all stages of processing, initial Data or transformations
thereof may need to be stored, retrieved and output for inference, presentation,
publication or any other reason. Ultimately, at the end of all that processing,
Processed Data is output. Is that Information? No, it is not. It does not
become Information unless you can understand it.
Information Is Data That Is Understood
Somewhere along the way during or at the end of above processing

or much later the user may derive an understanding of the meaning of the
Data. Only then does Data become "Information" to the user.
So, Data is Data to all. But Information is the meaning of the Data
understood or derived by individuals. This is in the framework of reference to
the individual's own personal experience, relevance and context.
This is best understood by analogy to understanding the meaning of
words. Take the word space. Each and every person understands the
meaning of this word in relation to an own personal reference frame of
experience, relevance and context. The understanding would be different for
different persons and also for the same person in different situations and even
at different periods of time.
The understanding of the word space is far different for an
astronomer peering through a telescope and an astronaut who has actually
gone in a spacecraft into space. And these understandings would be far, far
different to that of an architect designing a multi-storied complex on a B3 size
sheet of paper. Further more different would it be for children jostling each
other to occupy the window seat on a school bus.
Even when the word is unequivocally defined such as space beyond
the confines of earth's gravity, the meaning of the whole sentence will be
understood differently by different persons. The understanding of the
astronaut will definitely be different from all of us who may have seen at the
most photographs or even movies on a large screen.
Most of us are concerned with words and Data that are more down to
earth with relevance for day to day life situations. Perhaps, this could be in the
marketing department of a company. A draft marketing report is passed
around to get consensus and comment. Here is Data, processed with every
possible care to convey Information. But has it become Information yet?
Some may say Yes, some may say No And many more would have null
opinion, It's not my business. And who can predict what the Boss will say?
So, technically speaking, Data by itself may or may not be
Information and Processing Data may or may not make it Information.
Nevertheless, the good news is that the ayes for the computer have it.
Almost everybody was fascinated with computers and what they could do
with it that they found applications useful for themselves in different walks of
life. But the point is that this success is not something intrinsic to the machine

by itself. It is people-computer relationship that makes it possible. This is the

reason why we still need to understand the fundamentals of the concepts of
understanding and meaning and relationships between Data and
Information. When that is known, we can talk confidently of Knowledge
and perhaps even Wisdom and Consciousness. All these always were and
are in the realm of human capability..
Knowledge - iv*a vidyaa & }an< jJNaanaM
Two words iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM for practical purpose for
the present have connotations for the concepts of knowledge and wisdom.
The Monier Williams Dictionary gives the following meanings for the words.
iv*a vidyaa :- refers to science , learning , scholarship , philosophy in the rik
vedam and also knowledge.
}an< jJNaanaM :- means knowing , becoming acquainted with , knowledge ,
the higher knowledge derived from meditation on the one Universal Spirit,
knowledge about anything, cognizance, conscience.
The antiquity of structured and holistic understanding of concepts
and components of "Knowledge", iv*a vidyaa and }an< JjNaanaM dates back
to vedam. There is a subtle but major difference between the meanings of the
concepts conveyed by "Knowledge" and iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM.
While the word "Knowledge" has connotations for awareness, familiarity,
person's range of information, understanding (of subject); sum of what is
known, iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM are nouns implying the totality of the
knowable attributes of a subject. There is no person centricity here.
Swami Satyam, a renowned scholar and man of great wisdom in a
personal communication explains the beautiful construction of the word - The
dhaathu is 'jnaa' meaning 'to know'. From that is derived jnaana. By adding
'vi' (vi visesha meaning special) we get 'vijnaanam' meaning special
Knowledge equivalent to "Science". The dhaathu ivj! vij has meanings to
separate, to divide, to distinguish, to discern.
So, at this stage we have had a brief look at Data, Information,
Knowledge and bit of Wisdom. But frankly, this is insufficient to imply }an<
jJNaanaM the totality of knowable attributes of any subject. All that has been
covered in a little detail are Data and that Data if and when understood
becomes Information. We need to have a second look and know more about
Data. This is subject matter of the next chapter.

More About Data

_/\_

Data is the start and Processed Data the end point of the
wonderful invention, computers. Never in history have so many people learnt
something about Data since wide spread use of computers. However, the
attention was cursory. Data after all was primary input and the focus was on
the results. Any way it is worthwhile to recall the definition and brief
description of Data from the earlier chapter and elaborate to understand it
better.
Data is record-able measurements of observable phenomena in Nature
Any object or phenomena in Nature that is observed can be described
quantitatively or qualitatively or in both manner. Observations can be made
directly by a Human or with help of sensors or probes. Descriptions of
phenomena are recorded on paper, audio-tape, magnetic media or any other
way. Such recorded material is called Data. They represent the observations
made and reported of the phenomena in Nature.
It is possible to get a better understanding if we had a brief look into
the processes of computing.

How is Data input into the Computer?

Data input devices in Computer systems such as keyboard, light pen,
touch screen and even microphones take care of that. Furthermore there are
input-output devices such as floppy disks, hard disks, RW-CD ROMS and
modems for remote data.

How Is Data Represented In A Computer?

The way of representing data is first order ingenuity to me. In the
computer binary logic is used. The start point is the bit with a location logic
value of 0 or 1. This can be physically off or on. This may be a
magnetized or non magnetized zone, a high or low voltage zone, high or low
light reflecting zone, high or low sound pitch zone and so on. From these are
formed the bytes. If bits were considered to be letters then bytes would
be words. And with this logic, different types of data such as numbers,
letters and special characters, sounds, pictures are depicted electronically.

With all this there are simple hierarchical depiction structures given
below:Numerical hierarchy on or off location value, bits and bytes and depicted
numbers The end use of the hierarchy are numbers and whatever you want
to do with them. These are input, analyzed and processed in different ways and
output in some desired form ultimately.
Alphanumerical hierarchy on or off location value, bits and bytes and
depicted letters words-sentences-paragraphs- so on. The end use of this
hierarchy is non-numeric characters including the alphabet of a language with
which a lot can be done. These are input, analyzed and processed in different
ways and output in some desired form ultimately.
Visual hierarchy on or off location value, bits and bytes, pixels picture
elements, to depict pictures on the screen or other output devices. The end use
of the hierarchy is pictures and whatever you may want to do with them. These
are input, analyzed and processed in different ways and output in some desired
form ultimately.
Sound hierarchy - on or off location value, bits and bytes and depictions of
sound. The end use of the hierarchy is sound and your listening pleasure.
These are input, analyzed and processed in different ways and output too,
hopefully not too loud or weird.
Touch and feel hierarchy on or off location value, bits, bytes, and digital
depictions of inputs from touch sensors, heat sensors, micro electrical sensors
and whatever are components of capability to touch and feel. These are
processed and output in desirable forms.
In its barest essence all the above hierarchies are ways to represent
the recordings of our observations of phenomena in Nature in the computer.
Barring what can be smelt and tasted all our natural faculties to observe can
be represented.
Is Data really fact and does it really represent the truth and
Reality of observed phenomena? At this stage we do not know. What we do
know is that the following appears relevant to the question.
!

Deriving meaning or Information from Data is subject to an individual's

frame of reference of context, relevance and experience.

! Consensus and Common understanding of derived meaning from Data
implies consistent statistical majority.
! Conclusions derivable from analysis of Data are subject to a statistical
degree of confidence. In other words, one hundred percent surety either way is
very, very rare in scientific analysis.
So, there is reason to briefly introduce and use the concepts of SenseReality-Truth and Sense-Reality-False here. The concepts are elaborated later
under Phenomena in Nature in the next chapter.
Whatever is observable in Nature using our sense organs or sensors is
sense-reality and that which is not observable is technically, sense-false For
example, a photograph is evidence and a witness is asked, What do you see in
this photograph? The answer may be, I see a person (sense-reality) or
Sorry, I can see nothing. I left my glasses at home (sense-false). The latter
answer negates the whole process of inquiry and it is no wonder it can be
frustrating to many.
A Brief Look At Sense Reality Truths
Sense-Reality-Truths are observed phenomena that did occur in
reality. These are verifiable or have been verified with a degree of confidence
expressed as percent. In the example given above, it also possible that the
witness could answer, I see a figure that I think is a person. The next question
is bound to be, How sure are you? The answers could be any thing such as I
am certain or It looks like a person or Well Hmm it looks vaguely
like a person. Thus observed phenomena can be anywhere between SenseReality Absolute Truths and Sense-Reality Absolute False.
A Brief Look At Sense- Reality- False - Illusions
These kinds of sense-realities are similar in most parts to the above
but are distinct enough to be called Illusions.
The senses or sensors perceive phenomena that is reality, but the
interpretations are wrong and hence the sense-reality is false. What is false
here is the ascertaining or interpreted part not the perception part. Continuing
with example given above, the witness answers I see a figure that I think is a
person and I am certain. The expert witness is called in and he may have this
astounding declaration. Rocks are subject to geological erosion or

weathering due to natural forces over millions of years. What is seen in this
photograph could actually be a boulder that has the remarkable shape of a
person. Further since there is no air at all on Mars it is certain it cannot be a
person
Here too observations of the phenomena before interpretation can be
somewhere between Sense-Reality Absolute Truths and Sense-Reality
Absolute False. Further, the ancillary observations that are used for
interpretation themselves can be somewhere between Sense-Reality
Absolute Truths and Sense-Reality Absolute False.
A Brief Look At Abstraction
This is the beautiful capability of our mind for logic, conjecture,
imagination and creativity. The start point of abstractive thought process is
some primal building blocks. This could be innate or instinctive or learnt in
various ways through experience. This also could be an axiom or primitive
notion such as in mathematics. The known bit in the Dictionary statement
Data is known facts may have relevance here.
If the start point for the abstraction were based on Sense-Reality of
phenomena in Nature (i.e. known) then the abstraction including logic,
conjecture, imagination and creativity would be between Sense-Reality
Absolute Truths and Sense-Reality Absolute False. Personally, I
wouldn't know how to even imagine abstraction based on Sense-RealityAbsolute False. I may not be that creative.
A Brief Look At Sense False
To these belong phenomena that are not observable in Nature. This is
described exactly by our witness, Sorry, I can see nothing. I left my glasses at
home, (Sense-False). I too am not really equipped to venture into this area. But
briefly, (Sense-False) cannot even be thought about. The very moment you
tried it becomes a part of your mind and a Sense-Reality. For all theoretical and
practical purposes Sense-False does not exist and that makes sense. Shri
Krishna in The Bhagavad Gita says The untrue never is The True never is not
The knowers of Truth know this (Chapter 2 The Path of Yoga)
With this background we can see that all Data are recordings of some
sort of phenomena in Nature. Data can be recorded for anything that can be
observed or imagined. And all of them are Sense-Realities. They could even

be abstract paintings that may never be understood. The moot questions are,
of the phenomena that is observed, how much is reality and true, how much
are illusions and how much are abstractions.
Data Indeed Are Recordings Of Phenomena in Nature
We observe a very large number of things around and within us too.
Not only do we observe objects but also things happening to these objects as a
dynamic flux of activity. Of all these we may be interested in some or many
depending on our need or level of curiosity. We can record observations or
make Data on whichever phenomena we need to know or that interests us.
So, computers and computing in essence are about the following: !
!

Phenomena in Nature and

Depictions of above

Depictions-Data
As individuals we can observe but minuscule fractions of the very,
very large numbers of phenomena that is Nature. This very large number is
difficult to handle and understand in many lifetimes. However, categories of
Depictions are very few. So, it is a good idea to understand these in the
beginning.
To start, Depictions of any observed phenomena in Nature are
possible. We already have done this when hierarchies were made for
representing Data in the computer such as numerical, alphanumeric, visual
and others described earlier. So, our observations are transformed in a way into
Data and can be input in the computer. A compound word Depictions-Data can
be used for greater clarity. This word shows that it is nothing other than the
familiarly known Data and importantly reiterates that they are Our
Depictions of phenomena, lest we forget. This reminder is important because
! We can get so involved with Data and what can be done with them that
perspective is lost of what they were all about in the first place and that was
Nature.
! We can get carried away with results and forget our fallibility for
observation, depiction and interpretation.

Depictions-Data can be represented within the computer in the form of

!
!
!

Numbers Numeric representation hierarchy

Characters Alphanumeric representation hierarchy
Other forms of Digital and Analog representation including graphics for
pictures and sound.

Depictions-Data can be of the following categories.

!
!
!

Depictions-Data of Observed Phenomena Sense Realities - True

Depictions-Data of Observed Phenomena Sense Realities False
(Illusions)
Depictions-Data Abstractions

Depictions-Data Sense Realities (True and False!

These are Depictions-Data that can be obtained from observation of
things around us and within us too. At first glance all phenomena that can be
observed may appear to be Reality and True because these are obtained
through our senses or highly refined sensors or probes that we make.
Depictions-Data can be recorded too and so, we might think it to be a
straightforward matter. But, life is not that simple. Our senses and a video
camera may record Depictions-Data showing the shimmering expanse of cool
water in the desert.
If we went ahead and actually washed up in the lake, the phenomenon
is Real and True as ascertained from Depictions-Data. This is sathyam sTy<
satyaM. If there were no water ahead it is Reality all right because we have
observed a phenomenon that looked like water ahead. Depictions-Data of this
can be recorded. But it is False because there is no water ahead. What is False
here is the ascertaining or interpretation part not the seeming Reality of the
phenomenon or Depictions-Data. There could be explanations of how and
why the interpretation went awry.
Illusions are mitthya imTWy mitthya. The Monier-Williams
Sanskrit English dictionary gives the following meanings for this word.
!
!
!

invertedly , contrarily , incorrectly , wrongly , improperly

not in reality , only apparently
to no purpose , fruitlessly , in vain

False , untrue , sham

Interestingly it is mentioned that Mithy is the name of the wife of

Adharma.
Another related word that has a variety of connotations including
expressing the whole Universe to be illusion and fallibility of Human
interpretation is maaya maya
So, many a time, it is possible that Fact with Reality and Truth in it
could turn out to be something else if more Depiction-Data are obtained and
analyzed. The earlier recorded phenomena are not exactly Unreal and False
either. They are somewhere in between.
Illusions are based on observed Reality and Facts. We have
Depiction-Data on these. Our sense organs or sensors have observed and
recorded these Depiction-Data. We can process, analyze, draw inferences,
reckon, and build up a Knowledge base and whatever else from the
Depiction-Data too. But are they Facts and Truths?
There are ways of finding out whether they are or not. Going ahead.
We could then either find the cool oasis or nothing. If it is the latter, we need to
know why we are not finding anything though we have Depiction-Data. This
may not be for mere satisfaction of academic curiosity or sacking persons
responsible for obtaining Depiction-Data. These could be important for
avoiding potentially disastrous consequences of illusions. This could for
example be severe sunstroke due to wandering in deserts in search of illusory
water. In order to know why it is an illusion and not reality we need a different
set or sets of Depiction-Data that could assist in understanding the illusion.
And when these and the misleading set are analyzed there could be
explanations for why we did not find the oasis. It is also possible that we may
never find explanations.
Actually, in the case of vision, Data of incident rays of light passing
through the lenses of our eyes are recorded. The picture that is formed is not
only upside down, it is two dimensional and that too on the curved inner screen
of the eyeball. The processes of abstraction within our mind simultaneously
corrects the image. The right side up is perceived and also is conjecture of
depth. So, in Reality and Truth, eyes don't see the object at all, it is the
mind that sees with help of Depiction-Data obtained from the eyes and
ancillary Data from elsewhere. This is similar to the TV camera and the
Human. In reality, the TV camera does not see. It is the Human that does

with Depiction-Data obtained from the TV camera.

Anyway, the initial Depiction-Data received by the eyes could be a
grotesque illusion of a sort that is corrected with ancillary Depiction-Data
and appropriate processing. When all this is done there is technically a
conjecture for depth and three-dimensional objects that may really exist in
Nature. The end result, however is remarkable benevolence. Not only can we
see but we can also avoid the undesirable effects of bumping into things and
walking into holes.
I guess this kind of processing is True for perceptions by other
senses too. Depiction-Data is received from the sense organs and then it is the
mind all the way. What kind of ancillary Depiction-Data is needed for the
gauging depth? A part of this is known to be by learning and experience during
growth and another part is innate and perhaps the genes. Birds have amazing
capabilities to perceive objects from great distances. I don't know whether
they and other animals have problems with illusions and delusions.
Consider another instance, where somebody had facts He saw
water in the desert. But he had a good stock of it already and did not go to the
oasis ahead of him. If he wanted to report this matter for somebodys benefit
then ancillary Data and geographical coordinates are vital to be of any use.
This is vital Corroborative Data. If for some reason such Data were not
available then the truth of the phenomenon is not ascertainable by people
wandering in deserts. Nor, can all and sundry state it to be Falsehood either.
Depictions-Data Abstractions
This is about the capability of the creativity and abstractions of the
Human mind. This could include mathematics, logic and a number of other
subjects. Abstractions can be based on
!
!

Actually observed phenomena

Not actually observed phenomena

While the first type of abstraction may clearly be either reality or

illusions based on some initial Depiction-Data representing an observed
phenomenon, the latter is in the realm of creativity and fiction. The words
kiLpt kalpita and ^h uuha with following connotations are relevant for
abstraction. (Monier Williams Dictionary)

kiLpt kalpita
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Not actually observed phenomena

made , fabricated , artificial
composed , invented
performed , prepared
assumed , supposed
inferred
regulated , well arranged yagnya
having a particular rank or order
kind of allegory

^h uuha
! to observe , mark , note , attend to , heed , regard
!
to expect , hope for , wait for , listen for
! to comprehend , conceive , conjecture , guess , suppose , infer , reason ,
deliberate upon, to consider , heed
! to cause to suppose or infer
Despite the many slips between the cups and lips in the matter of
primary Data, we are certain there is a clear relation between them and
Phenomena in Nature. And we also know the relationship between Data and
Information. Now, we can study Phenomena in Nature and that is joy to
experience in the chapters that follow.

Phenomena In Nature And gu[ Guna Intrinsic Qualities

_/\_

Myriad different types of objects exist in Nature and our senses

sight, hearing, touch and feel, smell and taste are the means by which they can
be observed. We can observe that other animates or living things behave as
though they too can observe these.
We observe objects that are within the arena of individual capability
to observe. Space-time coordinates and sensitivity of apparatuses for
observation can describe the arena. We may need to be at a particular place at a
particular time to observe a particular phenomenon. Examples for this are
numerous but what comes in mind immediately is observation of an eclipse.
Then, a person may need a set of glasses to have the correct vision. Wearing
glasses would enable a person with weak eyesight to see objects in greater
detail and even objects that were not visible earlier. So, merely because an
object has not been observed does not mean we can rule out its existence. The
observer could have defective vision or the person could be outside the arena
for observation. This is something like not seeing the glorious innings live
in a cricket match for any reason.
Here social interactions based on trust and communicating truth
comes into play. The King Dhritirashtra was blind. His companion Sanjaya
narrated whatever transpired between Arjuna and Sri Krishna in the
Bhagavad Gita to him. Honeybees have scouts that go out in different
directions. After finding flowers and honey they return home and present
Depiction-Data including coordinates of the truth of the honey discovered.
Objects cannot be observed through sheer will power of the sensory
apparatuses. They are observable because they announce their presence in a
way. It is the inherent nature of all objects to do that. That it is observed by a
sensor is incidental. I am not saying here that you cannot dive into the seas,
search, and discover oysters and pearls within them. We are merely putting the
sensory apparatus in a position to observe. Such use of the sensory apparatus is
also called a probe.
In samskrutham, the gross qualities of objects or phenomena and
intrinsic nature of the qualities are both called gu[ guNa. The gross qualities of
an object or phenomena includes full and complete description such as size,
shape, color, animate, inanimate, and so on. The gross qualities of phenomena

are described and discussed thoroughly in the chapter vEzei;k sU

vaisheshikasuutra by DevRishi Kaanada
The word gu[y> guNatrayaH refers to the three types of intrinsic
nature of the qualities of perceivable qualities of the objects or phenomena.
They are given below.
sTv> satvaH - This quality of phenomena is universal and harmoniously
shared. The dhaathu is st! sat :- to be a part or portion.
rj> rajaH This evokes excitation or effects that can be best understood by the
dhaathu, raj :- with meaning - to be colored, to redden, to dye, to be attached
to, to be excited, to be pleased with; the mode of passion.
tm> tamaH This is associated with general lethargy and dullness as can be
seen from its dhaathu - tam to desire, to be fatigued;
So we have objects or phenomena that are observable and
knownby their gross qualities as well as the intrinsic nature of the qualities.
These are unique and fascinating concept gems and tools that enable us to
know more about Nature. The dhaathu of gu[ guNa is given below.
gu gu:- to speak inarticulately and [ Na:- is the negation. In other words gu[
guNa has connotation for qualities speaking articulately about themselves.
By force of habit, we may be tempted to equate articulation to
understandability. This is not always the case. The language of articulation
could be different. Comprehension, is the business of the perceiver, us and
not gu[ guNa the qualities. Gu[ guNa, also has connotation for a single strand
of a string or a rope in samskrutham as well as in many Bharatheeya
languages.
Our ancients went on to further iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM of gu[
guNa, per se and all phenomena in the Cosmos. Briefly, the gu[y>
guNatrayaH is considered to be the substance that pervades the Cosmos and
all objects and phenomena are made up of this! This concept is at a
fundamental level where the nature of the quality of a perceived object and the
object are one!
We can understand this in modern context at subtle levels of physics
and areas that are in the realm of sub-atomic particles and fabric of space-time,
Grand Unification with relevance to origins of the universe. Primal Nature

is described as a balanced mixture of three basic strands or gu[y>

guNatrayaH of an underlying substance from which all things are evolved.
This should not raise eyebrows. An amazing number of published papers and
references are available at http://www. Nature.Com the online web site for the
renowned scientific journal, Nature. You could use the search string, String
Theory within quotes in the search box at their web site or go to your local
University Library or British Council Library and look up the journals in print
form.
I do not know how many in Bhaarath are doing work on this, but the
Harvard and Cambridge University have substantial work underway on
Theoretical Physics that includes string theory being explored as an
approach for the elusive Grand Unification of the four forces of nature and
the elementary particles and evolution of the Universe.
These modern theories are so remarkably like the ones from ancient
Bharath that a study of this by our scientists would be invigorating to the rediscovery of truth enunciated in the ancient past.
The ancient view, one ought not to forget, starts with dharmam and
then consider Guna as fundamental forms of matter something similar to
substratum rather than perceived qualities of matter. Sattva is the finest, most
radiant and highly plastic entity. Rajas is the energy and activity component
and Tamas is the strand of darkness, mass, obstruction and limitation
component
The above definitions of ancient concepts are given in description of
Saamkhya in A History of Indian Philosophy Das Gupta - Cambridge
1922, reprinted by Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi, 1975. The subject matter may be
studied, for first exposure disregarding how skewed the English commentary
is.
An article on this, The Enumerative Viewpoint saamkhya darshana
can be seen at http://www.philo.demon.co.uk/Darshana.htm if you are not
scared away by the demonportion in the web address. The Cambridge
University has substantial dedicated work on Indian Philosophy. There are
other renowned universities including Harvard, Utah, Stanford, Kyoto and
others in Germany, New Zealand, UK and US where samskrutham, Indian
philosohy, the vedam. mahabharatham and ramayana are being researched.
The word saamkhya is related to concepts of enumeration,
calculation and discrimination and something more. Our ancients applied all

concepts to understand cosmic evolution and Man's position in it as part of

human understanding sanathana dharmam, the eternal cohesive principle of
the Cosmos.

Phenomena - Sense-Reality-Truths and Sense-Reality-Falsehoods

This is the subject that concerns all of us. Sense-Reality-Truths are
that which our faculties enable us to see, hear, touch, smell and taste. But what
are Sense-Reality-False We may see, hear, touch, smell or taste. But they are
false. We have dealt about these when we considered Depiction-Data in the
earlier chapter. These could be Illusions
In the example of a mirage in a desert described earlier, senses that
are fully aware tell that there is a lake ahead. But when we go towards it, it
might either disappear or keep ever receding. "Science" has explanation for
this phenomenon Air heated up by the hot sand acts like a lens and reflects /
refracts things far ahead and with the associated shimmering giving the optical
illusion of water. Illusion or Sense-Reality-False are the same. In either
case, you can see water but it is not there! For that matter there are any number
of scientifically created illusions or Sense-Reality-False all around us and
within us the TV, synthetic perfumes, flavors the list can go on.
And all those lights you see up there in the sky. The planets and stars
and even the Sun. Science tells us and our senses tell us they are real and are
there. Data can be gathered on them accurately. We all know that light travels
around 186 000 miles in one second. And light that started from these distant
objects took time to reach us. This could be in a scale from seconds and
minutes to thousands of years and more. So, in real time, now, are they there or
not?
I am pressing the keys on the keyboard and letters are appearing on
the keyboard. There is background knowledge that at the microcosmic level
there can be no physical contact between the atoms of the molecules of my
fingers and the atoms of the molecules of the keyboard. So, am I touching and
pressing the keys or not This phenomenon needs to be explained at microlevels of transference of energy, force and work. Can atoms actually touch
other atoms or can they not? I don't know. And I also don't know whether this
scientific truth is what our ancients chose to call maya. The next chapter is
about Phenomena in Nature and Sense-Reality Truths. These are in more
comfortable zones for most of us.

Phenomena in Nature And Sense-Reality-Truths

_/\_

In the earlier chapter Sense-Reality-Truths were described as the

Phenomena that we can see, hear, touch, smell and taste. Within SenseReality-Truths are two broad and beautiful categories.
1. Physics based Sense- Reality-Truths These phenomena have the bases of
Physics and related subjects.
1.1. "Seeing" is in the realm of perceiving incident light energy. We can depict
and record the incidence as Visual hierarchy type of Data
1.2."Hearing" is in the realm of perceiving energy within sound waves. The
incident energy here can be depicted and recorded as Audio hierarchy type of
Data.
1.3. "Touch" is in the realm of perceiving mechanical energy in the forms of
kinetic and potential (gravitational potential and / or elastic potential) or even
direct electrical energy. We can depict these as Mechanical energy hierarchy,
or Electrical energy type of Data.
2. Micro level Physics or Chemistry based Sense- Reality-Truths - These
Realities have Physics as their basis too, but at a level that is microcosmic. The
interaction of atoms and molecules are involved and that technically is in the
realm of Chemistry, Biochemistry and related subjects. Here, electron and
micro level energy transfers are involved.
2.1. "Smell" is in the realm of perceiving impact of different types of tiny
molecules in the air. This could be a delicious aroma emanating from your
kitchen, the smell of flowers in a garden, the smell of rain, or other types of
odors and even stink. Theoretically, we could have Olfactory hierarchy type
of Data. Considerable research and analysis is on for this and many marketable
products have been developed. Perfumes of course have been in the market
from a very long time. Recently a hitherto guarded secret in the ancient times
pheromones are becoming big business. They are natural substances that
convey airborne message to trigger response from the opposite sex. It is used
for pest control largely. Human pheromones are marketed blatantly for giving
an unfair advantage to users.

2.2. Taste is in the realm of perceiving sweetness, bitterness, salty, tangy, spicy
and various other tastes. Different types of tiny molecules that are in the
different types of food and beverages we consume.
Universality of Sense-Reality Truths and Depictions
Perceiving incident energy of the above five types is common to
living things. Difference though, could be speed, degree of refinement or
accuracy of perception. The different types of incident energy have been
called stimuli and what the living organism does as a result, the response.
The choice of words stimulus and response ought not to convey that
Nature, including ourselves have the weird purpose to keep prodding and
probing living things.
When a strong beam of light is shone on a single celled living
creature such as an ameba, or the eyes of a Human, there is response. The
ameba moves away from the light and the human shuts his eyes. If the same
type of light is shone on a dead ameba or a dead person there will be no
response. Thus it is assumed that Response to the stimulus of strong
lightis a function of the living creature and not that of the dead.
The significant characteristic about all living things is the process of
growth and slow decay and death. This is called jIvn< jiivanam. a[< PraaNam
is the principle of life and Death is mr[m! . jIvn< jiivanaM and km karmaM
action, or activity are the manifestations of the phenomena for a[< PraaNam
the principle of life.
All forms of life during their lifetime have the ability to measure and
quantify or otherwise depict types of energy incident on their being. This is
Data in some notional, represent-able and understandable form. This is used
for inference or reckoning. In samskrutham, the words d datta and datum!
datum meaning given has connotation for the absence of person centricity.
This attitude and perspective could be important for obtaining knowledge
harmoniously through observation of Nature.
By observation and experiments it is known that many animals, birds
and other innumerable types of creatures possess faculties to perceive energy
impacts classified as the five Sense Realities. The threshold of perception or
"sensitivity" may be differing vastly between species and it may be
significantly different or similar to how Humans may perceive. Nevertheless
the important thing is that they are not unique capabilities of Man. Unique
capabilities though are present for other areas such as analysis, thought and

conjecture and unknown areas classed as intelligence. Plant life has capability
to perceive impact of photons in incident light energy in astounding
harmony and sophistication. Their silent and joyous response to sunlight is
to split water, release oxygen into air and store energy rich Hydrogen with
Carbon-di-oxide to form of glucose, a carbohydrate. Other complex
carbohydrates are then formed to store for own life processes and incidentally
all life on this planet.
From ancient times our literature recognized five faculties and
associated sense organs. Not only this they have identified five organs for
action. This is similar to Input and Output.
}aneiNy< gyaanendriyaM - Organs for Knowledge
kmeRiNy< karmendriyaM - Organs for action
}aneiNy< gyaanendriyaM - Organ for Knowledge are of the following types

}aneiNy<

2
3

4
5

c]uiriNy<

aeteiNy<
Tviginiy<

aneiNy<
rsneiNy<

GyaanendriyaM

Organ for Knowledge

ChakSurindriyaM

Organ for sight

ShrotendriyaM

Organ for listening

TvaginidriyaM

GraanendriyaM
RasanendriyaM

Tvk tvak.h :- skin Organ for

perception of touch

Organ for smell

Enjoyment, interest rsn<
rasanaM tongue

kmeRiNy< karmendriyaM - Organs for action are as follows.

KmeRiNy<
1
2

3
4
5

Vaak
pai[
pad<
vayu>
%pSwa

karmendriyaM Vak

Organ for action

Speech

PaNi

Hands

PadaM

The step - Feet and legs

VaayuH

Breath
The part which is under ' , lap ,
middle or inner part of anything
, a well-surrounded or sheltered
place , secure place

Upasthaa

So, there are objects or phenomenon in Nature that have gu[ guNa
with manifest gross qualities that have specific characteristics the gu[y>
guNatrayaH. And from these is obtained iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM
equivalent roughly to "Knowledge". iv*a vidyaa and }an< jJNaanaM are not
isolated abstract concepts only in the mind of Man. They are intimately related
to phenomena in Nature and Data that we have considered in the past many
pages and something beyond.
The next chapter gives analysis of our understanding thus far in light
of the vEzei;k sU Vaisheshika Suutra of DevRishi Kaanada also known as
DevRishi Kasyapa. Devrishi means celestial sage.

_/\_

vEzei;k sU vaisheshikasuutra By DevRishi Kaanada

Tenets of Specialized Observation

This chapter is a brief description of vEzei;k sU vaisheshika suutra of
DevRishi Kaanada. He is also known as DevRishi Kashyapa. Devarshi means
celestial sage. In the vEzei;k sU vaisheshika suutra can be seen glimpses of
conceptual gems of purest ray serene. I believe they are gifts for us to use in
holistic scientific inquiry as well as individual and personal life.Much of our
ancient literature and dharmik thought processes remain classified
unfortunately as "philosophy" or "spirituality" and "religion". I believe they
ought to be under "Science" just like modern "Modern Theoretical Physics".
Quoting, Swami Satyam again, the renowned scholar and man of great
wisdom, The dhaathu is 'Jnaa' meaning 'to know'. From that is derived
Jnaana. By adding 'Vi' (Vi Visesha meaning special) we get 'Vijnaanam'
meaning special Knowledge equivalent to "Science".
The Monier-Williams Dictionary has the following meanings for the
name of the Rishi.
! [ kaNAda ]3[ kaN^ada ] m. ` atom-eater ' , N. given to the author of the
Vaieshika branch of the Nyya philosophy ( as teaching that the world was
formed by an aggregation of atoms
! he is also called kashyapa , and considered as a Devarshi
In vEzei;k sU Vaisheshika Suutra, Rishi Kaanada revealed in astounding
detail the nature of all phenomena that are observable. This was summarized
by Max Mller, 1899. in "The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy" and can be
seen at http://www.philo.demon.co.uk/Darshana.htm. I don't know the reason
for including the word "demon" in the address. But it may have kept many God
fearing scientists from knowing "truth".
On the suutra, Max Muller writes ". It begins with the usual promise of
teaching something from which springs elevation or the summum bonum, and
that something KaNaada calls Dharma or merit. From a particular kind of
merit springs, according to KaNaada, true knowledge of certain Padarthas, or
categories, and from this once more the summum bonum. These categories

embrace the whole realm of knowledge, and are: (I) substance, Dravya; (2)
quality, GuNa; (3) action, Karman; (4) genus or community, Saamaanya, or
what constitutes a genus; (5) species or particularity, Visheshha, or what
constitutes an individual; (6) inhesion or inseparability, Samavaaya; (7)
according to some, privation or negation, Abhaava. ".
Much as I would like to leave my personal opinion out, I think devrishi
Kaanada knew Xam dharmaM to mean a lot more than mere "merit". And I
need to repeat what I wrote earlier. One can have nothing but the greatest
admiration for all those that passed on so much down generation after
generation to enable "truths" to raise us in our present rather than receive
praise (or ridicule) after they are long gone. And in this I include the great
soul, Max Muller too who studied and left behind such a lot for posterity.
And to say, "I am grateful" and whatever else I can add are insufficient
translations of "namasthe jnyaathapathaye namaha" "dhanyosmi aham"
"namasthe shri ganesha" for opportunity to tabulate the }an< JJNaanaM of the
Divine given by the DevRishi and summarized by the venerable Max Muller in
English. I have done this in relation to the concepts of "Phenomena in Nature"
and types of "Data-Depiction" described in this book. I think this is relevant
and useful for understanding fundamental concepts of Data, Information and
Knowledge. I am hoping that these will be useful to knowledge workers and
those working with computers and computing.
What I have done is to tabulate the concepts of vEzei;k sU vaisheshika
suutra of DevRishi Kaanada from the article Six Systems of Indian
Philosophy by the venerable Max Muller. The set of concepts as given in the
article can be segmented into separate areas that can help understand the
concepts better in the modern context. Tables numbered A-1, A2, B-1, B-2...
so on. Wherever there was opportunity, I have included my comments at the
end or beginning of a table.
Words in devanagari script are included to make it easier for those who
can read in that script. Some words appeared to be translated differently from
my understanding as a lay native person ably assisted by Prof.Maloneys
HTML version of Monier-Williams Dictionary. These are given in the
column, appropriate translation. Following the devanagari script is the
iTrans notation. This is to enable corrections, further analysis and work using
the iTrans software.
What I think the vEzei;k sU vaisheshika suutra, by DevRishi Kaanada is all
about is dharmam - The Grand Unification.

_/\_

Table-A - What It Is All About - Observed Phenomena & dharmam

Itrans
Notation
Xam

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Appropriate
Transl.

Dharma

Merit.

Dhaathu dhr - to be; to exist; to hold, to

support, to possess, to keep, to seize, to place
Dharma - the older form of the cf. RV. is [
dharman ] , q. v. ) that which is established or
firm , steadfast decree , statute , ordinance ,
law (Monier-Williams Dict.)

Dharm
aM

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

In summary, the following tables classify the main contents of Vaisheshika

Suutra - which explains Phenomena in Nature and Dharmam
A1 - Physical And Chemical Nature Of Observed Objects
A2 -Gross Qualities Of Observed Objects
A3 -Physics Of Observed Objects
A4 -Dynamic States of Observed Objects
Table A-1 Physical And Chemical Nature Of Observed Objects

Itrans
Notation
1

Pdaw!R

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Appropriate
Transl.

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Padartha

Categori
es

Material of
which the
object is
made up of

Observed
object
physical and
chemical

Dravya

Substanc
e

ingredients or
materials

Observed
object
physical and
chemical

Object with
attributes
DepictionsData Actually
observed
realities &
DepictionsData
Abstractions
Object with
attributes
DepictionsData Actually
observed
realities &
DepictionsData
Abstractions

padaar
th

vy

dravy
a

_/\_

Table A-2 Gross Qualities Of Observed Objects

Itrans
Notation
3

gu[

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Guna

Quality

Appropriate
Transl.

guNa

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Observed
quality of
object
physical and
chemical

Object
related
attributes
Object
related
attributes
DepictionsData Actually
observed
realities &
DepictionsData
Abstractions

_/\_

Table A-3 Physics Of Observed Objects

Itrans
Notation

SamaNy
saamaa
nya

ivze;
vishesh
ha

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Saamaa
nya

Genus or
communi
ty

Vishesh
ha

Species
or
particular
ity what
constitute
s an
individual

Appropriate
Transl.

Special

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Observer
classification
of the object

Sets of
Objects with
related
attributes
DepictionsData Actually
observed
realities &
Abstractions

Observer
classification
of the object

-do-

_/\_

Table A-4 Dynamic States of Observed Objects

Itrans
Notation

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Appropriate
Transl.

Action

km
karma
M

Aaav
abhaav
a

Abhaava

Privation
or
negation

becoming ,
being ,
existing ,
occurring ,
appearance

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Observed
dynamic state
of the object
Physics

Object
related
attributes
DepictionsData Actually
observed
realities &
Abstractions

Observed
dynamic state
of the object
Physics

- do -

The tables A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 are all Sense-Reality-Truth. and Depictions Data- Actually observed realities could be recorded.
The subject matter given above is a no-nonsense "Scientific" classification of
observed phenomena in Nature. vEzei;k sU Vaisheshika Suutra, then goes
further to give details.

_/\_

Table B-1 Entities That Are Observable Directly

Itrans
Notation
1

p&iWv

Original
Nota-tion

Origin-al
Transl

Prthivi;

Appropriate
Transl.

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Earth,

Observed
Object based
on Sensereality-Truth

Apah

Water

- do -

Actually
observed
realities &
Abstractions
- do -

Tejas

Light

Vayu

Air

Aakaash
a

Ether

Manas

Mind

pR^ithv
i
2

Aap>
aapaH

tejs!
tejas

vaayu

Energy,
radiance,
luminiscence
also

- do -

- do -

- do -

- do -

- do -

- do -

- do -

vaayu
5

Aakaz
aakaas
ha

mns
manas
a

Sky and can

be space too

_/\_

Table B-2 Entities That Can Be Inferred

Itrans
Notation
kal

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Kala

Time

Disha

Direction

Atman

Self

Appropriate
Transl.

kala
idza

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Inferred entity
based on
Sensereality-Truth
-do-

Actually
observed
realities &
Abstractions
-do-

-do-

-do-

dishaa
AaTma<
aatma
aM

soul of the
individual

Recording of Depictions-Data Actually observed realities &

Depictions-Data Abstractions including mathematical and "scientific"
calculations, predictions are possible for kal kaala and idza dishaa
The items in the above entire set of tables that some may view
skeptically is the AaTma< aatmaaM the soul of the individual and dharmam" .
The soul of the individual, and dharmam cannot be excluded from the purview
of science. The "truth" is that manifestations of both these can be observed
when science and research include concepts of conscience, honesty,
ethics, humane approaches, eco friendliness, sustainability, equal
opportunity, recognition of traditional knowledge, copyright,
geographical indications and patents in some form. Indeed there is no
dichotomy between modern scientific approach and dharmam.
Nothing in the above is based on sense-falsehood and conjecture and
are not part of any secular greed or expansionist policy. The start point and
purpose of the vaisheshika suutra is Xam dharmaM and sathyam. Whatever
imparted is }an< jJNaanaM and is Xam DharmaM too. All of these are in real
time for our benefit.
It is reported by the venerable Max Muller that In the vaisheshika
suutra it is stated that earth, water, light and air can exist both in their eternal as

well as transient manifestations. Also, that these exist as their A[u aNu, or a
basic further indivisible form as well as perceivable aggregate material forms.
As far as anybody can see this is Science. So, now we can go on to
on to collecting more conceptual gems that can be concept tools too from the
vaisheshika suutra but before that there is need to reiterate on gross qualities
gu[ of objects and the nature of the qualities
Phenomena in Nature can be observed by their manifest or
observable gross ualities, gu[. Our senses or the "sensors" we design perceive
them. These gross qualities gu[ ought not to be confused with the nature of the
qualities per se. The nature of the qualities per se are gu[y> guNatrayaH
sTv> satvaH rj> rajaH and tm> tamaH. In other words each of the observed gu[
of objects have the gu[y> guNatrayaH in varying proportions.
Vaisheshika suutra lists observable qualities of phenomenon in
Nature that can be classified as given below.
1 Qualities Perceived By Sense Organs. This is Physics and Chemistry of
objects in Nature and Physics and Chemistry by which the sense organs
perceive these objects.
2 saamkhya - The system of enumeration and discernment of objects in
Nature
3 Inferential Knowledge Of Objects
4 Buddhi The Thought Process Or Intellect of / In The Human Mind
5 Emotional - Internal Feelings - Inner Drives Including Effort Of The
Human.
Items in the above five categories are tabulated below.

_/\_

Table C1 Qualities Perceived By Sense Organs

Itrans
Notation
1

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Appropriate
Transl.

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Ruupa

Color, in
earth,
water,
and light

Actually
shape or
manifestation

Actually
observed
realities &
Abstractions

Rasa

Taste, in
earth and
water

Gandha

Smell, in
earth

Technically
juice or
essence
Can also be a
chemical
Smell

Observed or
Inferred
quality based
on Sensereality-Truth
Input Macro
or Micro level
Physics or
Chemistry
-do-

-do-

-do-

Sparsha

Touch, in
earth,
water,
light
energy,
radiance
and air

-do-

-do-

ruupa

rs
rasa

gNx
gandh
a

SpzR
sparsh
a

Touch

-do-

_/\_

Table C-2 Saamkhya - The System Of Enumeration And Discernment

Itrans
Notation

sa<Oy
saaMk
hya

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Appropriate
Transl.

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

SaaMkh
ya,

Number,
by which
we
perceive
one or
many

System of
ennumeration
and
discernment

Inference
system

Actually
observed
realities &
Abstractions

_/\_

Table C-3 Inferential Knowledge

Itrans
Notation
1
Pirma
[

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Appropriate
Transl.

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Parimaa
Na

Extensio
n or
quantity

Estimate

Prthaktva

Individual
ity or
severalty

Inference
based on
Sensereality-Truth
Input Macro
or Micro level
Physics or
Chemistry
-do-

Actually
observed
realities &
Abstractions
including
logical /
mathematical
estimates.
-do-

Samyoga

Conjuncti
on

-do-

-doAbstractions
Union of Sets

Viyoga

Disjuncti
on

-do-

Paratva

Priority

-doAbstractions
Set related
operations
-do-

parima
Na
2

tv

pratak
tva
3

s<yaeg
saMyo
ga

ivyaeg
viyoga

prTv

(in front)

-do-

paratv
a
6

Abstractions
Analysis

AprTv

Aparatva;

aparat
va

Posteriori
ty

(behind)

-do-

-do-

_/\_

Table C-4 Buddhi The Thought Process Or Intellect

Bui
budd
hi

Buddhi

thought

More than
mere
thought, it is
intellect too

Live
Processor

-do-

_/\_

Table C-5 Emotions Inner Drives Including Effort

Itrans
Notation
1

su>o

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Appropriate
Transl.

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Sukha

pleasure

Not limited to
pleasure
includes joy
too

Perception of
Sensereality-Truth

DuHkha

pain

Sorrow

-do-

Actually
observed
realities &
Abstractions(
basic
definition and
rules needed)
-do-

Icchaa

desire

This can be
want

-do-

-do-

Dveshau

aversion

-do-

-do-

Prayatna

will, effort

Mixture of
emotions
anger and
resentment
too
Can be
trying too

-do-

-do-

suHKa

>o
duHKa

#CD
icCha

e;
dvesha

y
prayat
na

_/\_

Table D Actions km karmaM And Influence On Phenomena

Itrans
Notation

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Appropriate
Transl.

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

Utkshepa
na

throwing
upwards

or ascent

Observed

Avakshe
pana (or
Apa);
Akuncha
na
Utsarana
-or PrasGamana.

throwing
downwar
ds
contracti
ng
expandin
g
going

or descent

-do-

Based on
basic
definition and
rules
-do-

Or
compression

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

-do-

undergoing ,
attaining
(observing
action Telugu)

In the Suutras which follow, KaNaada tries to point out certain

features which the three categories of substance, quality, and action share in
common, and others which are peculiar to two, or to one only. In the course of
this discussion he has frequently to dwell on the effects which they produce,
and he therefore proceeds in the next lesson to examine the meaning of cause
and effect, and likewise of genus, species, and individuals (Max Muller).

Causative Principles -Observed And Perceived Cause

Rishi KaNaada is reported to have remarked that cause precedes the
effect, but that, in order to be true cause, it must be a constant antecedent, and
the effect must be unconditionally subsequent to it.

_/\_

Table E Causative Principles -Observed And Perceived Cause

Itrans
Notation

Original
Notation

Original
Transl

Appropriate
Transl.

Phenomenon

Data
Depiction

-NA-

-NA-

Intimate

-NA-

Observed

-NA-

-NA-

nonintimate

-NA-

-do-

Possible only
Inputs by
observer
basic
definition and
rules needed
-do-

-NA-

-NA-

Instrume
ntal

-NA-

-do-

-do-

An axe, for instance, is the KaaraNa, or instrument, in felling a tree,

but it is not the KaaraNa, or cause. Causes, according to KaNaada, are
threefold, intimate, non-intimate, and instrumental.
With these gems of concepts that can be concept tools too we can
proceed towards the perspective of dharma that DevRishi Kaanada has for
everybody - yatho abhyudhaya antha sreyasa siddhi sa dharma "That
which gives happiness and prosperity here and in the hereafter is dharmam"

Where Is Information?

_/\_

When we go through all the above very critical and thorough analysis
of Phenomenon in Nature and Data depictions we are bound to have the
feeling that something familiar is missing. It is the concept Information. We
have items of phenomena aplenty, Data aplenty, mind boggling Knowledge
but where is "Information"?
Rest assured we would find it if it exists at all. And when we do that
may be a revelation. If you look again at Table C Observable Qualities Of
Phenomena In Nature you will see buddhi in bold. This is reproduced below.

Table C-4 Buddhi The Thought Process Or Intellect

Bui
budd
hi

Buddhi

thought

More than
mere
thought, it is
intellect too

Live
Processor

-do-

Now this one single word encompasses the sum total of utilization of
human capability with Divine grace for being Man and the Emancipated Man.
The table below summarizes the array of meanings in English given
by Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary downloaded, searchable
HTML version by Prof.R.B.Mahoney. Reference in full text with a question
mark added is that which I guessed could the abbreviation. A list of
abbreviations was not available in the on line version I have. Interested readers
could refer the original.

Meanings of Buddhi

Reference / Comments

The power of forming and retaining

conceptions and general notions , intelligence
, reason , intellect , mind , discernment ,
judgment
Perception

cf. Mn. Cf. MBh. &c. Manusmrithi?

Mahabharatham?

Comprehension , apprehension ,
understanding
( in Saankhya philosophy) Intellect is [ adhyavasaya ]

_/\_

( of which 5 kinds are enumerated , or

with [ manas ] 6
cf. Sh
cf. [ indriya ] , [ buddh^indriya ] )
the intellectual faculty or faculty of mental
perception , the second of the 25 Tattvas
cf. [ buddhi-tattva ] ) cf. IW. 80 &c.
cf. Pacat. cf. Hit.

Presence of mind , ready wit

An opinion , view , notion , idea , conjecture

Thought about or meditation on ( loc. Or
comp. ) , intention , purpose , design
(Impression , belief. Notion often ifc. =
considering as , taking for )
Right opinion , correct or reasonable view
A kind of metre
Intelligence personified ( as a daughter of
Daksha and wife of Dharma and mother of
Bodha )

Panchatantra and Hithopadesa?

cf. MBh. cf. Kv. &c
Mahabharatham?
cf. ib.
Mahabharatham?
cf. Kv. cf. Kaths. cf. Pur. cf. Hit
Puranas and Hithopadesa?
cf. R. cf. Ragh
Ramayanam and Raghuvansham?
cf. L.
cf. MBh. cf. Pur.
Mahabharatham and Puranas?

That is a substantial list of abilities of Bui. Interestingly there is

mention of power again. The power of forming and retaining conceptions and
general notions, intelligence, reason, intellect, mind, discernment, judgment
The "power bit" here does not bother me at all. I know that this is
reference to grace received from the Eternal one. A person who is perfect
embodiment of buddhi is Buddha, the Enlightened one. Another interesting
entry is Intelligence personified (as a daughter of Daksha and wife of Dharma
and mother of Bodha from the Mahabharatham and Purana.
Besides these is the entry - a kind of a metre. I am interested to know
whether it refers to chandas. In our scriptures "mantra" means a sacred text or

a sacred formula. mantra have a chandas, rishi and devatha associated with
each one of them. chandas is the metre, rishi is the knower of the "truth" and
"devatha" is the deity. Primary mantras are 70 millions in number and the
secondary ones innumerable.(Monier-Williams). And last but not least are the
beautiful references to hitopadesha and panchatanthra. These have stories
that I loved hearing when I was a child and still love to read anytime. Perhaps
the original samskrutham versions have a few more stories.
It may appear to the reader, I am attempting to hedge away from the
title of the chapter "Where is Information?" Well, that is what you had been
receiving all the while!
Bui buddhi is also called mhd mahad. The only language that I know
that has the closest live relationship with this concept and word Information
is in the Marathi language. maihtI mahitii is known and commonly
understood to be equivalent to Information. The word is connected to mhd
mahad, the phenomenal processor bestowed on all of us by grace alone. mhd
mahad has been receiving all the input Data - "alphanumeric characters",
words, sentences, paragraphs, tables arranged to the best of my ability. All this
is to assist an intermediate transient product "Information" on its way to
becoming Knowledge. The dhaathu ma> maah means to measure, and ma ma
is to measure, to weigh, to limit, to compare in size.
So, concluding this chapter, dharmam is the start point.
Knowledge is a part of dharmam. It is there in Data this Knowledge is
input for more Knowledge and buddhi is the ultimate processorin more
ways than one. It produces and converts inputs into Information transiently
for understanding and once understood it is Knowledge again. The usage of
the word maihtI mahitii in Marathi is stunningly accurate and absolutely
polite. Whenever any processed Data is given to anybody it is submitted maihtI
saiQ saaThi for the mahad.
From this Information Technology workers need not fell
disheartened. Actually they always were Knowledge Technology
workers. Furthermore all their efforts were in addressing the ultimate
processor buddhi or mahad. And they deal with Natures very own Data that
are nothing but Knowledge elements. Information is only a transient
product assisting Knowledge outside to unite with Knowledge inside.
And each such accretion is further Knowledge. So, There is "Knowledge"
out there and "Knowledge" inside and "Information" is "food for thought".

Summary Of Concept Gems And Concept Tools

1.

_/\_

ym! yantram.h means a machine

1.1. dhaathu - y! Yantr :- to restrain, to bind.
1.2 .Related words ym! yam :- to check, to stop. y ya :- who y< yaM :- one

to whom, to check, to stop; y<tu ya.ntu :- reach us; ym yama :- the god of
death, also the five moral commandments ym> yamaH :- the controller of
death
2.
A computer is an automatic programmable machine that can
process Data.
3.
Data is known facts - "Data is record-able measurements of
observable phenomena in Nature." If Data can be obtained for any
phenomenon it implies depict-ability of the phenomenon. Depictions-Data of
observed phenomena in Nature can of the following categories.
3.1 Depictions-Data Actually observed realities - Facts.
3.2. Depictions-Data Abstractions including creativity and imagination

within the Human mind including mathematics. Abstractions can be

based on Actually observed phenomena or Facts and also its opposite,
Fiction. Fiction is Not Actually observed phenomena.
4.
Whatever is observed in Nature can be called a sense-reality and that
which is not is a sense-falsehood.
5.
Among the phenomena that really occur are the Sense-Reality-Truths
that are verifiable or verified with a degree of confidence expressed as percent.
Among these are phenomenon that the senses or mechanical sensors can
detect but may prove to be "illusions" These are Sense-Reality-False.
6.
Phenomena in Nature are comprised by myriad different types of
objects that exist in Nature and their dynamic states.Our senses or mechanical
sensors that we devise for sight, hearing, touch, feel, smell and taste are the
only means by which they can be observed
7.

Any object is "observable" because it announces its presence in a

way. This is gu[ guNa - qualities of phenomena in Nature.

8

There are two things to be considered in the matter of gu[ guNa

8.1 Gross qualities of observable phenomena
8.2 gu[y> guNatrayaH the innate nature of the gross qualities
8.2.1. sTv> satvaH this innate nature of the gross qualities of
phenomena is universal and harmoniously shared. The dhaathu is
st! sat :- to be a part or portion.
8.2.2.
rj> rajaH This evokes excitation or effects that can be best
understood by looking at the dhaathu - raj :- with meaning - to be
colored, to redden, to dye, to be attached to, to be excited, to be
pleased with; the mode of passion.
8.2.3.
tm> tamaH This is associated with general lethargy,
dullness as can be seen from its dhaathu - tam to desire, to be
fatigued;

9.
Phenomena - Sense-Reality-Truths are of two broad and beautiful
categories.

9.1 "Physics basd Sense- Reality-Truths" These have the bases of

Physics and related subjects.
9.1.1
Seeing This is in the "realm of perception of incident light
energy. From this Visual hierarchy type of Data can be recorded.
9.1.2.
Hearing - This is in the "realm of perception of energy"
within sound waves. From this Audio hierarchy type of Data can be
recorded.
9.1.3
Touch is in the realm of perception of mechanical energy in
the forms of kinetic and potential (gravitational potential and / or
elastic potential) or even direct electrical energy. From this
Mechanical energy sensor hierarchy or Electrical energy sensor
hierarchy type of Data can be recorded.

9.2 "Micro level Physics or Chemistry based Sense- Reality-Truths" These Realities have Physics as their basis too, but at a level that is
microcosmic. The interaction of atoms and molecules are involved and
that technically is in the realm of Chemistry Biochemistry and related
subjects. Here, electron and micro level energy transfers are involved.
Here too types of Data can be recorded.

9.2.1
Smell This is in the realm of perception of impact and depictions in
the mind for different types of tiny molecules that are in the air. Schemes for
depicting the interactions involved and recording can be conceived and
Depictions-Data recorded for these too.
9.2.2
Taste This is in the realm of perception of chemical interactions and
depictions in the mind for different types of tiny molecules that are in the
different types of food and beverages interacting with taste buds. Schemes for
depicting the interactions involved and recording can be conceived and
Depictions-Data recorded for these too.
10.

Animate or living things have a principle or life force called a[< PraaNam

11.
The sum of the characteristics that the living thing exhibits between birth and
death is a process of growth and slow decay. This is called jIvn< jiivanam, the
manifested form of a[<.
12.

}aneiNy< GyaanendriyaM are Organs for Knowledge.

13.

kmeRiNy< KarmendriyaM are Organs for action

14.
Bui buddhi also called mhd mahad encompasses the sum total of utilization of
human capability being Man and the Emancipated Man.
15.

Bui buddhi has connotations for

15.1.
power of forming and retaining conceptions and general notions ,
intelligence , reason , intellect , mind , discernment , judgment
15.2.
Perception
15.3.
Comprehension , apprehension , understanding
15.4.
Intellectual faculty or faculty of mental perception
15.5.
Presence of mind , ready wit
15.6.
Thought or meditation, intention , purpose , design
15.7.
Impression , belief, Notion
15.8
.A kind of metre.
15.9.
Intelligence personified ( as a daughter of Daksha and wife of Dharma
and mother of Bodha )

16.
.Bui buddhi is the ultimate processor that uses ephemeral Information
transiently toward more Knowledge and Wisdom by grace and power from the
Cosmos.

17.
Information is meaning derived or understanding obtained from
Data by individuals in the frame of reference to the individual's own personal
experience, relevance and context.
18.
iv*a vidyaa & }an< jJNaanaM roughly means "Knowledge". They
have connotations for included reverence for subject implies more of a
bestowed characteristic rather than acquisition.
19.
iv}an< vijJNaanaM is Science with technology included. The
dhaathu ivj! vij has meanings to separate, to divide, to distinguish, to discern.

20.
Input elements for buddhi are are actually elements of iv*a vidyaa &
}an< jJNaanaM Knowledge. These may become a transient product
Information if the buddhi thinks it important enough and the elements go on
to becoming Knowledge and perhaps even Wisdom.

Miscellaneous Concept Gems

_/\_

vedam was revealed by sound and grace to our Rishis and hence
called shruthi. This grace given to perceive segments of the Cosmic Intellect is
far, far more than sum total of that which can be collected mechanically. The
purpose of the grace in the vedam and the scriptures is sanatana dharmam.
The eternal and universal binding principle of all things in the Cosmos.The
dhaathu of the word dharmam is dhr meaning to hold together, to
cohesce. This cohesive principles is in the various parts and entirety of the
Grand Hymns.
Our scriptures exist today despite efforts from various quarters to
decimate truth that is in them. The manner in which they were passed down
include millions of stories and allegories with in built homeostasis to adapt to
immediate environments and have adaptability to changing environments.
The purpose is simple for to truth to raise us in our present. Today Bhaarath
is free and forever shall it be because we are a part of that fabric of dharmam
and satyam. With reverence for these principles and the ultimate Eternal
source of all, if scientists were to understand the concept gems and know to
use the tools in our scriptures then many things of puzzlement may be resolved
sooner in different areas of knowledge. Some of these are in areas of
theoretical physics and mathematics. For example, absence of matter, time,
wave-particle duality, quantum effects, grand unification theory, quarks and
even black holes and dissolution of all things and breakdown of all knowable
physical laws. Currently, the string theory and Branes (short for
membranes) in cosmology are in a way attempting to restate what our
scriptures states as the cycles of creation, preservation and destruction
personified reverently by our ancients and millions of contemporary
Bharatheeys as Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwar.
The start of it all in the universe (or part of which is knowable) in the
current kalpa unit of cosmic time scale is described with lucidity in our
puranas (these are historical works of great antiquity). Brahma given the job
of creation for the current Kalpa by Siva, started off but forgot how and then
prayed to Siva for the knowledge. The process was revealed in its entirety. The
magnitude and splendor of the process confused Brahma and He meditated
and prayed more in humility. Then the three primal "sounds" were reveale
AUM. The 4 Vedas were formed with the Rik, Yajur and Atharvana from the
three tones and the Sama Veda from the tones in between.

This story was told generation after and is alive even today for
countless years. It is waiting for that emancipated scientist to see in a flash of
divine grace that what is being referred to is probably a secondary stage in
evolution of the universe after the primal phenomenon of creation.
The mention of sounds in the Brahma creation story could be something
resembling what Solar Physicists describe as sound in the Sun! This is due to
vibrations of hot molecules of gas. Sound waves moving inside are known to
cause a regular measurable oscillation in the Sun. This also results in its
corona moving in and out at regular intervals. Any observed region of the
Sun's hot gas moving in and out micro-cosmically affects the color or
wavelength of light that reaches the observer. If the wavelength is short it
tends towards hues of blue and if it is long it is towards red. The color green is
slightly more than halfway through the visible part of spectrum from red to
blue. In our puranas it is mentioned that Aditya, travels in a chariot drawn by
green horses !
Parts of the scientific information given above is from a book
"Blinded by Light The Secret Life of the Sun John Gribbin 1991 Black Swan
London, England. In this book passing mention is made of work at Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai and Dr.Vahia.
The famous theoretical physicist, Professor Stephen Hawkins' book
History of Time" has description of 6 types of quarks that he mentions are
given funny names like up, down, charmed, etc. Surprisingly, Rishi Kaanada
in Saamkhya describes six types of aNu elementary particles with peculiar
combinatorial possibilities of visibility and manifestation.
In Bhagavad Gita, Sri. Krishna's fearful and awesome
Vishwaroopam is similar roughly to what is described to occur at the "event
horizon" of black holes. Exploding suns are mentioned too besides
fearsome glowing teeth!
The vedam has been reiterated again and again in holistic forms
from God knows, and I care little, how long. Srimad Bhagavad Gita is
communicated verbatim and holistically to the blind Emperor, Dhrithrashtra
by Samjaya (the name technically means equal victory or victory for all).
Dhrtirashtra has his own children and that of his brother Pandu
arrayed in the field ready for war. The location for the war is both DarmaKshetram and Kurukshetram. And the Krishna Avathar is the
weaponless participator as charioteer and guide for Arjuna and the Pandavas.

To him is revealed again what the vedam is and what Dharmam is too. And
who indeed is Time and the End of Time.
Max Muller reports, KaNaada's atoms are supposed never to
assume visible dimensions till there is a combination of three double atoms
(tryaNuka), neither the simple nor the double atoms being supposed to be
visible by themselves.... As to atoms, they are supposed to form first an
aggregate of two, then an aggregate of three double atoms, then of four triple
atoms, and so on. While single atoms are indestructible, composite atoms are
by their very nature liable to decomposition, and, in that sense, to destruction.
An atom, by itself invisible, is compared to the sixth part of a mote in a
sunbeam.
Areas that can be benefitted cover all facets of Human life including,
Agriculture, Food, Energy, Environment, Health, Culture and Society.. To put
things in perspective, Thank you for letting me share In these innumerable
gems of concepts and in the Himalayas I saw innumerable stars above and
around. They extended on and on into indescribable horizons There was a
long period of sheer awe. And then followed a longer period of more awe to
know that something within enabled me to see the stars in the first place
And to say, "I am grateful" and whatever else are insufficient translations of
namasthe jnyaathapathaye namaha Dhanyosmi aham
namasthe.