Esperanto at Glan C 00 Priv

HAROLD B LEE LfBPARY
SRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY
PROVO. UTAH
JUf*
1989
Digitized by the Internet Archive

in
2011 with funding from
Brigham Young University
http://www.archive.org/details/esperantoatglancOOpriv
ESPERANTO AT A
GLANCE
'^^p International
History,
Language
Grammar, and Vocabulary
BY
EDMOND
**
to
To each nation
humanity
New York
its
its
PRIVAT
national language^
international
Chicago
and
language''"'
Toronto
Fleming H. Revell Company

London
and
Edinburgh
Copyright, 1908,
EDMOND PRIVAT
By
SECOND EDITION
THE QUINN & BODEN

RAHWAY, N.
"
^/4H
CO.
J.
PRESS
LA HIMNO ^ÊSPERO"
En
mondon
Tra la mondo
la
Per
flugiloj
Nun
iras forta
voko;
de facila vento
de loko flugu gi
Ne
Sub
venis nova sento,
al loko.
glavo sangon soifanta
al
homan
tiras familion:
Cri
la
Al
la
Ori
promesas sanktan harmonion.
la
mond' eterne militanta
sankta signo de
1'
espero
Kolektigas pacaj batalantoj,
Kaj rapide kreskas la afero

Per laboro de la esperanto j.
Forte staras muroj de mil j arc j
Inter la popoloj dividitaj
Sed
Per
dissaltos la obstinaj baroj

la sankta
amo
disbatitaj.
Sur neutrala lingva fundamento,

Komprenante unu la alian,
La
popoloj faros en konsento
Unu
grandan rondon familian.
Ma
En
diligenta kolegaro
laboro paca ne lacigos,
Cris la
bela songo de
Per eterna ben'
V homaro
efektivigos.
D^- L. L. Zamenhof.
ESPERANTO
an International Language Required?
Such a question, said Unuel, will seem to our
grandsons as stupid as would now seem to us a
75
question like this
Any
one
Is a postal service required ?
who has any
relations
with foreign
and peoples knows how tedious
countries
is
the
diversity of languages in the world, with all the dis-
advantages and losses of time or money
it
causes.
Nobody now thinks of destroying the national

languages and obliging all men on earth to
speak one same universal language; but
many
think that nobody will complain when one day, in

the schools of
all countries,
the children will learn,
besides their native tongue, a practical and easy
international language which will give

cess to the
That
is
them
ac-
whole world.
what many men have been working for
Some people thought
during recent centuries.
would be possible some day to convoke a

kind of Hague Conference, which would choose as
that
it
officially
international
one of the existing lan-
guages
man.
But they soon understood that
as, for instance,
'
English, French, or Ger-
the different
ESPERANTO AT A GLANCE
them
such an advantage, which would be an enormous innations never could agree to give to one of
justice to all the others.
always
difficult for
Besides, our languages are
foreign people to learn and are
and complicated
should not, exist in an
full of irregularities, exceptions,
idioms, which
must
not, or
international language.
Why Not
Use Greek or Latin?
Both these languages are taught in the colleges

of all countries, and were, the latter twenty
centuries ago and the former five centuries
ago, the international languages of the Old
World. Many scholars thought of reviving them
for this use, but that always was a vain dream.
They are so difficult that only a very few specialists
succeed in knowing them thoroughly after years
and years of study; and it is quite impossible to
express by them half of our modern ideas, for
they are languages of olden times.
How
you speak of ^'êlectro-mechanical" in Latin?
could
One
ought to renovate the whole vocabulary and sim-
grammar
plify the whole
to
make them
fit
for use.
Then, instead of spoiling the native tongue of
why
make another language especially prepared for its modern use,

"which could be made much more simple, perfect,
Sophocles or Horace,
rich,
(Max
and
flexible
Miiller)
not
than any existing language'^
ESPEKANTO AT A GLANCE
Artificial
Languages.
Since Leibnitz
many
compose systems of
philosophers have tried to
artificial
world-languages, but
these were always theoretical
and impractical pro-
jects.
Some
thirty years ago the "Volapiik" of
Abbe Schleyer had a momentary

whole world, and gave the
bility of
first
success in the
proof of the possi-
such a language; but the system was too
and did not pay enough attention to the existing languages and their modern
Yolaplik had no internal life, and
evolution.
after some years it died, while its adepts were
difficult,
too artificial,
fighting with each other about changing the lan-
guage or were in great numbers taking up the new

system known as Esperanto.
Zamenhofs
WorJc.
Esperanto was created by Dr. L. L. Zamenhof,

a Polish oculist,
in 1859.
who was born
Polish, Eussian,
at Bielostok, Kussia,
German, and Yiddish
were spoken together in his native

often
gles,
sanguinary,
among
city.
The
these
strug-
diverse-
tongued peoples, led him to devote his entire spare

time to the creation of a neutral language, which
would
foster peaceful relations
between the
differ-
ent nations.
He
began the work when he was a schoolboy and
grammar, when he was 28 years

under the name of "Doktoro Esperanto" (The
published his
old,
first
10
Hoping Doctor).
That was in 1889, and
since
then the language has made a slow but sure progress
throughout the world during a period of fifteen

years; while
basis
and the
its
best adepts gave the language its
first
masterpieces of a very solid and
living literature.
In 1902, the public began to understand what

the progress of Esperanto was teaching them, and
then started the general movement, which is now
everywhere prevalent, to introduce Esperanto into
the public schools and into commerce and the
sciences.
The Structure of Esperanto.

Dr. Zamenhof did not really make an
ficial
arti-
language, but a sort of synthesis of our
principal
modern languages.
He
chose for the
vocabulary of his language the most international

roots.
Such words
as telefono, telegrafo, teatro, aria,
muzilco, onklo, sukcesi, mirahlo, etc.,
which form
the majority in Esperanto, belong to almost
modern languages, and the other words
all
our
as,
for
instance, trinhi, varma, hluxi, tempo, glaso, granda,

tahlo, inko, tago, lerni, etc.
always belong
to
two
Such a basis
Latin- Germanic language,
or three of our great languages.
makes Esperanto a
which English is also.
To aid in more easily acquiring the vocabulary,
11
Dr. Zamenhof established regularly what exists

our languages
irregularly in
fixes
and
suffixes
system of pre-
by which many words are formed
For instance, mal- denotes

the contrary: varma, warm, malvarma, cold; hon-
from the same
root.
tenia, pleased, malTcontenta, displeased; fermi, to
-isto denotes the
shut, malfermi, to open, etc.
profession or
occupation
arto,
artisto
muziko,
muzihisto', pordo, door, pordisto, doorkeeper, etc.
-INO denotes the female: onMo, uncle, onklino,
aunt;
aktoro,
ahtorino,
actor,
nephew, nevino, niece,
Jcredi,
credulous;
talk,
moJciy to
to
to believe, hredema,
parolema,
mock, molcema, mocking,
grammar. Dr. Zamenhof made

sible, clear, logical,
talkative;
As
etc.
it as
for the
simple as pos-
without any of the exceptions
or irregular verbs which

complicated.
nevo,
-ema denotes the pro-
etc.
pensity or disposition:
paroli,
actress;
make our languages
so
Substantives always end in o, ad-
jectives in A, adverbs in e, present tense in as,
past in
IS,
future in os, and so forth.
speech; parola, oral; parole, orally;
Parolo,
mi
parolas,
you spoke; Hi parolos, they
I speak; vi parolis,
will
speak.
The language
word
is
is
written as
absolutely phonetic,
it is
pronounced.
and each
The sounds
of the different letters are almost the same as in
Latin or Italian.
harmonious and
is
Esperanto spoken sounds very

easily
pronounced by
all
the dif-
ESPEEANTO AT A GLANCE
12
In the universal Esperanto

Congresses, where every year about two thousand
people from more than thirty different countries
ferent nationalities.
all
over the world meet,
it is
found very
difficult
to recognize the different nationalities, so imper-
ceptible are the slight differences of pronunciation.
The Progress
of Esperanto.
For twenty-one years Esperanto has been used

by many thousands throughout various countries
for their international relations; and one of the
principal causes of
fact that it
not
is
not a
know whether
tried
lariguage
time, that has
its actual,
rapid success
the
new
project in which people do
to
have faith or not, but a
that has been

its
is
internal
used for
life,
its
own
long
litera-
and which one is obliged to consider as an

evident reality and not as a beautiful dream. Esperanto is already used by many commercial firms
in international intercourse and exploiting and by
many scientists who seek to understand and correspond with each other. Some commercial magature,
zines
are
published in Esperanto, as well as a
medical and a
scientific
review.
The Internacia
Scienca Revuo, edited in Geneva by a group of distinguished professors.
World-famous men such
as
Professor William James, Oswald, General Sebert,

Boirac, Eamsay, J. J.
Thomson, Oscar Browning,
13
Ernest Naville, and others are members of the

"Internacia Scienea Asocio."
Many
world-wide organizations, as the Peace
Societies
and
Freemasons,
Congresses,
religious
in
specialists
Socialists,
associations,
different
branches, are employing Esperanto and publishing

in
it
magazines and new books of international in-
terest.
is officially
schools in France,
lic
and other
sia,
of
Esperanto
Commerce
and
taught in
many pub-
England, Germany, Rus-
The London Chamber
countries.
gives diplomas in
fifty societies exist in
it.
Mne
hundred
the world to spread the
language, and forty magazines are published for

the same purpose.
The movement
is
very strong
Europe and Japan, but is only beginning in

America.
However, there have been founded in
the IJnited States two magazines and eighty-five
societies within two years.
in
The Esperanto
Congresses,
Every summer, Esperantist delegates from societies of all countries, about two thousand people,
meet in a Universal Congress, and during one week
have discussions, lectures, meetings of all sorts, concerts, feasts, etc.
all in the one same harmonious language, in which they perfectly understand
one another. Very often they speak as fluently as
in their own languages, although many of them
are persons
of
limited
education.
Comedies
14
are acted there by actors from twelve or

different countries,
more
and nothing could be a better
proof of the practicability of Esperanto.
Such international gatherings prove something

more. In seeing these people of all races, of all
positions, and all opinions, living together for one
week as real brothers, although they never knew
each other before, many men become enthusiastic
for Esperanto and feel that its founder is beginning to attain his original ambition: to bring the
nations together by a better understanding.
The Actual Use
of Esperanto.
Everybody understands that once Esperanto

taught
officially
venient, indeed;
sure, are quite
body
else
everywhere,
will be very con-
and a great many people,
determined to learn
knows
it."
it
'Vhen
am
every-
If every one said the
same
we would be
in a
for each step of progress,
savage
it
is
still
state.
However,
it is
important to show the immediate
need of learning Esperanto.
First of
all, it
gives to
every one the possibility of corresponding with

people of foreign countries on any business or spe-
Having found in Esperanto magazines addresses of young people in other countries,

a great many boys and girls have started a very
cial subject.
instructive
correspondence,
made
friends
where, and of ten thereby found situations

,
everylater.
One may now
travel easily
15
by means of Es-
where the Esperanto organizations are strong enough, there is an EsIn each
peranto.
city
peranto Consul who gives to foreign Esperantists
and finds persons

show them the curiosities
free information about his city,
who
are very glad to
of the town,
speaking
and
so get in this
Esperanto.
The
way
practice in
Esperanto
Central
Office in Paris publishes every year the universal
address-book of Esperanto Consuls.
great
many
made long tours, knowing no

language than their own and Esperanto.
persons have already

other
They never could have done it so easily without

Esperanto, even if they had known French and
What
German.
is
the use of French or
when
travelling in
Why
Should One Learn Esperanto?
Hungary
German
or Italy?
The great Russian writer Tolstoi said fifteen

years ago
"The sacrifices that any civilized man
would make in learning Esperanto are so slight
:
and the
fuse to
results so
make
immense, that no one should
the attempt.^'
And
re-
Tolstoi also said
that after two hours of study he was able to read
Esperanto with
ease.
The president
of the Lin-
guistic Society in Paris said that Esperanto, hav-
ing no irregularities in the verbs, must be
five
times easier to learn than any other language.
When
one comes to think of what a splendid
16
humanity to have an international language, we ought to consider it a duty
thing
will be for
it
to learn Esperanto, in order to give a
ample
to
others
in introducing
Esperanto
is
and has shown
it
and
to
encourage governments
into the schools.
already very strong in the world,

itself to
be an excellent means of
advancing the Peace Cause.
It will soon be
cially established, if it continues to
as it is
good ex-
now growing.
a merit to learn
it,
In that day
grow
as fast
it will
not be
because every one will do so;
but one will be either proud to have helped

fore, or
offi-
ashamed not
to
have done
It behooves every one to choose.
so.
it
be-
THE ELEMENTS OF THE ESPERANTO

LANGUAGE
The Ai-PHi!LBEI
A.
g
A
Vowels are pronounced
as
h
u
follows,
A
i
and each
They have no combina-
counts for one syllable.

tion with each other.
=
=
=
a
e
t
a in
^'^star'^
e in "there"
i
i^
Do
in "clique"
=
=
o in "for^'
u in "rule"
not drag the vowels.
Consonants are pronounced as in English, except the following:

c
^
y
=
=
^
=
=
ts
in
"Tsar"
_;
ch in "church"
g in "good"
g in "gem"
y in "boy" or "yes"
^^
;i
= in "pleasure"
= in "see"
= sh in "she"
= kh
=w
s
Every letter keeps always the same sound.

Every word is written as it is pronounced. The
accent always falls on the last syllable but one:
TcMiti,
EsperAnto, gardEno, Anhau, maTbonaj,

17
GRAMMAR
There are no exceptions
Article.
is
any
rule.
no indefinite
article in
Es-
Glaso means a glass.
peranto.
There
There
to
is
only one form of the definite article
la
used as the English the for singular and plural.
Substantives always end in
tdblo, table; la
bono, the good.
Adjectives always end in a: hona, good;

beautiful. La granda hato, the large cat.
The Plural
hela,
formed for adjectives and substantives by the adding of a j (pronounced as

the English y)
The
is
La
helaj katoj, the beautiful cats.
adjective always agrees with its
noun: La
tabloj estas bonaj, the tables are good.
Verbs
trinlci, to
in the infinitive end in i: paroli, to speak;
drink; molci, to mock.
The Present
tense ends in as\
mi
parolas, I
speak.
The Past
tense ends in is
you have mocked.

18
vi molcis,
you mocked,
The Future
tense ends in os
paroloSj he will
li
19
or shall speak.
The Conditional ends
in us:
ni
molcus,
we
would (or should) mock.

Purpose mode ends in u: parolu! speak! ni
moJcuI let us mock mi deziras Ice li parolu, I wish
!
that he
may
speak ; he
li
ne vundu, that he
may
not
wound.
Active Participle endings

Present in anta: parolanta, speaking.
Past in inta
parolinta, having spoken.
Future in onta parolonta, about

:
to speak.
Passive Participle endings:

Present in ata: moTcata, being mocked.
Past in ita
mohita, having been mocked.
Future in ota
They are
also
moTcota, about to be mocked.
changed into substantives, ad-
jectives, or adverbs:
la
parolanto, the speaker;
vundito, a
moTcanio, the mocker; la
wounded man.
Compound Tenses may
be formed by the help
of the only auxiliary in Esperanto
Mi
estis
by drinking;
trinhante,
esti,
parolanta, I was speaking.
Vi estis moMnta, you had mocked

having mocked).
Ni
to be.
estos vundataj,
we
will be
= you were
wounded.
20
The Pronouns
mi,
Si
it
I.
9h
it.
vi,
you.
ni, we.
li,
he.
vi,
she.
Hi, they.
si,
Ci,
are
you.
seldom used, means thou; oni means one.

the reflexive pronoun for the third person
is
means himself,
Li parolas
ditaj de
si,
al
si,
herself,
or themselves.
itself,
he speaks to himself. Hi
estis
vun-
they were wounded by themselves.
Possessive adjectives are formed by adding the
ending a: mia, my;

gia, its; nia,
own, her own,
via,
your;
our; via, your;

its
lia,
his; sia, her;
ilia, their.
own, their own,
is
8ia, his
used before a
complement belonging to the subject of the sentence. Mia patro promenas Tcun sia amiho Jcaj lia
filo, my father walks with his own friend and his
(the friend's) son.
Direct objects and adjectives qualifying them

take n at the end in order to permit a free and
variable construction of any sentence.
Mi trinkas honan hieron, I drink good beer;
Bonan
hieron
mi
trinkas; Bier on
mi
trinkas honan,
are all correct ways to build the same sentence.

vidis la largajn tahlojn,
we saw the wide
Ni
tables.
Li mokas min, he mocks me.

This ending n
may
be used instead of a preposi-
tion in cases where the
when
especially
time.
there
meaning
is
Instead of saying
to Paris,
one says
iras
AL en
says
Mi
la
Mi
is sufficiently clear,
the idea of direction or
Mi
iras
al Parizo,
iras Parizo^.
iras en la
go
Instead of
Mi
Instead of Iru al suh
cambroN,
Instead of
la tabloNl
camhro, I go into the chamber, one
tahlol go under the table, one
la
21
Al
says Iru suh
hie vi iras?
where do
you go ? one says KieN vi iras ? Instead of Restu

DUM tri tagojn! stay during three days, one says
Restu
tri
tagojn
etc.
In these examples the

of
al,
to;
dum, during,
n was used instead
final
etc.
The Comparative degree
is
formed by
pli. .ol,
more. .than.
Pli bona ol mi, better than
Pli rapide ol
Malpli granda
ol gi, less
The Superlative degree

most.
.of.
La
La
La
plej
bona
I.
hato, faster than a
el ni,
cat.
big than
is
it.
formed by plej
the best of us.
plej larga tablo, the widest table.
malplej larga, the least wide.
Equality
is
Tiel bona
Mel
expressed by
1% as
tiel. .kiel,
good as
he.
as. .as.
el,
22
Cardinal numbers
unu.
are invariable
nau.
5.
Jcvin.
2y du.
6,
ses.
10, deh.
S,
7,
sep.
100, cent.
1,
tri.
4, Jcvar.
Million
is
9,
1000, mil.
8, oJc.
milion.
The
tens
and hundreds are
formed by simple junction of the numerals: 20,

dudeJc; 30, trideh; 40, kvardek; 90, naudeh; 500,
Jcvincent; 11, deTc-unu; 12, deJc-du; 17, deh-sep;
64,
sesdeh-hvar;
78,
sepdeh-oh;
452,
kvarcent
Jcvindeh-du; 4927, hvarmil naucent dudek-sep.
Ordinals
are
formed by adding a
to the car-
dinals; 3d, ^rm; 56th, Icvindek-sesa; 21st, dudelc-
unua.
Fractionals are formed by adding ono a

duono; a quarter, kvarono; nine-tenths,
:
half,
nai^
dekonoj.
Multiples are formed by adding
ohla: double,
duohla; decuple, dekohla.
Collectives are formed by adding ope
dekope,
by tens ; centope, by hundreds.

Nouns, adjectives, and adverbs may be formed
from
all
unue,
firstly; due,
these, as, for instance:
dekduo, dozen;
secondly; duone, by halves,
etc.
Prepositions have in Esperanto precise values,

and one must be careful to translate an English
ESPERANTO AT A
preposition by
its
GLA:N"CE
logical rather
23
than by
ap-
its
parent equivalent in Esperanto.
He
He
He
with us^
lives
li
walks with me,
me
beat
with a
CE ni.
promenas
logas
li
stick,
li
kun
hatis
mi.
min per
has-
tono.
There are three prepositions to translate the

three ideas, logically different, contained in the
English preposition with.
When
one has doubts as to which preposition
to use for indefinite ideas, as in: at

at 3.20
m.
a.
on Monday next,
etc.,
what time?
the indefinite preposition je or the final

preposition: je
kioma horo?
je 3.20
may
one
use
n without
matene; lun-
don proksiman.
List of the Principal Prepositions
Al,
to.
Antau,
before.
Apud,
near.
at, with.
round, about.
Ce,
Cirkau,
Be,
Dum,
Ekster,
from.
during.
of,
En,
Cis,
Inter,
Kun,
Krom,
Per,
For,
Post,
Preter,
Pri,
by, by means of.

in order to, for.
after, behind.
beyond.
about, of.
for, on account
under.
over, above.
on, upon.
through.
Pro,
8uh,
Super,
in, into.
Sur,
till, until.
Tra,
between.
Trans,
across.
with.
except, besides, in addition to.
outside.
out
El,
Lau,
according to.
Malgrau, in spite of.
of.
Anstatau, instead, antau

for, are the
ol,
before,
only prepositions which
and
may be
of.
por,
used be-
24
fore
Anstatau
verbs.
antau
One
finitive is
The
must
of
telling;
before doing; por doni, in order to
ol fari,
give.
instead
diri,
observes
that in
Esperanto the
m-
used in such cases, and not the participle.
expressions without doing,
without telling,
be translated by in not doing, in not telling
ne farante, ne dirante.
The
da
preposition
of measure
multe da,
is
used for or after a word
much
of.
Principal Non-derived Adverbs

Adiau,
Jam,
adieu.
Almenau, at least.
Ankorau, again, yet.
also.
Ankau,
Au,
or.
Apenau,
scarcely.
Baldau,
Ec,
For,
soon.
even.
Jus,
Jes,
Ne,
yes.
no, not.
Nun,
now.
Nur,
only.
Preskau, almost.
Tuj,
Tute ne.
away.
already.
just, just now.
immediately.
not at all.
Jam. .ne, no. .more. Ne. .plu, no. .longer, î

jam lin ne audis. She heard him no more. Mi ne
atendos plu.
J en., j en,
ras,
jen
I shall wait
no longer.
sometimes, .sometimes.
si ridas.
Jen
si
plo-
Sometimes she weeps, sometimes
she laughs.
Ju pli. .des pli, the more, .the more. Ju pli

mi vidas lin, des pli mi admiras lin. The more I
see
him, the more I admire him.
25
List of the Principal Conjunctions

Alie,
Au. .au,
Car,
otherwise.
Do,
either, .or.
Nek. .nek, neither nor.

in order that.
Por ke,
Se tamen, if however.
Dum,
because.
while.
Ec
even
se,
Ja,
if.
indeed.
and.
Kaj,
Kvankam
although.
Se,
if.
Sed,
but.
therefore.
.
consequently.
Sekve,
8e nur,
if
Tamen,
however.
Cu
Cu
whether
whether
cii,
au,
only.
.
whether,
or.
Abbreviations.
(Jcaj tiel
Ic.t.p.
plu), and so forth.
{haj ceteraj), et cetera, &c.
Jc.c.
(tio Gstas), that is (to say).
t.e.
Interrogation is shown in Esperanto by the

little word cu, which can be translated by whether.
Putting this word before any positive sentence,
without changing anything in its order, makes it a
question.
Li
Cu
Cu
Cu
when
estas hona.
li
estas
He
hona?
good.
is
Is he
via patro lab oras?

is
good?
Does your father work?
used only for single questions
there
is
no word,
as what,
that
when, where,
is,
etc.,
which already shows the interrogation.
Kio
estas sur la tdblo?
What
The Eelative pronoun is
Iciu,
It takes j in the plural, as also
is
on the table?
who, which, that.
do
iu, ciu, tiu, etc.
26
Ui
a>
4-1
a
O
rJl
cq
"r-
a o
13
<x>
t-l
t^
0)
.a
DO
>
<
fl
>
H
Q
^^
Oi
S
O
<5>
03
OJ 33
>-
0)
ô
Si
t4
03^
5^
o
l1
CM
^ 8
03
T3
o 2
]
S3
why
wheref
e8
1!
-a
whai
*r^
.a
"r^
for
.2
gq"
g
O Q
Q
P5
P5
kind
t-i
<u
t1
S3
V
2
63 Si
u >->
!h
IB
every
I*
wa
man
each
wayg
<o
>
every
all
every
every
<-(
>
H
O
-5
e
^
*-
way
o
a>.
O G
kind
any
zi
any
03
e
^
sJ
o a
anyhow
somehow
some
some
e3
o
o
mann
."=^
oQ
PL.
t^
<u
o
a
kind
some
O
O
a
o
m 2
as 5
0) S3
<M
PI
PI
<l^
'a
ESPERANTO AT A GLAN'CE
ID
'So
CO
ê
Xi >.
o a
â
Mo
03
sa
^
OS
27
00
OQ 03
+0
/-s
>>
CO
Jo
5^
5^
a
'^
S
o a
<v
(3
0)
o*
o
a
o
a
>,
tc
quanti
CO
much
many
pronoi
?3
03
low liow
that
1.
fi
*.
be
which
hat
r^
who
<a
o o
CO
<0
0).
c3 S-
<o
"2
â
e3
O)
>>
one's
CO
anybody's
somebody's
any
II
II
O
03
qnantit
little)
somewhat
Ca
2
o
el
some
O
1
>^
bo
>^
-M
'r-i
c3
-M
PI
CO
11
t-(
>
EH
Ph
PI
hH
28
Those men who come,
The word
but
it
when
speaks?
a pronoun
Jciuj
when
it
venas.
is
alone,
Kiu parolas? Who

tie? Which tables are
before a noun.
is
Ki/uj tahloj estas
The Demonstrative
if
homoj,
corresponds to our adjectives what or which

it
there
Jciu is
tiuj
an adjective
before a noun, and a demonstrative pronoun if
tiu,
that, is
alone: tiu tdblo, that table; tiu ne venas, that peris
always a pronoun
deziras tion, I
want that. Both

become more pre-
son does not come. Tio, that,

for things
may
cise
mi
take the
:
tiu
little
this
ci,
Never use
tio,
"that''
that
(pronoun), instead of
Mi
all believe
may
Si to
tio ci, this thing.
that (conjunction).
I say that
adverb
diras
that.
vidis.
ke ciuj kredas tion.

Remember also that
also be a relative
ample, The dog that I saw,
Tee,
pronoun; for ex-
La hundo kiun mi
FORMATION OF WORDS
Grammatical endings may be used for the following purposes From the root parol' par oil, to
:
speak; parolo, speech; parola, oral; parole, orally.
From
the
warmly;
root
varm'
warm
varme,
vaporsipo,
steam-
varma,
varmo, the warmth.
la
Compound words may
be formed
Yaporo, steam; sipo, ship;

boat.
Tago, day; mezo, middle; tagmezo, noon.
(The
between two roots
may
be retained or
omitted as euphony requires.)
Prefixes
&o-
denotes relation hy marriage: patro, father.

hopatro, father-in-law.
frato,
brother,
ho-
frato, brother-in-law.
(as in English)
dis- denotes separation
throw,
disjeti, to
throw about, semi,
jeti,
to
to sow.
dissemi, to disseminate.
elc.
denotes
hrili,
sing,
beginning
to shine,
and momentary action
elchrili,
elclcanti, to start
29
to flash.
singing.
Tcanti,
to
30
denotes persons of both sexes taken together:
ge-
gemastroj, master and mis-
mastro, master,
tress.
onMo, uncle, geonhloj, uncle and aunt.
gepatroj, parents.
mal- denotes opposite ideas

poor,
malfermi, to open.
fermi, to shut,
denotes return and repetition
re-
come back,
reveni, to
malrica,
rica, rich,
veni, to come.
trili, to shine,
rebrili,
to reflect.
Suffixes
-ad
denotes duration and continuution of action

pafo, a shot,
look
pafado, shooting,
rigardadi, to view,
at.
rigardi, to
instrui, to teach.
instruado, teaching,
denotes
-a;
concrete ideas
soft material,
mola,
soft,
amika, friendly,
molajo,
amikajo,
kindness.
-an
denotes
an inhabitant, member, or partisan:
London.
Londono,
Kristo, Christ.
-ar
denotes a
Londonano,
Londoner.
Kristano, a Christian.
collection of things
vortaro, a dictionary,
vorto, a word.
arbo, a tree,
arbaro,
Si
forest.
denotes
-ebl
to
see.
possibility (Engl, -able
videbla,
visible,
kredi,
-ible)
to
vidi,
believe.
Jcredebla, credible.
denotes
-ec
abstract ideas:
mola,
soft,
moleco.
amikeco, friend-
amihe, friendly,
softness,
31
ship.
-
-eg
denotes
enlargement,
intensity
degree:
of
domo, a house, domego, a mansion,

warm, varmega, hot.
-ej
denotes
place
lernejo,
allotted
school.
to
Tcuiri,
lerni,
learn.
to
cook.
to
varma,
Icuirejo,
kitchen.
-em
denotes
propensity
to chatter,
disposition:
hahili,
hahilema, loquacious, hredi, to be-
Tcredema,
lieve.
or
credulous,
paroli,
to
talk.
parolema, talkative.
denotes
one object of a collection', mono,

monero, coin, sahlo, sand, sablero,
-er
money,
grain of sand.
denotes a chief or leader:

regno,
captain,
regnestro,
denotes diminution of degree,
sipo, ship,
-estr
stro,
-et
state,
etc.
pond,
lageto,
varma, warm,
siperuler.
lago, lake.
varmeta, luke-
warm.
'id
denotes the young

cat.
Tcatido,
descendant of: Icato,

hundo, dog. hundldo,
of, the
a kitten,
a puppy.
-ig
denotes
causing
dead, mortigi, to
to set
'ig
on
denotes
kill,
he:
morta,
hruli, to burn,
hruligi,
to
fire.
the action of becoming:
rugigi, to blush,
become
something
fluida, fluid,
fluid; to melt.
ruga, red.
fluidigi, to
32
denotes a
or instrument
a gimlet,
shave,
'ind denotes worthiness:
admiri,
tool
'il
horilo,
razi, to
hori, to drill.
a razor.
razilo,
admire.
to
admirinda, worthy of admiration, memori, to
remember, memorinda, memorable.

-ing
denotes holder
plumingo, penholder,
plumo, pen.
denotes
aunt.
denotes
feminines
trade,
-ist
drug,
uncle.
occupation:
or
profession,
a druggist,
denotes container of material or a

monujo,
hoto,
bootmaker.
'UJ
inho, ink.
onTclinOj
Icohino^ hen.
drogisto,
hotistOj a
boot.
onklo,
cock.
Tcolco,
drogo,
kandelo,
handelingo, candlestick.
candle,
'in
into which one object is put
inkstand,
inJcujo,
purse.
collection:
mono, money.
sugar.
sulcero,
suJcerujo,
sugar-bowl.
-ul
denotes
man
hrava, brave,
beautiful,
giho,
"Um
hravulo,
helulino,
hump,
indefinite
remarlcahle for some quality,
gihulo,
suffix
forming words as
tions',
a brave man.
beauty
hela,
(feminine).
humpback.
playing
''je''
similar
among
plena, full; plenumi, to
wind; ventumilo, fan.
the
role
preposi-
fulfil,
vento,
cross;
Tcruco,
in
IcrU'
cumi, crucify.
Examples: Malgajeco,
gaf, gay; eco, quality.
sadness.
Mai, contrary;
Malfaciligi, to
make
diffi-
cult.
Mai, contrary;
facil'j
easy;
igij to
33
make, to
cause something to be.
ESPERANTO TEXTS
"Simpla, fleksebla, belsona, vere internacia en
siaj
elementoj, la lingvo Esperanto prezentas al la
mondo
civilizita la sole
ternacia
itaj,
car, tre f acila
veran solvon de lingvo inpor homoj nemulte instru-
Esperanto estas komprenata sen peno de la
personoj
bone edukitaj.
Mil faktoj
meriton praktikan de la nomita
lingvo.''
atestas
la
RAKONTO
Mallume kaj nigre
estas
en
la
koro de malfelica
patrino, kiu devas vidi, kiel siaj idetoj suf eras mal-
saton/kaj
viligi tiun
si
havas nenion, per kiu
si
povus trank-
obstinan postulanton, la stomakon.
La nombro da
tiaj patrinoj inter la
Nov-Jorka
ankau en la bonaj
tempo j, kaj kiam venas la tempo j malbonaj, kiam
venas ekonomia krizo, tin nombro pli grandigas
laboristaro estas sufice granda
kaj mnltigas.
Kiam
:{:
H:
Linjo, okjara knabineto, venis
hejmen
el
la lernejo, si diris al sia patrino
"Patrineto,
La
mi
estas malsata!"
patrino de Lin jo ne havis en la
pecon da pano, kaj
tial
domo
ec
la koro de la malfelica
virino kvazati dissirigis pro doloro, kaj sia pala,
mizera vizago farigis ankoraii

toj
pli pala
pro la vor-
de sia inf ano.
"Mi
tute
ne
scias
kion doni
al vi
por mangi/'
diris la patrino.
"Kion ajn/^ respondis la lerneja knabineto.

"Nenio estas en la domo, mia infano/^
"Mi
estas tre, tre malsata
34
35
"Jen baldau alvenos patreto kaj alportos monon

tiam mi
iros aceti ion por
"Kiam
venos patreto?'' Linjo demandis.
"Baldaii,
mia infano/' respondis
malforta voco, kaj

si
mem
sia
domo ne
la
voco
estis
la patrino per
malforta
tial,
car
forte dubis pri sia promeso.
Frumatene, kiam
en
mangi."
la patro de
estas peco
Linjo ekvidis, ke
da pano^
li
foriris
al
amikoj, kun la espero ricevi prunte kelkajn dola-
Kaj
rojn.
antaii la foriro lia edzino diris al li:
neman-
"Sciu, ke Linjo foriris en la lernejon

!"
ginta
"Mi
scias,
mi
scias/'
li
respondis per voco sufo-
kata de larmoj.
"Vi devas
alporti
iom da mono
al la
se ne, Linjo posttagmeze ree devos iri
tagmango,
en
la lerne-
jon nemanginta."
"Mi
revenos antaii tagmeze.''
"Vi devas
ke
scii,
pruntepreni ion,
mi jam ne havas
lokon, kie
mi ne povas pruntepreni
rompitan cendon,"
la
ec dis-
virino klarigis al sia edzo la
situacion, "kaj en la spice jo oni ne pruntedonos
nnu terpomon. Mi jam ne povas montrigi en la strato, car mi suldas monon al ciuj najbaroj
al unu nikelmoneron, al la dna dekcendon
al
mi
ec
kaj al la tria kvarondolaron."
"Bone, bone," respondis la edzo.
"Vi devas reveni
antaii la tagmezo, se ne,
malsatos," la virino minacis la edzon.
Linjo
ESPEEAISTTO AT A
36
GLANCE
Kaj tamen la patro de Lin jo ne venis tagmeze

kaj nun estas jam baldau vespero kaj li ankoraii
ne
estas hejme.
La
ne
koro de la virino estas maltrankvila,
scias
kion pripensi pri
sia edzo.
Si tute
Diversaj, teru-
Sed tamen si esperis, ke la ezdo baldau venos.

Kaj si konsolas sin
kaj la malfelican infanon per tiu ci espero.
Sed
ankaii tiu ci espero ciuminute pli malfortigas.
"Patrineto, mi volas mangi."
La patrino eksaltas kvazaii serpento ekmordus
raj pensoj trakuris sian kapon.
sin.
"Ou vi scias, mia infano, iru en la spicejon V

"Mi iros, patrineto, mi iros/^ Lin jo diris
kun mieno de kontenteco pro la propono de la
patrino.
"Alportu bulkojn por

ton da butero/'
tri
la patrino
cendoj kaj kvaronfun-
ordonas kion alporti
el
la spice jo.
"Donu
Sur
al
mi monon,"
la vizago
de la patrino montrigas mieno
de maldolca ironio kaj
"Diru
petas Linjo.
al la spicisto,
si
diras al la inf ano
ke poste
mi
estos en la bu-
tiko kaj pages al li."
"Bone/^ respondas Linjo.
Kaj
la infano foriris
Kaj
en la spicejon.
trino sidas kaj atendas, kaj atendante,
si
la pa-
ciam pen-
sas pri tio, kion la spicisto respondos al la infano.
Jen sajnas
al si,
ke la butiko estas plena de viri-
Lin jo
noj.
eniras, petas bulkojn kaj buteron, la
spicista elpelas la infanon.

al ciuj virinoj,
kaj
Kaj poste
ke oni suldas al
ne volas pagi
oni
37
al
li
rakontas
multe da mono
kaj
li,
li
oni
ankoraii
havas arogantecon sendi infanon por ree pruntepreni.
Si sentas ke la sango venas en sian vizagon pro
honto.
Si
jam
bedaiiras, ke si sendis la infanon.
Sed jen Lin jo revenas.
La
patrino tuj ekvidas, ke la infano revenis
kun
malplenaj manoj, kaj ree sia koro dissirigas.
"Nu,
kion?''
demandas
la patrino malfacile spi-
rante.
"La
"Cu
spicisto diris, ke vi
mem
venu."
iu estis en butiko?" la patrino demandas.
"Neriiu, nwr la spicisto."
La
patrino ekspiras pli facile.
mi
"Iru, patrineto, en la butikon
volas mangi/'
petas la infano.
"Jen
baldaii patreto alvenos kaj tiam
"Kiam
ris la
iros."
patreto alvenos ?"
"Baldaii, Linjeto.
"Mi
mi
iros
Li devas baldaii alveni."
en la straton vidi cu
li
jam
iras/' ekdi-
malsata knabineto.
"Jes,
mia
infano, iru!'^
Kaj Lin jo forkuris en la straton.

Poste si tuj alkuras kun granda gojo.
"Eigardu, patrineto, rigardu!
Vidu kion mi
trovis ?
monon !"
38
Kaj Linjo montris paperan monbileton.

*^^Dolaro !" la patrino ekkriis per nehomaj
^'dolaro'
Inf ano mia, Linjeto
Kiel
fortaj,
Kie,
mia
karulino ?"
"Apud la domo.'^
La virino tremis pro felico.
"Nun mi kiiros en la butikon
aceti
bonajn man-
gajojn kaj prepares por mia felica filineto karan,
bonan tagmangon/'
"Kaj mi
scias
la
patrino ekkriis pro
kin perdis la dolaron/' Linjo
diris tute senkulpe.
La koro de
1'
patrino forte ekfrapis.
"Kiel vi scias tion?'^
"Mi
vidis sinjorinon
Newman,
de la
unua
etago,
serci ion."
"Kiel do vi scias kion
si
sercis?"
"Tesi, sia knabineto, diris al

dis
mi Patrineto
:
per-
monon."
"Cu
vi diris al Tesi, ke vi trovis
la patrino
gin ?" demandas
per siifokita voco.
"Ne, mi ne
diris;
mi
venis antaue rakonti al
vi/'
Stono defalis de la koro de
Sed
La
1'
patrino.
tuj sia vizago kovrigas per
mnltpeza nnbo.
patrino de Linjo ne estas malklera virino;
edukado, kaj
tial si
ciam penadis enradikigi bonajn morojn en
la ko-
î
scias la signifon de infana
reto de sia
malgranda
filineto,
HI
39
nun faru? Kiel agi? Cu si forprenu

Kaj se Linjo faros demandojn?
la dolaron?
Kian respondon si havos ? KaJ se Linjo knros malsupren kaj babilos, ke si trovis la dolaron? Cu
si ordonu al Linjo silenti ?
Kiel la knabineto komprenos tion? Cu si ne regardos la patrinon^ kiel
^Kion
si
Tiuj kaj
stelintinon?
aliaj similaj
pensoj treege
turmentis la malfelican patrinon.
mi
"Patrineto,
man: cu
si
iros
demandi sinjorinon New-
perdis la dolaron?'^ Linjo ekdiris tute
senkulpe.
La
Iru
"Jes.
kun koro
patrino
kvazaii malviva atendis la
revenon de Linjo.
^Êble
la
infano
faras
dolaro ne apartenas al sinjorino N."

provis esperi.
Sed
Eble
ian eraron.
sia espero
la
la patrino
baldau malaperis.
Linjo revenis.
"Jes, patrineto, la dolaro estas de sinjorino
^^Kion
"Si
iris
si diris?'^
diris,
demandas
N."
la patrino.
ke mi estas tre bona laiabino.
en kukejon, acetis kukojn kaj
volis
doni
Si
al
mi.^^
"Nu, kial vi ne prenis?"

"Vi ja ciam diris al mi, ke mi nenion prenu de
iu,"
Linjo respondis demandante, per voco sufo-
kata de larmoj, kaj ekploris.

"Linjeto,
infano
mia!^'
la
patrino
komencis
ESPEEAISTTO AT A
40
GLANCE
"Jen alvenas patreto.

kukojn, kiom vi nur volos/*
kisadi la infanon.
acetos por vi
"Mi
estas malsata, patrineto!''
Kaj
la malfelica patrino
ploris
kune kun
Kaj mi
ne eltenis plu kaj ek-
sia infano.
Ldu jargona
originalo esperantigis.
B. V. Eeich.
To
any Esperanto text one must look

in the vocabulary, which contains all the roots and
translate
suffixes
without their endings
a, o, e, etc.
VOCABULARY
ESPERANTO
This contains
all
ENGLISH
the words of the Universala
Vortaro of Dr. Zamenhof, with the exception of a
few rarely used zoological and botanical names of

Latin origin, and a small number of words taken
from the English language, which

national use and significance (such
are of interas lohomotiv\
talent', horizontal', etc.).
n.=noun;
Abbreviations:
intr. =:intransitive
d. or den.
t.
tr.=transitive;
= termination
e.
=ending
= denotes.
admir, admire
admon, admonish
a,
ador, adore
of adj.
t.
ahat' abbot
aheV , bee
adult',
abi\
aer', air
to
commit adul-
tery
^
fir
ahon\ subscribe
(to ]our-
afahT, affable, kind

afeht', to be affected
nal)
acer, maple
acid', acid, sour
afer', affair,
buy
afranh', put
acet',
duration
adiau, good-bye
business
matter
ad', d.
letter
ag', act
41
stamp on a
42
agV , eagle
ampleks, extent
agord', tune (instr.)
amuz, amuse
an\ d. member
agrdbV, agreeable
ag, age
ajV, garlic
Icm who,
ajn whoever
ajn, ever;
Tciu
concrete ideas
aJcceT, to hasten (tr.)
ok cent' , accent
akcept' , accept, welcome
ahcipitr, hawk
alcir, acquire
af,
d.
ahn\ pimple
akompan accompany
,
dkr\ sharp
ahrid', grasshopper
axle
alcs\
dkus , deliver a
dkv, water
woman
al, to
aland', lark
(bird)
anas',
duck
angW,
eel
anguV, corner, angle

angel', angel
anim', soul
anhau, also
anhorau, yet,
anhr anchor
still
anonc, announce
anser, goose
anstatau, instead of
anf , e. of pres. part. act.
antaUj before
antihv, old (hist.)
apart', separate (adj.)
aparten, belong
apenau, scarcely
aper, appear
apog', lean (vb.)
April' , April
other
almenaii, at least
aproh', approve
almoz, alms
aZ^', high
ar
altern
arane, spider
a?i/.c?',
allude
a/t',
alternate
alumet', match, lucifer
am,
love
amas, crowd, mass

amhau, both
ambos, anvil
ameV
amilc
starch
friend
apud, near, by
,
d. collection
arh', tree
bow, fiddlestick
heron
ardez, slate
arc'^
arde',
argil', clay
argent', silver
arZ;',
arch,
ar^', art
bow
ESPEEANTO AT A
cunning
artifiJc',
artik', joint
as, e. of pres. tense
of pr. part. pas.
at' , e.
attack
atalci',
atenc, attempt
atend' , wait, expect
atent\ attentive
atesf, attest, certify
ating
attain, arrive at
atut' ,
trump
au, or, au. .au either, .or

aud', hear
August', August
aushuW
autun
autumn
av
listen
grandfather
avar', avaricious
aveV hazelnut
aven, oats
aventur adventure
,
warn
avert' ,
avid' , covet, eager for
azen
ass,
donkey
azot' , nitrogen
tahiV, chatter
hagateV, trifle
bake
hala, sweep
talc' ,
talanc',
w ay, swing
(tr.)
halhut',
stammer
43
haldau, soon
halen, whale
han, bathe
hanV, bow
(tr.)
(of ribbon)
baptize
har , bar, obstruct
haraJvf, struggle
Ijapt',
beard
barb',
barbir, barber
bareV, keg, barrel
basV, coat
tail
boston', stick
bat', beat
bataV, fight
bed',
bed (garden)
bedaur' , pity, regret

beh',
beak
beV , beautiful, fine

ben, bless
bench
benh',
ber, berry
best', beast,
animal
betuV, birch (tree)

bezon , need, want
bien, goods, estate
bier
GLAJSTCE
beer
bind' , bind
(books)
bird' , bird
blanTc',
white
cry (of beasts)

blind', blind
blond', fair (of hair)
blov, blow
blu , blue
bo , d. relat. by marriage
bleh',
44
hoaf, boat
hof, bark (dog's)
loV, boil (intr.)
bulk', roll
hon, good
burgon' , bud
bus, mouth
buter, butter
butih', shop
hor, bore
burg, citizen
(tr.)
bank
hord', shore,
(bread)
burd', drone (insect)
border, border, hem

hors\ bourse, exchange
hot\ boot
buton' , button'
hotel', bottle
hov',
ox
arm
hrak',
hrarri
(of the
body)
bream
hranc, branch
trand', brandy
hrasih',
cabbage
ced', to yield
cornflower
aim, object
cend', cent (coin)
cejan',
eel',
hundred
cent,
cerb', brain,
bref, shelf
cert', certain,
brid', bridle
bink', brick
cerv, deer
hrit, shine (intr.)
ceter, rest,
broc\ brooch
brod',
embroider
brog', scald
bras, brush
bru, noise
brut, burn (intr.)
brun' , brown
brusf, chest, breast
bruf, brute, cattle
bub', lad, urchin
cigar', cigar
cigared' , cigarette
cign'-,
swan
stork
cikoni',
bug
cim',
cindr , ash, cinder

ctr', shoe-polish
cirJconstanc,
r c
u m-
stance
cirhuler
buV, clod, ball
citron
onion
sure
remaining
cifer, cypher, numeral
buc, slaughter
buf, toad
buM', ringlet, curl
bulb', bulb^
mind
circular
tice)
cit' ,
mention
lemon
cite,
,
coV, inch
(no-
cagren
cihan , chicanery
cio, everything, all
clom, all of it
cirhaUy round, about
ciu, each, every one
ciz
chisel, carve
cj', d. masc.
affect, diminutives
cu, whether; asks a ques-
grieve (tr.)
Samhr, room
can', cock
(of a
45
gun)
cap\ cap
capel\ hat
capitr, chapter
car, for, because
carlatan, charlatan
tion
carm\ charm
carnir, hinge
carpent', carpentry
cas, hunt, chase
D
da
chaste
cast' ,
ce, at, with

cef chief
cemiz shirt
cen , chain
ceriz , cherry
,
pound
danc, dance
(from any
ces, cease, desist

d.
proximity:
there; tie ci, here

every (kind)
ciam, always
cia,
cie,
ciel,
everywhere
in every
manner
cieV , heaven, sky

cies,
everybody's
cif, crumple, crease
cifon, rag
meat
dand' , dandy
ceval' , horse
ci^
of
dahtiV , date (fruit)
cerlc, coffin
cerp, draw
source)
used instead of de
words expressing
weight or measure
funto da viando, a
is
after
tie
danger, danger
dank' , thank
dat', date (time)
daur , endure, last
de of, from; with pass,
part,
hy
becoming
Decemhr, December
dec
decid',
decide
(tr.)
decifr, decipher
dedic, dedicate
defend', defend
thaw
dejor, be on duty
degel' ,
46
dek, ten
disting', distinguish
deTcliv, slope
distr\ distract
dekstr, right-hand
diven, divine, guess
delir, be delirious
divers', various, diverse
demand', ask
dens, dense, close
divid', divide
do, then, accordingly
sweet
dent', tooth
dole',
denunc, denounce
dolor', pain,
depend', depend
des, the (ju. .des the.
dom', house
.
(it is a)
don give
donac make
the)^
desegn
domag
ache
design
a present
detaV, detail
dorlot' , coddle
detru , destroy
dev , mnst, dev'ig' compel
dorn
deviz
device,
dezert', (the)
motto
desert
dezir, desire, wish

Di',
pity
God
diahl' , devil
dorm
(the) back
dors',
dowry
dot' ,
drap
sleep
thorn
woolen cloth
dras, thrash
dres', train (animal)
dihoc, debauchery
difeM', to damage
diferenc, differ
difin, define, destine
dig', dike
drog' drug
dron, drown, sink (intr.)
du, two
dub', doubt
dih', thick, stout
duTc',
diht', dictate
during, while,
whilst
dung' , hire (servant)
diligent', diligent
dimanc
Sunday
drinV, drink
(to excess)
duke
dum,
dir, say, tell
direM
direct, steer
dis, d. separation
dishont', discount
dispon, dispose
disput', dispute
e,
t.
of adv.
eben, even, smooth

ehV, d. possibility
ESPERANTO AT A GliANCE
envy
ec\ d. abst. idea

ec, even (adv.)
edif, edify
eduk', educate
envi
edz, husband
ermif, hermit
efeMiv , real, actual

efih' , have effect
eg, d. increase
egaV , equal
efi, echo
erp',
ef, d. place allotted to

e, d. sudden or open-
ing act
unit
d.
erar, error, mistake

erinac, hedgehog
harrow
escept' , except
eslcadr,
squadron
esper, hope
esplor', explore
esprim, express
est', be (verb aux.)
estim
(who has been)
eks', ex-
er
esting',
esteem
extinguish
ehscit' , excite
estr, d. chief
ehshurs, trip
elcsped' , dispatch
esafod', scaffold
ekster, outside
ehsterm , crush out

ekstrem, extreme
ekzamen, examine
ekzempV example
,
ef , d. diminution
etag, story (of house)
etend', extend (tr.)
etern, eternal
evif, avoid
ezok', pike (fish)
ehzerc, exercise
ekziV, banish
ekzist', exist
el,
out
of,
fah',
from among
elefant\ elephant
eleM choose
em\ d. propensity
,
embaras', puzzle, embarrass
embuslc, ambush
47
bean
fabel' , tale, story
fabV, fable
fahrik', factory
facil', easy
faden, thread
fag, beech-tree
enigm, puzzle
fajf, whistle
fajV, file (tool)
entrepren', undertake
fajr', fire
enu'f be wearied
fah'f
compartment
48
faM', fact
faJctur, invoice
fervor zeal
/esf , festival
festen , banquet
fianc, betrothed
,
far, fall
mow, cut
falc,
grass
fald\ fold
falcon
fihr, fibre
upon
^^', to rely
falk'y
fals, falsify
fideV, faithful
fam, fame, rumour

famiW, family
fier,
fand', cast (metal)
figur
fantom, ghost
fiV,
far , do, make

faring, pharynx
farm , take on lease
(well or
fart', be
well)
fllik' ,
farun
fask',
bundle
proud
image, represent
son
,
fern
fin, end, finish (tr.)

fingr' , finger
un-
firm' , firm
^5', fish
flam' , flame
flour
flank' ,
side,
flank
/?ar',
smell
/^rtf^
flatter
favor , favour
fazan, pheasant
flav
yellow
nurse (the sick)
fehr, fever
flelcs
/?iZ;',
patch,
fast\ fast (vb.)

fauh', jaws, gullet
Fehruar
February
fee, lees, sediment

fein', fairy
fel' , hide, fleece
happy, lucky
felic,
felt
felt',
femur
split, rive
ferdeJc',
deck (of ship)
ferm'y shut, close
mend
flirt
floh' , flake
ôr', flower
ôs', raft
,
flow
fly
M',.
(tr.)
bend
flit,
flirt',
flu
thigh
fend'
fenestr, window
fer , iron
,
fleg',
(tr.)
fluid'
(vb.)
fluid
/?izf, flute
foir, fair (subst.)

/o;',
time
&c.)
(three times,
fromag, cheese
fojn\ hay
foh', seal
(animal)
frost',
frost
rub
fru, early
foil, leaf, sheet
frot',
fond', found, start

font'y spring, fount
frugileg' , rook
fontan, fountain
for, forth, out,
forges
away
forget
forg, forge, smithy

for, fork
form', shape
formilc', ant
forn', stove, furnace
fort', strength
fortih', strong, solid
fos,^ dig
fruM', fruit
frunt', forehead
ftiz, phthisis
fulg', soot
fulm, lightning
fum', smoke
fund', bottom
fundament', foundation
funehr', funeral
funeT, funnel
fung',
fost', post,
stake
frag',
strawberry
fraj',
spawn
frah', dress coat
frakas, shatter
fraksen' , ash (tree)
frarnason, freemason
framV, raspberry
fraud', -ajo, sweets, dain-
funt',
mushroom
pound
furag, forage
furioz, rage
fus, bungle
fut', foot (measure)
9(^]ym, merry
gajn
ties
gain, earn
gaV, gall
frang, fringe
frap, hit, strike
frai', brother
frauV, bachelor
galos, rubber-shoe
gamas', gaiter
gant', glove
fremd', foreign
frenez, crazy, mad
garb', sheaf, shock
fres, fresh,
fripon',
friz',
49
new
rogue
dress (hair)
garanti', guarantee
gard',
guard
gargar, rinse, gargle

gas, gas
50
guest
gast',
gazet',
newspaper
ge
both sexes
general
d.
general',
grinc, to grate (intr.)

griz, grey
gros, gooseberry
(mili- gru, crane (bird)
glaci', ice
grup, group
gudr , tar
gum gum, mucilage
gurd', barrel organ
gust', taste (noun)
glad'y to iron
gut', drop, drip
glan, acorn
guvern',
tary officer)
gent' , tribe
genu
knee
gest\ gesture
tumbler
smooth
glaf,
glav, sword
glW, glide, slide
glas', glass,
-istino,
govern-
ess
gvardi',
gvid', to
guard (military)
guide
gloh', globe
G
^j
glor, glory
glu, glue
glut',
garden', garden
gem', groan
graci', graceful
general', general
grad', degree
g7'af', earl,
gentiV , polite
germ' , germ
grand', great, tall
gib',
gras, fat
grat', scratch
gratuV, congratulate
giraf, giraffe
gis, until, as faras
swallow (vb.)
gorg, throat
count
grajn, a grain, pip
important
graved', pregnant
gravur, engrave
gren\ grain
grav',
gri',
cricket
hump
gof, joy, glad

gu, enjoy
gust', exact, right
XX
(insect)
(adj.)
gi, ît
gruel
grifeV, slatepencil
gril',
gen, incommode
/la,
ah
/t^yr, hail
to
Jiak',
chop
great room, hall

haladz, bad exhalation
halt', stop (intr.)
har, hair
Jial' ,
sacred host
hosti',
huf, hoof
humil',
humble
humor', humour, temper

hund' , dog
harden
hard'y
haring', herring
harp, harp
skin, hairless
haitt',
have
haven port, harbour
heder , ivy
hav',
hejm
/ie;^',
home
grass
hered', inherit
hero', hero
hierau, yesterday
hipohrit', feign
hirud', leech
hirund', swallow (bird)
/ier5',
porcupine
ho ! oh
hodiau, to-day
histrik' ,
hoh',
fiaos
fienii,
fiimer
chaos
chemical
,
chimera
cholera
hor, chorus, choir
holer
heat (vb.)
hel\ bright, glaring

help , help
hepat' , liver
?iom',
51
hook
man
of infinitive
t.
i,
some (any) kind

ial, for some (any) cause,
ia,
reason
iam, at some (any) time,
ever, once
id', d, descendant of
ide', idea
ie, some-, anywhere
iel, some-, anyhow
ies, some-, any one's
ig' , d. causing to be
ig
d.
becoming
instrument
honest', honest
honor, honour
^T, d.
shame
hor, hour
ilumin, illuminate
imag' imagine
horde barley
horlog, clock, watch
imit' , imitate
hont',
Hi, they,
them
imperi',
empire
52
implih' , entangle
felt,
influence
provoke,
incit' ,
if, d. past part.
some-, any one
iu,
feminine
in', d.
profession
d.
ist',
impres, impression
izoV, isolate
incite,
tease
worthy of
ind! , d.
indign, indignant
indulg' , to be indulgent
infan', child
infeM\ infect
of the plural
t.
j,
ja, in fact
jacket
jam, already
jalc',
infer', hell
Januar
influ\ influence
jar
ing\
je,
d.
holder
iniciat', initiate
jes,
inhlin, inclined to
inseht' , insect
ju
ensnare
instig', instigate
instrii
teach
insuV, island
insult\ insult, abuse
January
indefinite preposition
jen, behold
mh', ink
insid',
year
des, the. .the
yoke
jugland' walnut
jug, judge
,
juV
itch
July
Juli' ,
jun
young
inter es
just', just,
intern
interest
inner, inside
jug',
Ju7ii',
lo
yes
past part. act.

intenc, intend
inter, between, among
int' ,
jung', to couple, harness
June
jup, petticoat, skirt

righteous
juveV , jewel
intest', intestine
intrig' , to plot
invit'y invite
jaluz jealous
some-, anything
iom'y a little, some, rather jaud', Thursday
io^
iV,
go
iSj d.
jet' ,
past tense
throAV
jongT, juggle
jur , swear
jus , just, at
hanhr', crayfish
the
very hant' , sing
moment
hap, head
hapahV, capable
hap el' , chapel
K
Tcadr
frail
coffee
Icag, cage
'kaj,
harh', coal
dutch
Tvohel' ,
tile
and
hut
corn (on foot)
Tcajut' , cabin,
hal^,
Icaldron, boiler
hales
carriage
chalice,
Jcalik'f
hard', thistle
hares
paper-covered book
Jcajer,
whim
hapf, catch
har, dear
haraf, carafe, decanter
Tcaduk' ,
leaf
hapr', goat
hapric
pap
frame
Tcac,
cup
caress
harot', carrot
harp, carp
card,
hart',
(fish)
map
harton , cardboard
has' , cash box
haseroV , stewpan
IcaW, lime
hash' , helmet
Icallcan, heel
hasteV castle
hastor beaver
has , hide (vb.)
hastan chestnut
,
IcalkuV, reckon
Icalson'f
underdrawers
Tcalumni' , slander
hamhi'
bill
of exchange
hamel', camel
hat', cat
hanajV, scoundrel
hatar, catarrh
haten, fetter
haiiz, cause
hav', cave, hollow
havern, cavern
haz, case (gram.)
he, that (conj.)
hanap
heV, cellar
ham en
fireplace
hamer, camera
hamp
field
han, cane
hanaV hemp
,
sofa,
lounge
hanari', canary
handeV , candle
helh', some, several

helner, waiter
53
54
hern, kernel
hest', chest, box
hia, what kind of
Jcial, why, wherefore
Iciam,
Tcie,
when
where
Mel, how, as
whose
what (thing)
Icies,
Icio,
Tciom,
his
kiss
Tciu,
how much
who, which
fathom (ms.)
clear, plain
Mas', class, sort

Mav', key (piano)
educated
j^?er',
Min, bend,
sluice
hnab' , boy
Tcned' , to
knead
kohold', goblin,
Aô/n',
/toA;',
holes
homenc
commence
(tr.)
homerc, trade
homfor", comfort
komisi'. commission
homitat', committee
homiz, clerk
homod' chest of drawers
hompar, compare
hompat' to pity
homplez\ obliging, kind
,
wedge
cock
hip
hompost', set (type)

hompren', understand
homun common
know (be acquaint,
hon' ,
ed with)
incline
Mopod', take trouble

A;/w2;',
comma
homh', comb
hlaft',
Tclar
horn' ,
hondamn
condemn
hondic, stipulation
honduk', to conduct
hondut, to behave
honfid', to trust
imp
honfuz, to confuse
honh' , shell
honMud' , conclude, infer
honhur
compete
enter into- com-
ôr, neck
holhas, sausage
honhurs
holeg', colleague
honsci', be conscious
holeht' , collect
honserv
petition
holer , angry
holomh', dove
preserve
honsiV, to advise
honsol' , console
holon, column
honstat' , to
holor, colour
hoVum,
collar
state,
lish (a fact)
honstern'j
amaze
estab-
Tconstru, to build
Icontant',
cash
down
Icontor, office (com.)

Icontrau, against
Iconven, to suit, befitting
honvinJc', convince
heart
basket
Icord', cord (music)
horeM', to correct
Icorlc, cork
chalk
hrev, burst (intr.)
'kri' , cry, shout
TcriW, to sift
Icret' ,
hrim'f crime
hripV, crippled
Icor,
Icroc
Jcorh',
'krom,
horn
body
horn',
Jcorp,
raven
Tcost' , cost,
price
dirt
Icot',
to,
besides,
hoturn', quail (bird)
to brood
hron, crown
Icroz, to cruise
raw
Tcrud',
cruel
Icruel',
Jcrur, leg
steep
hubut' , elbow
kudr' , sew
woman's cap
A;i^/',
Icoverf, envelope
A;w^r, bullet
]covr\ cover
'kuir
Icrac, spit (saliva)
Z;^^^;'^
hrad', grate
hukol' , cuckoo
Icrajon', pencil
Icramp
clamp
Z;ran', tap,
spigot
hrani', skull
Icravat', cravat
hre, create
Tcred',
believe
hrem, cream
Icren
cling to
in
ad-
dition to
A;ri^f,
Jcoton, cotton
A:oi;',
hook
kruc , jug, pitcher

hruc\ cross
hort\ court, yard
horv
55
horse-radish
(wild)
hresh'y grow, increase
cook
cooky, cake
hukum, cucumber
hukurb', pumpkin
kuV, gnat
kuler , spoon
kulp', fault,
kun, with,
blame
kune
together
kunikV rabbit
kupr , copper
kur', to run
kurac cure, treat
kurag courage
,
56
curve
Imrten, curtain
I'lisen, cushion
l:us, lie
Icutim
tongue
lang',
Ivurh',
lantern, lantern
down, fluff
bacon
broad, wide
lanug',
(down)
custom
lard' ,
larg',
huv, tub, vat
laring' , larynx
Imz
larm', tear
cousin
(of eye)
kvankam, although
las' , leave,, let
quantity
Icvar, four
TcvartaV ,
quarter
last', last, latest
lev ant' ,
town)
hviet' ,
laub, green arbour
laud' , praise
hvazau, as if
IcverJc',
according to
lau,
(of
oak
calm
laid' , loud,
lecion
levin, five
led',
hvitanCy receipt
leg' ,
aloud
wash
lav',
lesson
leather
read
legom', vegetable
V, la, the
labor',
labour
leg',
law
leh',
lick
lent', lentil
lac, weary, tired
lentug', freckle
lacerf, lizard
leon
(boot)
lac, lace
lad', tin
laf,
lag',
plate
lepor',
leter, letter, epistle
varnish
lake', lackey
laks', diarrhoea
li,
laM', milk
/i&r',
lam, lame
lamp, lamp
Zie/i',
lev',
liber
lig' ,
country
lift,
raise
he (him)
%n',
wool
land', land,
hare
lern, learn
Zerf , skilful, clever
lava
lake
lah',
Ian',
lion
free
book
spleen
bind, tie
wood
stance)
(the
sub-
majest', majesty
limdk', snail
majstr,
flax
lin,
lingv
language
bed
Ziêr',
letter
(of the
al-
supply, deliver
entice
to lodge, live
log',
log
loh', place, locality
long' , long
draw
lots
lu, rent
lud' , play
lum
light, -t to shine
lumb', loins
ZW, moon
lund',
Monday
wolf
lupoV, hops
lustr , chandelier
lup',
lutr, otter
M
mcjc',
mac
unleavened bread
chew
magazen, warehouse
magi' J magic
,
mang', to eat
manier
manih'
manh',
manner
sleeve
lack,
want
mar, sea
marc, swamp
marcand' to bargain
mard' Tuesday
mark', mark, stamp
marmor marble
,
March
march
Mart',
mars' ,
martel',
hammer
mason, do mason's work

mast', mast
mastr, master (of house)
mas' , mesh
masin, machine
solder
Zi^f,
man, hand
lull asleep
Zt^r,
mam', breast (female)
lorn, opera-glass
lot' ,
broker
mahul', stain, spot
maJczeV, jaw
maT, d. opposites
malgrau, in spite of
phabet)
liver
(pro-
maJcler',
lip, lip
lit',
master
fession)
line
lini' y
May
Maj',
lim\ limit
57
maten
matrac
matur
morning
mattress
ripe
mebV, piece of furniture
mec, wick
mejl'y
mile
58
met badger
,
meleagr' , turkey
melk', milk (vb.)
mem,
self,
selves
member
memor, memcry
memhr
monaK, monk
monarfi', monarch
monat' month
,
mond', world
mont' mountain
,
montr
mor
show
mend' order (goods)

mensog' tell a lie
merit on chin
morhil', measles
merit' , merit
morgan, to-morrow
merkred', Wednesday
met', put, place
meti' handicraft
mort' , die
mev
sea-gull
mez middle
mezur measure
mi, I (me)
mieV honey
mieri, mien
migdaV, almond
,
migr, migrate
mihs mix
mil, thousand
milit', war
minac to threaten
,
miop ,
short-sight
miozot' , forget-me-not
mir
wonder
habit, usage
mord', bite
morter, mortar
most', general title.
reg'a most'o, your
honour
mov, move
(tr.)
muel' , mill
mug, to roar (wind, &c.)
muh' mucus
,
mult' , much,
mur , wall
mus', mouse
many
mush' moss
muskol' muscle
mustard', mustard
,
mus
mut',
fly
(a)
dumb
moder, moderate
modest' , modest
moV
mon'y
mock
soft
money
maj-
most'Oj your
esty, vi'a
mister , mystery
mizer , misery
mole', to
Vi'a
n, end. of direct obj.
naci' , nation
nag, swim
najhar, neighbour
najV nail
najtingaV, nightingale
nap, turnip
,
nasTc
give oirth
born
natur, nature
nail, nine
nauz, to sicken
naz, nose
ne, no, not
nebul' , fog
nasTcig, be
neces',
negoc ,
neg, snow
nek nek, neither
nenia, no kind of
neniam, never
nenie, nowhere
neniel,
nor
nom, name
nombr, number
nord' , north
nov, new
Noverabr, N'ovember
nu! well
nuanc shade, hue
,
nuh', cloud
nud' , naked
nuk', nape of neck
nuks
nut
numer'y number (No.)

nun, now
ntir^ only (adv.)
nutr, nourish, feed
nohow
no one's
nenio, nothing
neniom, not a bit
neniuj nobody
nep', grandson
nepr, unfailingly
nenies,
nest' , nest
net\ clean copy

nev',
nokt\ night
nul' , zero
necessary
business
69
nephew
we, us
nigr black
niy
niveV, level
nf, d. fern, affect, dim.

noheV , nobleman
nohV, noble
0,
end. of nouns
ohe, obey
ohjekt\ thing, object
ohr,
.-fold, duo'hVy twofold
ohstin , obstinate
odor, odour, smell
of end', offend
.
ofer, to offer (as sacrifice, gift, &c.)

ofic, office
(employment)
often
eight
ok,
okaz, occur, -o occasion,
case
oft',
60
oJccidenf, west
Oktobr, October
pac
olcuV, eye
peace
pacienc, patience
olcup, occupy
than
olj
paf, shoot,
fire
pag\ pay
pag, page (book)
ole'y oil
omar lobster
omhr, shadow
,
pajV, straw
up
ombrel' , umbrella
pah', pack, put
on , d. fractions
ond' , wave
oni, ouQ, people, they
pale
palac, palace
palis , stake
palp , touch, feel
palpehr, eyelid
onkT , uncle
ont\ end. fut. part. act.
op, d. collective numer-
pal',
pan, bread
pantalon
als
opine
trousers
oportun, handy
pantofl', slipper
pap', pope
or\ gold
papag', parrot
opini', to
ord',
order, regularity
papav
poppy
orient', east
paper' paper
papiW, butterfly
par, pair, brace
pardon, forgive
parenc relation
parlcer, by heart
parol', speak
ornam'y ornament
part',
orden,
order
(decora-
tion)
ordon, order,
Orel' ,
command
ear
orf , orphan
orgen\ organ (music)
OS,
end. of fut. tense
osced' ,
yawn
part
parti', party, partial
pas', pass
ov, egg
paser, sparrow
pasi', passion
pasJc', Easter
past', paste
oval', oval
pasted' y pie
ost' ,
bone
ostr, oyster
oVy end. fut. part. pass.
persih' , peach
pes', weigh (tr.)
pas, to step
pest'
plague
pasture
(for
cattle)
past',
,
pet', request, beg
pat', frying-pan
petoV, be roguish,
pair, father
the wanton
pauz, to pause
petrol' , paraffin oil
pav', peacock
61
pastr\ priest, pastor
pavim, pavement
petroseV, parsley
pec
pez , weigh (intr.)

pi , pious
pied', foot (leg)
piece
pec', pitch
peg' , woodpecker
pejzag, landscape
pig
magpie
pih', prick, sting
sin
pelc' ,
peM', to pickle
pel' , drive, chase away
pelt', fur
pelv , basin
pilh', ball (for
playing)
pin', pine-tree
pens', think
pinch
pingl' , pin
pint', pointed
pip , pipe (tobacco)
pipr, pepper
pir, pear
pent', to repent
pirit',
pentr
pist' , to
pen, endeavour
pend', hang (intr.)
penik', paint-brush
paint
pep' , to chirp
per, by means of, with
perc
perch (fish)
perd',
play
lose
perdrih' , partridge
pere, perish
pine
piz
gravel
pound, crush
pea
plac, public square

plac, please
plad' , plate
betray
per g amen , parchment
plafon, ceiling
pland' , sole (of the foot)
plan, floor
plant', plant (vb.)
plat', flat, plain
perl', pearl
plaTid, clap
perfeht', to perfect
perfid',
permes
permit
peron', front-steps, stoop
plej' ,
most
pleht',
weave, plait
62
pra(avo), great (grand-
plen, full
complain
plend',
plet\ tray
plezur, pleasure
pU, .more
plor, mourn^ weep
plUf further, longer
father)
prav', right (adj.)
pre dp', chiefly
preciz, precise
predik', preach
prefer, prefer
plug, plough
preg',
plum', pen
plumb', lead (metal)
pluv, rain
prem', press
premi' , prize (subst.)
pren' , take
pres, print (vb.)
preshau, almost
po, apiece, at rate of
cup, goblet
polic, police
polcal' ,
poligon, buckwheat
polur , polish
polus , pole
polv' , dust
pom' , apple
ponard', dagger
ponf, bridge
popT, poplar-tree
popoV, people
pret' ,
preter,
pray
ready
beyond
(prep.)
prez, price
prezent' , to present
concerning, about
princ , prince
princip, principle
printemp, springtime
pri,
privat', private
pro,
por^ for, for benefit of
door
owing
to,
for the sake
of
por hog, pig
pro cent', interest

proces, lawsuit
port' , wear, carry
produht', produce
posed', possess
profund', deep
prokrast', to delay
pord',
,
post, after,
behind
posten, garrison, station

postuV, require, demand
pos, pocket
post', post,
mail
potenc',
mighty
pov, be
able, can,
could
proJcsim',
near
prorrien, to walk, stroll
promes, promise
propon, propose
propr, (one's) own
prosper , succeed, thrive
ESPEEANTO AT A
prov\ try
proviz'j provide
prujn', hoar (frost)
GLAISTCE
rajf, right, authority

ralconf, relate
prunt' , to lend
ramp', crawl
ran', frog
ranc, rancid
pruv
to prove
rand', edge,
fist
rang', rank, grade
prun, plum
,
pugn,
ra^',
pulm
rapid',
lung
margin
long radish
quick, rapid
puV, flea
,
pulv, gunpowder
pulvor , powder
raport' , report
pump' to pump
pun to punish
rat' , rat
raiik' ,
hoarse
punM', point
raup
caterpillar
punt', lace
63
rast', to
rake
^wr',
pure
rav , ravish, delight

raz, shave
re , d. again, back
pi/5',
pus, matter
redalcci', editorial office
^ti^', doll
pus, push
/?i^f,
reg', rule,
well (subst.)
regn, State, realm

reguV, rule
reîf/', king
putr', to rot
rehompenc
rah', rob
rahaf, rebate, discount
rah en , rabbi
rah of, to plane
wheel
ra(if , beam, ray
rac^',
root
rafan, horseradish
radilc
rafin, refine
ra/^Z', to ride
back)
govern
regal', regale
(on horse-
relet',
reward
straight
reV, rail
rem\ to row
remhur to stuff (chair)
rempar bulwark
,
ren, kidney
renJcont',
meet
upset
respond', reply
resf , remain
restoracx , restaurant
renvers
64
refy net
rub and', ribbon

rub en', ruby
rug, red
ruM', eructate
day-dream
7'ev',
rezultat' , result
currant
rih',
ribeV, to rebel
ricev
ric
obtain, get, receive
rich
rut, roll (tr.)

rust', rust (tr.)
ruz', trick, ruse
laugh
rid' ,
rifug, take refuge

rifuz, to refuse
rigard', look at
sabat',
Saturday
sabV, sand
arrow
rigV, bolt
sag',
rikoW reap
sag, wise
sah', sack
rilat' , relate to,
rim
concern
rhyme
rimarlc', to notice
rimed'
means
5ar, salt
salad
salajr, salary
salat',
rim en', strap
salih' ,
ring', ring (subst.)
sahn, salmon
rip, rib
ripet' repeat
ripoz , repose, rest
riproc , reproach
river , river
salt', leap,
riz
rice
rod' , roadstead
willow
jump
salut' , salute, greet
sam' same
san health
sang' blood
sanht', holy
5ap', soap
,
romp break
sarA;',
rond' round, circle

ronh' , to snore
ros , dew
rost' , roast
rostr, trunk (of anim.)
rot', company (military)
roz\ rose
sat',
rub'y rubbish
seb' , grease^, fat
to
weed
satiated
sauc, sauce
save
sav',
5a',
know (mentally)
scienc, science
sciur, squirrel
se, if
but
sed,
silent', to
seg, saw
seg, seat, chair
se, dry
seJcal'y rye
be silent
flint
5t/tA;',
silk
silh',
monkey
stmt',
simil', like, similar
simpV, simple
singuW, hiccup
dissect
seJcc,
sehs, sex
seJcv, follow
seV, saddle
sem'^ sow
sinjor, Sir, Mr.
bucket
sitel\
situaci, situation
shaT, scale
semajn\ week
sen, without
senc, sense
send\ send
senf , feel, perceive
sep, seven
SeptemW, Se]3tember
sere', search
sTcapoV, shoulder-blade
sTcarab' , beetle
small box
skerm\ to fence (sword)
sJciz', to sketch
slcatoV,
shlav
slave
shrib', write
shake
sen', series
sA;!/.',
serioz, serious
shulpt' , sculpture
shvam', scale (fish)
serur, lock (subst.)

serv, serve
smerald', emerald
5o5r', sober
socief, society
six
565^
sezon', season
him-, her-, it-,

themselves
si,
self,
flexive)
sitV , to hiss
sid',
sieg
one- soif, thirst

(re- 50/7', threshold
sol', only, alone
soldaf, soldier
sit
,
besiege
sigeV, seal (vb.)
sign
sign, token
signify signify
sUab' , syllable, silab'i
spell
65
sol en
solemn
solv', loosen, solve
somer, summer
son, sound (subst.)
song, dream
to sonor , give out a sound
(as a bell)
66
sopir, long for

sorh', absorb
sore, witchcraft
sovag, wild, savage
fate, lot
so7't',
spaCy space
spec, kind, species
speguV, mirror
sperf, experience
stern' ,
stretch out, -ita,

prostrate
stertor, (death) rattle
stomaTc, stomach
strab', squint
Strang', strange, peculiar
strat', street
strec, stretch
streh' , streak, line
spez', el'spez disburse, en'-
stri',
spez receive (money)

spic, spice
spih', ear (of corn)
spin, spine
spinac, spinach
spir, breathe
strig, owl
mird
spirit', spirit,
spit',
in defiance (of)
spong
sponge
wit
spron, spur
sput', expectorate
sprit',
stah', staff
(milit.)
stabV, trestle,
staci' , station
wide streak
strut', ostrich
stup',
tow
(subst.)
stum', starling
sub, under, beneath
sudden
subit',
sue, suck
sud', south
sufer, suffer
sufic, sufficient
sufolc', suffocate (tr.)
sulc',
sap, juice
sukcen',
amber
frame-work suhces, succeed

sulcer',
stal\ stall, sty
stamp
stripe,
stamp,
sulfur
mark
sulh',
sugar
sulphur
wrinkle
stan , tin
standard' , flag
stang , pole
sun, sun
sup', soup
star, stand
supoz', suppose
stat' ,
state,
condition
steb', stitch
steV , star
sterTc',
manure
super, over, above
supr, upper (adj.)

sur, upon, on
surd', deaf
surtut', overcoat
arrange
svat\
matri-
mony
sven, to swoon
sving, brandish, wave
spin , spin
sprue , sprinkle
sraub' , screw
staV , steel
stip
sane el', shake
(tr.)
sang, change
(tr.)
sarg, load (a gnn)

sarg\ load, burden
to prize, like
saum
foam, spray
seV , shell, peel, rind

selh', braces,
si,
suspenders
wood
way)
shoe
52^',
owe
suld' ,
sultr
Slit',
, shoulder
shoot out (corn, &e.)
sveV , swell
l^tf ^ sweat
joke
she (her)
sere
State
log of
stof , stuff, tissue

stone
5/op', stop up
strump stocking
stup\ step (ladder, stair-
Hon
sah', chess
sat',
steV, steal
seem
sajn',
cupboard
sranh',
stat',
saf\ sheep
sild' , shield
sim
mould
sind' , shingle
ham
sinh' ,
sip
sirm
slim
slos
tahaJc',
ship
sir, tear,
,
,
tobacco
taheV, list
rend
â&r, table
tdbuV, plank, board
shelter
mud
lock,
67
day
tag' ,
fasten
smac, hearty
kiss
smir , smear, anoint

snur, string
sov, push forward
tajlor, tailor
ây^5',
â/i',
talp
estimate
waist
mole (animal)
tambur' ,
drum
however
soveV, shovel
tarn en,
spar , be sparing
tapef, tapestry
68
carpet
tapis
tas\
cup (tea)
taug', be
fit
for
tavol' , layer
tea
te'y
tedious
teg, cover ( furniture, &c.
tegment' , roof
teks, weave
teler, plate
temp', time
tempi', temple (anat.)
ten, hold, grasp
tend' , tent
ted'
tent' ,
tempt
ter, earth
tern, sneeze
terur , terror
testud', tortoise
tetr, grouse
tia,
such a
therefore
tiam, then
tie, there
tial,
thus, so
tiel,
toV , linen
ô/er, tolerate
tomh', tomb, grave

tond' , clip, shear
tondr, thunder
tord', wind, twist
torf, peat
^07'/i', turn
(lathe)
tornistr
tort',
tra,
through
beam (of wood)

traduh' , translate
traf, attain one's object
trajt' , feature
traht' , transact
tranc, cut
tranhvil' , quiet
trans, across
tre, very
trem' , tremble
tremp, to dip
tren', drag, trail
trezor treasure
tri, three
trab' ,
tikV, tickle
trinh',
lime-tree
tim' , fear
tritih' ,
tili' ,
tine
moth
^mf, clink of glasses

that (thing)
tiom, so much
tio,
^tV,
draw, pull
titoV, title
/m^ that
knapsack
tart
tro,
drink
too
wheat
(much)
tromp, deceive
trotuar, sidewalk
trov , find
tru, hole
trud' , force upon
trunk', trunk, stem
tub', tube, pipe
valor, be worth
van, vain, needless
tuber, bulb
tuf, tuft
immediately
tuj,
vang
cheek
tulc'y cloth
tur\ tower
vanf, vain, futile

vapor , steam
thrush
turment' torment
turn turn (v. a.)
varh' , to recruit
turd',
tus
tus
cough
touch
whole, quite
tut' y
varioV, smallpox
varm', warm
varf, to nurse (child)
vast', wide, vast
vaz', vase
vejn, vein
f eF, wake, arouse
imperative
uf , d. containing
ul\ d. remarkable for
e.
um
indef.
suffix
sail
veZ',
vellc
u,
69
(subst.)
fade
velur
velvet
ven y come
vend' , sell
vendred' Friday
venen , poison
,
umhilih' , navel
ung
nail
(finger)
unu, one
urh\ town
urs
bear (animal)
urtik'y
nettle
veng
venh' ,
vengeance
conquer
wind
vent' ,
ventoV , to air
ventr , belly
u^\ e. of conditional
uter, womb
i;er',
fer^',
green
useful
uz, use
t'er^',
rod,
true
util',
-i
whip,
switch
work (literary)
verm, worm
'yer^',
vag
vaJcs',
roam
wax
val\ valley
vers , verse
vers, pour
veruh' , wart
i;e5y,
wasp
70
vesper
evening
vespert', bat
vest\ to clothe
waistcoat
vest',
vet', bet,
wager
veter, weather
vetur , go (by vehicle)
vezilc
bladder
you
vi,
viand' , meat, flesh

vie row, rank, turn
,
vid' , see
widower
vidv' ,
vitr, glass (substance)
viv, live
vizag , face
i;i2;tf , visit,
voc
voice
way, road
vojag, voyage
call
I'oA;',
wish, will
I'o/',
volont' , willingly
volv
wrap around,
up
vom
vomit
word
vort' ,
vilag, village
vin , wine
vost', tail
vinegar
vintr, winter
,
viol' , violet
vual' , veil
fox
vultur , vulture
vund', wound
vi/?p',
violon' , violin
vip
vir',
whip
man, male
virg' , virginal
virt',
vis
virtue
wipe
on
i;07",
vigT , alert
vinagr
call
zon, girdle
zorg', care for
zum,
to buzz
roll
SHOET YOCABULAKY
ENGLISH
ESPERANTO
The words contained
in
this
vocabulary are
most ordinary purposes. Although

they seem few, it must be remembered that from
these many other words may be easily formed by
means of suffixes and grammatical endings. For
instance, although "beautiful" is found in the
sufficient for
vocabulary, both "ugly" and "beauty" are wanting.
However, any one can form these words:
malbela,
are:
ugly;
(to
thermore,
beauty.
Other examples
from
san
antau-vid-i (to foresee) ; and malhinder) from helpi (to help). Fur-
mal-san-ul-o
(healthy)
help-i
teleco,
it
(an
invalid)
has not been considered necessary to
include such international words as "locomotive,"

"telephone,"
etc.
These are the same in Esperanto
as in English; but of course they
must be
spelled
phonetically: lokomotivo, telefono, etc.
Only words with the sign
* are invariable.
across, * trans
act, agi
about, *pri, *cirkaii
actual, efektiva
above, *super
add, aldoni
address (a letter), adresi
adept, adepto
accompany, akompani
according to, *laii
account, kalkulo
accurate, akurata
accustom, kutimigi
acid, acido
adieu, *adiaii
administer, administri
admire, admiri
adore, adori
acquire, akiri
advertise, anonci
71
72
affair^ afero
after, *post
again, re
against, *kontrau
age, ago
agreeable, agrabia
agree, konsenti
ah I *ha!
aim, cell
air (subst.), aero
air (vb.), aerumi
alhum, albumo
all, *cio,
*cmj
allow, permesi
almost, *preskau
alms, almozo
anyhow, *iel
any one, *iu
any one's, *ies
anything, *io
anytime, *iam
anywhere, *ie
appear, aperi
apple, porno
apricot, abrikoto
argue, disputi
argument, argumento
arm, brako
around, *cirkau
arouse, veki
arrange, arangi
art, arto
alone, sola
alphabet, alfabeto
already, *jam
ash,
demand!
*ankau
ass,
azeno
also,
as, *kiel
ash, cindro
although, *kvankam
always, *ciam
assist, help!
among,
at least,
*iiiter
at,
*apud
*almenau
*en, *ce,
amuse, amuzi
anchor, ankro
attain, ating!
ancient, antikva
and, *ka3
attempt, prov!
attentive, atenta
angel, angelo
anger, kolero
angle, angulo
attest, atest!
annoy
eirnigi
answer, respond!
ant, formiko
anxiety, maltrankvilo
any, *ia^
*iii
attach, ataki
^
author, aiitoro
authority, raj to,
autori
tato
average, meznombro
avoid, ev!t!
await, atend!
awalcCj veki
ESPEEANTO AT A GLAi^CE
away, *for
beat, bati
axis, akso
beautiful, bela
become, farigi
&e6?^ lito
&eg^ abelo
hachelor, fraulo
beech, fago
&eer^ biero
'back (subst.), dorso
before, *aiitaii
Ijack (adv.), re-
&e^^ peti
hag, sako
begin, komenci
behind, *post
baggage, pakajo
balce, baki
balance, balanci
banJc,
banko
baptise, bapti
bar, bari
bare,
nuda
barJc (of
dog), bo jo
behold, rigardi
believe, kredi
&e/??/^
ventro
belong, aparteni
bench, benko
bend
bend
(v. a.), fleksi

(v. n.), klini
barley, hordeo
beneath, *siib
berry, bero
barrel, barelo
beside, *preter, *ekster
basket, korbo
&e^^ veti
barJc (of tree), selo
bath,
bano
betroth, fiancigi
battle, batalo
between, *inter
be, esti
bicycle, biciklo
beak, beko
beam (of sun), radio
beam (of wood), trabo
bean, fabo
bear (subst.), urso

bear (vb.), porti, toleri
bear (to produce), produkti
beard, barbo
beast, besto
bind, ligi
bind (books), bindi

bird, birdo
biscuit, biskvito
bite,
mordi
black, nigra
blame, mallaMi
bleat, bleki
beni
blind (adj.), blinda
bless,
V3
74
hlood, sango
hlow (vb.), blovi
bucTcet, sitelo
hlue, blua
&m/c?^ konstrui
hody, korpo
6w/&^ bulbo
hoil (vb.), boli
^'M-/?^
hone, osto
honnet, capelo
bullet,
'booh, libro
hoolc-Jceeping, librotenado
hoot, boto
&ore (vb.), bori
borrow, prunte preni
both, *ambaTi
bottle, botelo
bottom, fundo
boundary, limo
bouquet, bukedo
bourse, borso
box (subst.), kesto^ skatolo
buffet,
bufedo
virbovo
kuglo
bureau, oficejo
burn
burn
(v. n.), bruli

(v. a.), bruligi
*sed
butter, butero
&i^^^
butterfly, papilio
button, butono
buy, aceti
by, *per, *apud
cabbage, brasiko
cabin, kajuto
box (vb.), bati, pugni

boy, knabo
kago
cake, kuko
brain, cerbo
calculate, kalkuli
branch, branco
breast, brusto
voki
camel, kamelo
can (subst.), kruco
can (vb.), povi
breathe, spiri
candle, kandelo
brick, briko
candy,
bridge, ponto
bright, brila
cane, kano
capable, kapabla
car (railroad), vagono
bread, pano
brealc, rompi
broad, larga
brother, frato
cage,
call,
bombono
carafe, karafo
brown, bruna
card, karto
brush, brosi
care, zorgi
caress, karesi
chess, sakoj
carpenter, carpento
carpet, tapiso
carriage, kaleso
chew, maci
child, infano
carrot, karoto
chin,
case, skatolo
cash, kaso
chocolate, cokolado
choose, elekti
cast (metals), fandi
cigar, cigaro
cast (throw), jeti
cigarette, cigaredo
castle, kastelo
cinder, cindro
cat,
kato
catch, kapti
cause, katizi
cave,
kavo
cavern, kaverno
75
chief, cefo, estro
mentono
circumstance, c i r k o nstanco
claim, postuli
clamp (bracket), krampo
clay, argilo
pura
cease, cesi, halti
clean,
ceiling, plafono
clear, klara
cellar, kelo
cleric,
cement, cemento
clever, lerta
certain, certa
clock, horlogo
chagrin, cagreno
chain, ceno
cloth (goods),
chamber, cambro
clothe, vesti
change, sangi
chapter, capitro
cloud,
charm, carmi
coal,
chase, casi
coal-oil, petrolo
chatter, babili
coast,
komizo
cloth (a), tuko
drapo
nubo
club, klubo
karbo
bordo
kafo
cheat, trompi
coffee,
cheek, vango
cheese, fromago
chemise, cemizo
chemistry, hemio
cheque, ceko
cherry, cerizo
coffin,
cerko
collar,
kolumo
collect, kolekti
colour, koloro
column, kolono
comb, kombi
76
come, veni
comma, komo
command, ordoni
commerce, komerco
commission, komisio
committee, komitato
common, komuna,
ordi-
nara
communicate, komuniki
companion, kolego
compare, kompari
compassion, kompato
complain, plendi
conceal, kasi
concerning, *pri
conclude, konkludi
condition, kondico
conduct, kondiito
conduct (vb.), konduki

confess, konfesi
confide, konfidi
confuse, konfuzi
congratulate, gratuli
conquer, venki, subregnigi
conscience, konscienco
conscious, konscia
consent, konsenti
console, konsoli
constant, konstanta
construct, konstrui
content, kontenta
contents (subst.), enhavo
continue, dauri
contract, kontrakti
convenient, oportuna
convince, konvinki
cook, kuiri
copper, kupro
copy, kopio
corJv,
korko
corn, greno
corner, angulo
correct, korekti
correspond, korespondi
cost, kosti
cotton, kotono
cough, tusi
count, kalkuli
counter, kontoro
country, lando
cousin, kuzo
cover, kovri
covetous, avara
crafty, ruza
cravat, kravato
crawl,
rampi
cream, kremo
create, krei
crime, krimo
cross
( sTibst. )
, ,
kruco
crowd, amaso
crown, kroni
cruel, kruela
crumple, cifi
cry, krii
cry (of beasts), bleki

cuff,
manumo
cup, taso
cupboard, sranko
curtain, kurteno
detail, detalo
curved J kurba
cushion, kuseno
custom, kutimo
devil, diablo
cut, tranci
diamond, diamanto
die, mort!
11
dew, roso
diameter, diametro
dig, fos!
diligent,
diHgenta
direct, direkt!
damage, difekto
dance, danci
danger, dangero
day, tago
deaf, surda
dear, kara
deceive, trompi
decide, decidi
deck, ferdeko
dedicate, dedici
deep, profunda
deer, cervo
defend, defend!
define, difini
disappoint, cagren!
discharge (pour out),
sut!
discount,
d!skonto,
rabato
dish, plado
dispute, disput!
distract, distr!
distribution, disdono
diverse, diversa
divide, divid!
divine (vb.),diveni
do, far!
dog, hundo
pupo
deformed, kripla
doll,
demand, postuli
dollar, dolaro
denounce, denunci
dense, densa
department, fako
door, pordo
depict, pentri, figuri

desert, dezerto
desert (verb), forlasi

deserve, merit!
design, desegn!
desire, dezir!
destroy, detrui
dot,
punkto
doubt, dub!
dough, pasto
dove, kolombo
draw (out), tir!
draw (along), treni
draw (pictures), pentri
drawers (chest of), ko-
modo
ESPEEANTO AT A GLAN'CE
78
dream, songi
drink, trinki
drop, guto
drown, droni
drug, drogo
embrace, cirkaupreni
eminent, eminenta
enceinte, graveda
end, fini
dumb, muta
endeavour, peni
endure, toleri, suferi
engage, rizervi, promesi
engineer, ingeniero
enough, sufica
dust, polvo
entice, logi
duty, devo
each, *cia, *ciu

eagle, agio
envelope, koverto
envy, envio
epoch, epoko
equal, egala
error, eraro
especially, precipe
ear, orelo
establish, fondi
drum, tamburo
dry, seka
duck, anaso
frua
earZt/^
earth, tero
ea<s^^ oriento
Easter, pasko
easj?/^
ea^^
facila
mangi
ecstasy f ravo
66^,^6^
rando
editor, redaktoro
educate, eduki
effect, efiki
6^^, ovo
eight,
*ok
elastic, elasta
esteem, estimi
eternal, eterna
(adj.), ebena
even (adv.), *ec
evening, vesper
et;en
every, *cia
every one, *ciu

everything, *cio
everywhere, *cie
examine, ekzameni
example, ekzemplo
except, escepti
exchange
(bill of),
kam-
bio
elbow, kubuto
execute, ekzekuti
eZec^^ elekti
exercise, ekzerco
elephant, elefanto
embarrass, geni
exist, ekzisti
exhibition, ekspozicio
expedite^ ekspedi
fear, timi
expel, peli
feast, festi
expend, elspezi
palpi
feel
(v. a.),
expert, sperta
feel
(v. n.), senti
explode, eksplodi
explore, esplori
express, esprimi
extinguish, estingi
felt, felto
extreme, ekstrema
eye, okulo
eyelid, palpebro
fight, batali
/ever^ febro
kampo
field,
fig^ figo
filter,
filtri
trovi
/in(i^
finger, fingro
finish, fini
abio
fajro
fir,
fable, fablo
^7*0^
face, vizago
fade, velki
/irm^ firma
faint, sveni
^sf^
fair (subst.), foiro
five,
faithful, fidela
/?a;(7^
fiso
fish,
pugno
*kvin
standardo
falcon, falko
fall (of year), aiituno
/?(2^^
plata
fall (yh.), fall
/?aa;^
false, falsa
fleece, felo
family, familio
fan, ventumilo
fancy, revo
fashion, modo
^02^7*^
flatter, flati
/?02^^
lino
faruno
flui
flower, floro
î/j^^
lanugo
fast (adj.), rapida
fluid, fluajo
fast (vb.), fasti
flute, fiuto
fat,
grasa
fate, sorto
father, patro
fault,
kulpo
favour, favori
^^
(vb.), flugi
/?!/
(sub St.),
foam, saumo
fog, nebulo
fold, faldi
muso
V9
80
follow, sekvi
furniture, meblaro
foot^ piedo
furrow, sulko
for, *por, *pro, *car

forehead, frunto
foreign, fremda
forge, forgi
gam,
forget, forgesi
gall, galo
forget-me-not, miozoto
garden, gardeno
forgive, pardoni
garlic, ajlo
forko
forth, *for
ga;)ni
gas, gaso
forJc,
four, *kvar
gather, kolekti
gay, gaja
gentle, gentila
gentleman, sinjoro
genus, gento
fox, vulpo
get, ricevi
frame, kadro
franc, franko
give, doni, donaci
free, libera
glass (a), glaso
fresh, fresa
globe, globo
fortified, fortika
fortunate, felica
fountain, fonto
glass, vitro
Friday, vendredo
friend,
glory, gloro
amiko
glove, ganto
^Zwe^ glno
fright, teruro
frog, rano
from,
*el,
^na^^ kulo
*de
^0, iri
goat, kapro
front, fronto
frost, frosto
God, Dio
fruit, frukto
gold, oro
frying pan, pato
ôo(i^
fulfil,
full,
fume
plenumi
plena
(subst.),
funeral, funebro
fur, pelto
furious, freneza
haladzo
bona
good-bye, *adiau
goods, stofo
goose, ansero
grain, greno
grain (a), grajno

grandfather, avo
grandson, nepo
grape, vinbero
grass, herbo
grasshopper, akrido
grease, sebo
great,
leporo
/iare^
harp, harpo
harrow, erpi
hat, capelo
have, havi
granda
fojno
/lai/^
green, verda
grey, griza
grind, mueli
groan, gemi
grow, kreski
he,
li
/leac?^
kapo
health, sano
audi
heart, koro
/iea?%
guarantee, garantio
guard, gardi
guessj diveni
/lea^
(v. a.), hejti
heaven, cielo
/tee?^
kalkano
guest, gasto
gulf, golfo
/le/Z^
infero
gum, gunio
help, lielpi
gunpowder, pulvo
hemp, kanabo
helmet, kasko
here, *tie ci
hero, heroo
herring, haringo
hew, haki
hail, hajlo
hair,
haro
hide (subst.), haiito

hide (vb.), kasi
high, alta
hinge, carniro
ham, sinko
hammer, martelo
hand,
mano
handicraft, metio
handy, lerta
/lan^^ pendi
hangings, tapeto
happen, okazi
happy, felica
harbour, haveno
hardly,
*apenau,
facile
hire,
dungi
hit, frapi
hoarse, raiika
hog, porko
hold, teni
hole,
tmo
holy, sankta
mal-
home, hejmo
honest, honesta
82
honey, mielo
honour, honori
hoof, hufo
hooh, hoko
hope, esperi
horse, cevalo
horse-radish, rafano
host,
mastro
indeed, *ja
industrious, diligenta
industry, industrio
infant, infano
infect, infekti
influence, influi
inherit, heredi
injure, vundi, difekti
hotel, hotelo
ink, inko
hour, horo
house, domo
inner, interna
how, *kiel
however, *tamen, *do
insect, insekto
insert,
enmeti
instead, *anstatau
how much, many, *kiom
instruct, instrui
humble, humila
insult, insnlti
humour, humor
insure, asekuri
hump, gibo
intend, intenci
hundred, *cent
interest, interesi
hunt, casi
hurt, vundi, dolori
husband, edzo
intestine, intesto
invite, inviti
iron, fero
iron (vb.), gladi
island, insulo
it,
I,
mi
ice,
if,
glacio
gi
juko
ivy, hedero
itch,
*se
illustration, ilustrajo
imitate, imiti
immediately, *tuj
important, grava
jacTcet,
inch, colo
jealous, Jaluza
jewel, juvelo
incite, inciti
jako
jaw, faiiko
incline, klini
join, jungi, aligi
increase, kreski
joint, artiko
joTce, serci
language, lingvo
journal, jurnalo
lantern, lanterno
journey, veturo
joy, gojo
judge, jugi
jug, kruco
lard, lardo
suko
juice,
K
Tceep,
Tceg,
konservi
barelo
kernel, kerno
kerosene, petrolo
kettle,
kaldrono
granda
large,
alaudo
lark,
last (adj.), lasta
(vb.), daiiri
last
just (adj.), justa

jv^t (adv.), *jus, guste
83
laugh, ridi
law, lego
lead (subst), plumbo
lead (vb.), konduki, estradi
leaf, folio
lean (vb.), apogi

leap, salti
learn, lerni
leather, ledo
key, slosilo
leave (subst),
kidney, reno
leave
permeso
(vb.), lasi
legend, legendo
kind (sTibst), speco
kind (adj.), aminda, afa- legume, legomo
lemon, citrono
lend, prunte doni
bla
king, rego
kingdom, regno, reglando
lentil,
kiss,
lesson, leciono
kisi
lento
knee, geniio
letter, letero
know,
letter
scii,
koni
alphabet),
(of
tero
lick,
lie
labour, labori
lace,
pasamento
lie
leki
(down), kusi
mensogi
(tell a),
lift,
levi
lake, lago
light (subst.),
lame, lama
lightning,
land, lando
like
lumo
fulmo
(vb.), sati,
ami
li-
84
like (adj.), simila je

lily, lilio
lime, kalko
limo
limit,
line, linio
linen, tolo
lion,
leono
lipo
lip,
auskulti
listen,
live,
ZiVer^
vivi, logi
hepato
lizard, lacerto
lo! *jeii
Zoa<i
(a gun), sargi
loch (subst.), seruro

loch (vb.), slosi
locomotive, lokomotivo
maize, maizo
majesty, majesto
make, fari
man, homo, viro
manner, maniero
manufactory, fabriko
many, multa
maple, acero
marble, marmoro
margin, margeno
marsh, marco
mason, masonisto
mass, amaso
mast, masto
master, mastro
mat, mato
match, alumeto
lodge, logi
mattress, matraco
long (adj.), longa

long (vb.), sopiri
lose, perdi
meal, faruno,
lot
(cast), loto
lottery, loterio
loud, lauta
lounge, kanapo
love,
ami
lucifer,
lung,
alumeto
pulmo
M
machine, masino
mad,
kolera, freneza
magpie, pigo
mail, posto
mangado
means, rimedo
measure, mezuri
meat, viando
medicine, kuracilo
meet, renkonti
melon, melono
member, membro
memory, memoro
mercury, hidrargo
mesh, maso
middle, mezo
migrate, migri
mile, mejlo
milk (subst.), lakto
milk (vb.), melki
mill, mueli
mind, animo, cerbo
mine, mia (poss. pron.)
mirror, spegulo
misery^ mizero
mix, miksi
mixture, miksajo
model, modeli
moderate, modera
modest, modesta
molasses, siropo
mole, talpo
Monday, lundo
N
nail, najlo
nail (finger),
nation, nacio
nature, naturo
near, proksima
near
to (prep.), *apud
necessary, necesa
money, mono
monh, monaho
monhey, simio
month, monato
moon, luno
neclc, kolo
more, *pli
morning, mateno
moss, musko
most, *plej
mountain, monto
nephew, nevo
mourn,
plori
mouse, muso
mouth, buso
move, movi
mow,
falci
much, nrnlte
mucilage, gumo
mud, koto
mule, mulo
murmur, murmnri
must (vb.), devi
mustard, mustardo
mutter, murmuregi
ungo
nuda
name, nomi
nape, nuko
naJced,
need (vb.), bezoni

neigh, bleki
neighbour, najbaro
neither, *nek
nest, nesto
ne^^
reto
nettle, urtiko
never,
*neniam
new, nova
night, nokto
nightingale, najtingalo
nine, *nau
no^ *ne
no5Ze^ nobla
nobleman, nobelo
nobody, *nenm
nohow, *neniel
noise, bruo
none, *nenioni
no one's, *nenies
nor, *nek
85
ESPERANTO AT A GLA:^CE
86
north, nordo
nose, nazo
not, *ne
nothing, *nenio
nourish, nutri
now, *iiun
nowhere, *nenie
number, nombro, immero

nut, nnkso
only (adv.), *nur

opinion, opinio
opportune, gustatempe
opposite, *kontrau
or, *aii
orange, orango
order (subst.), ordo
order ( vb. ) , o r d o
i,
mendi
ordinary, ordinara
organ, orgeno
oriental, orienta
kverko
oaJc,
oar, remilo
oats,
aveno
obey, obei
object, objekto
object, kontraustari
obstinate, obstina
obstruct, bari
occasion, okazo
occupy, okupi
odour, odoro
of, *de,
*da
offend, ofendi
offer (sacrifice), oferi
ornament, ornamo
orphan, orfo
other, alia
ought, devi
out, *for
outside, *ekster
oval, ovalo
oven, forno
over, *snper
overcoat,
surtuto,
overthrow, renversi
owe, suldi
owl, strigo
own (vb.), posedi
(present), prezenti
agi
often, ofte
oXj,
oh I *ho
oyster, ostro
ojfer
officiate,
oil,
own
(adj.), propra
bovo
oleo
on, *sur
one,
*\mu
onion, bulbo
only (adj.), sola
super-
vesto
paclc,
paki
page, pago
pail, sitelo
pain, doloro
paint, pentri
pale, pala
palace, palaco
palate, palato
pants, pantalono
paper, papero
paradise, paradizo
pardon, pardoni
parrot,
papago
perish, perei
permit, permesi
persecute, persekuti
person, persono
perspire, sviti
jupo
pheasant, fazano
petticoat,
piano, fortepiano
pichle, pekli
piece, peco
kolono
pillar,
part, parto
pin, pinglo
particularly, precipe
pinch, pinci
partridge, perdriko
pass, pasi
passion, pasio
pastor, pastro
pasture, pasto
pineapple, ananaso
pious, pia
pipe, pipo, tubo
pine, pino
pitch, peco
pavement, pavimo
pity (vb.), kompati

pity [it is a], domago
place, loko
plague, pesto
pay, pagi
pea, pizo
;?/ane
patch,
fliki
patience, pacienco
pause, halti
peace, paco
peacoclc,
pavo
pear, piro
pearl, perlo
pen,
plumo
pencil, krajono
penny, penco
people, popolo
pepper, pipro
perceive, rimarki, eksenti
perfect, perfekta
/?/at7^
plekti
(vb.), raboti
plant (vb.), planti

plant (subst.), kreskajo
plate, telero
play, ludi
please, placi
pleasure, plezuro
plough (vb.), plugi
plum, prtino
pocJcet,
poso
punkto
poison, veneno
point,
87
88
pole, stango
prosper, prosper!
protect, gardi, defend!
police, police
polish, poluri
polish (for shoes), ciro
poplar, poplo
poppy, papavo
porcelain, porcelano
proud, fiera
prove, pruvi
proverb, proverbo
prudent, prudenta
pull, tiri
possess, posedi
pump, pumpilo
post (mail), posto

pot, poto
pour, versi
punish, pnni
pure, pur a
purple, purpura
pus, puso
pu^h, pusi
powder (gun), pulvo

powder (dust), pulvoro
praise, laiidi
pray, pregi
preach, prediki
precise, preciza
prepare, prepari
present ( subst. ) donaco
present (vb.), prezenti
preserve, konservi
put, meti
puzzle, enigmo
press,
premi
pretty, beleta
price, kosto
quality, eco
quantity, kvanto
rapida
quiet, trankvila
quicTc,
quit, f orlasi
priclc, piki
priest, pastro
prince, princo
print, presi
R
rabbit, kuniklo
private, privata
race, gento
prize, prezo
rag, cifono
produce, produkti
promise, promesi
proper, propra
property, posedajo
propose, proponi
rail, relo
railroad, fervojo
rain, pluvi
rake, rasti
rapid, rapida
raspberry, frambo
rat, rato
of), *po
rate (at the
raven, korvo
ravish, ravi
ray (of sun), radio
reach, atingi
read, legi
ready, preta
real, efektiva
reap, rikolti
89
revenge, vengi
reward, rekompenci
rhyme, rimo
ripo
ribbon, rubando
rii),
rice,
rizo
rich, rica
recognise, rekoni
rajdi
right (in the), prava
right (authority), raj to
right (hand), dekstra
righteous, justa
ring, ringo
rectangle, rektangulo
ripe,
red, ruga
river, river
regard, rigardi
road, vojo, strato
regiment, regiment
roast, rosti
receive, ricevi
register
(a letter), reko-
mendi
n<ie^
ro5^
matura
rabi
roll, ruli
reign, regi
roo/^
tegmento
rejoice, goji
roolc,
frugilego
relate to, rilati
relation, parenco
room, cambro
rooster, koko
remain, resti
root, radiko
remarJc, rimarki
rope, snuro
remedy, riniedo
rose, rozo
rent, rento
rotten, putra
repeat, ripeti
round, ronda
row (rank), vico
row (vb.), remi
repose, ripozi
represent, figuri
reproach, riproci
request, peti
require, postuli
rub, froti
rubber-shoe, galoso
rule, regulo
resound, sonori, resoni
rum, rumo
rest [the], cetero
run, kuri
90
56 /f^
si
mem
vendi
send, sendi
sense, senco
separate, aparta
serpent, serpento
se//^
sack, sako
sacrifice (v.), oferi
sad, malgoja
saddle, selo
sail, velo
serve, servi
(type), komposti
seven, *sep
severe, severa
salad, salato
56^
salmon, salmo
salt, salo
sez6^, kudri
shadow, ombro
salute, saluti
same, sama
shaft (of carriage, etc.),
sand, sablo
Saturday, sabato
sauce, sauco
timono
shake, skui, premi
save, savi
shame, honto
saw, segi
sharp, akra
shave, razi
say, diri
scarcely,
*apenaii,
mal-
5/ie,
*si
volonte
science, scienco
scissors, tondilo
sheaf, garbo
shear, tondi
scratch, grati
5/?,e//,
screw, sraubo
sculpture, skulpti
shield, sildo
sheep, safo
selo,
shilling, silingo
maro
seagull, mevo
sitine, brili
seal (animal), foko
s/itH^
sea,
seal
(vb.), sigeli
konko
5/?t)r?^
sipo
cemizo
5/ÔC^ siio
search, serci
shoot, pafi
season, sezono
shore, bordo
seat, segi
short-sighted,
seductive, deloga
shoulder, sultro
see, vidi
shovel, soveli
seem, sajni
sTiow;^
montri
miopa
mola
shut, fermi
50/^^
side, flanko
sole (of foot),
sign, signo
solve, solvi
signify, signifi
silent, silenta
5ome^
silko
silJc,
silver,
argento
similar, simila
simple, simpla
sin, peki
sing, kanti
sir, sinjoro
sit,
sidi
situation, sitnacio
six, *ses
shate,
gliti
something, *io
sometime, *iam
somewhat, *iom, *iel
somewhere, *ie
50 much, *tiom
son^ filo
50on^ *baldaii
sorcery, sorco
sorrow, malgojo, cagreno
animo
50w?^
sound, soni
dormi
maniko
slide, gliti
slippery, glata
smear, smiri
smell (subst), odoro
smell (vb.), flari
smoke, fumi
smooth, ebena, glata
snail, limako
50iip^ siipo
south, sudo
5ow^ semi
sparrow, pasero
speak, paroli
special,
speciala
spell, silabi
s^tce^ spico
spider, araneo
spin, spini
sneeze, terni
spirit, spirito
snow, nego
spit, kraci
so, *tiel
5/?tê
soap, sapo
sober, sobra
society, societo
so/a^ kanapo, sofo
*iom
somehow, *iel
some 0716^ *iu
some one's, *ies
shin, haiito
sleep,
plando
*ia, kelka,
skilful, lerta
sleeve,
91
[in
of],
grau
fendi
sponge, sponge
spoon, kulero
split,
*mal-
92
makulo
spot,
spring
(time) ,
magazeno, vendejo
store,
pr
tempo
stork, cikonio
story, rakonto
spring (wire), risorto

sprinMe, spruci
spur, sprono
square (public), placo
(of house), etago
story
stove, forno
straight, rekta
strange, stranga
rimeno
squirrel, sciuro
strap,
stable, cevalejo
straw, pajlo
strawberry, frago
streak, streko
makulo
stain,
stairs,
stuparo
stammer, balbuti
stamp
(metal,
marko
stamp (postage),
marko
street, strato
etc.),
post-
stretch (v. a.), street

stride,
paso
strike
(hit), frapi
string,
kordo (music)
stand, stari
string, snuro
star, stelo
strive,
(condition), stato
state
peni
strong, forta
state (country), stato
stuff,
station, stacio
success, sukceso
steal,
such, *tia
suck, suci
sudden, subita
steli
steam, vaporo
steel, stalo
stofo
step, stupo
suffer,
stewpan, kaserolo
stick (cane), bastono
suffocate, sufoki
still
(adj.), kvieta
still
(adv.), *ankorau
sting, piki
suferi
sugar, sukero
sulphur, sulfuro
summer, somero
sun, suno
stocking, strumpo
Sunday, dimanco
stomach, stomako
supplement, aldono
stone, stono
support, subapogi, helpi

suppose, supozi
suspect, suspekti
stop, cesi, halti
stop up, stopi
rakonti, diri
suspenders, selko
swallow (bird), hirundo
tell,
swallow (vb.), gluti

swan, cigno
temple
temple, templo
(of head), tempio
*dek
swear, Juri
sweep, balai
territory, teritorio
swell, sveli
than, *ol
swim, nagi
swing, svingi
sword, glavo
thanJc,
ten,
syllable, silabo
sympathise, kompati
danki
that (pron.), tin; tio

that (conj.), *ke
that (rel.), kin, kio
thaw, degeli
the, *la, *1'
the
more
the,
*ju pli
des
iahle, tablo
theatre, teatro
tablet, tabuleto
then, *tiain
vosto
tailor, tajloro
take, preni
tale, fabelo
there, *tie
tail,
tall,
therefore, *tial
they,
ili
thick, dika
think, pensi
alta
tallow, sebo
thirst, soifo
(water, etc.), krano

tapestry, tapeto
this, *tiu ci
]fG^^
taste, gusti
though, *kvankam
thousand, *niil
thread, fadeno
tax, takso
threaten^ miTiaci
tassel,
glano
êa^ teo
three,
teach, instrui
threshold, sojlo
tear,
larmo
thrift,
tedious,
teda,
*tri
sparo
throat, gorgo
tear (vb.), siri
malagra-
bla
telegraph, telegrafi
93
through, *tra; *per

throw, Jeti
thunder, tondro
94
Thursday, jaiido
thus, *tiel
ticket, bileto
true, vera
trumpet, trumpeto
trunk (of tree), trunko
tickle, tikli
tru^t, konfidi
tie, ligi
try,
time, tempo, fojo
tub, kiivo
provi
tinplate, lado
î^&e^ tubo
Tuesday, mardo
tired, laca
tulip, tulipo
stano
tin,
to,
tune
*al
(subst.),
melodio,
toad, bufo
to-day, *hodiaii
tune (vb.), agordi
together, *kune
toilet, tualeto
turkey, meleagro
turn, tumi
tomh, tombo
tomorrow, *niorgau
tongue, lango
turn (wood), torni

turnip, rapo
too, *tro
twist, (v. n.), volvi
dento
torment, turmenti
tortoise, testudo
type, tipo
aerio
tooth,
(v. a.), tordi
twist
two, *dii
totter, sanceligi
touch, tusi
ulcer, uleero
towel, visilo
umbrella, ombrelo
uncle, onklo
under, *siib
understand, kompreni
undertake, entrepreni
tower, turo
town, urbo
i^racZe
komerco
(subst.),
trade (vb.), -komerci

transact,
trakti
until,
*gis
translate, traduki
upper, supra
treaty, kontrakto
upset, renversi
arbo
tremble, tremi
triangle, triangulo
-wse^
tree,
trouble, zorgo,
peno
urge, inciti
Tizi
useful, "utila
utilise, utiligi
wander, vagi
want, bezoni
vain (useless), vana
war, milito
valise, valizo
warm, varma
valley, valo
wash, lavi
wasp, vespo
water, akvo
wave, ondo
wax, vakso
way, vojo
we, *m
weary, laca, enua
weather, vetero
weave, teksi
wedge, kojno
Wednesday, merkrec
various, diversa
vase, vazo
vast, vasta
vein, vejno
veluro
verse, verso
vertical, vertikala
velvet,
very, *tre
vest, vesto
vignette, vinjeto
village, vilago
vinegar, vinagro
violet, violo
violet (adj.), violkolora
violin, violono
virtue, virto
visit, viziti
voice, voco
volcano, vulkano
volume, volumo
voyage, vojago
weeJc,
semajno
weep, plori
weigh
weigh
(v. a.), pesi
(v. n.), pezi

well (subst), puto
well (adv.), bone
west, okcidento
whale, baleno
what, *kia, *kio
wheel, rado
when, *kiam
W
wages, salajro
waist, talio
atendi
walh, promeni, marsi
wait,
wall,
muro
walnut, juglando
where, *kie
whether, *cu
while, *duin
^/li/?^ vipo
whistle, fajfi
white, blanka
*kiu
whole, tuta
i^/io^
95
d6
whose, *kies
why, *kial
wich, meco
wide, larga, vasta
widower, vidvo
wild, sovaga
word, vorto
worh, laboro
work
(of
an
will, voli
worm, vermo
wound, vundi
willow, saliko
write, skribi
wind (vb.), vindi, bobenumi, streci

wind (subst.), vento
window, fenestro
yawn, oscedi
wine, vino
wing, flugiio
winter, vintro
wipe, visi
wise, saga
wish, deziri
wit, sprito
with, *kiin
within, interne
author),
verko
world, mondo
year, jaro
yeast, fermentilo
yellow, flava
yes, *jes
yesterday, *hieraii
yet,
*ankorau
yoke, jugo
you, vi
young, juna
without (wanting), *sen

without
(outside),
ekstere
wolf, Inpo
zenith, zenito
wonder, miri
zigzag, zigzago
wood (substance), ligno
zinc, zinko
wool, lano
zone,
zone
ESPERANTO
TAUGHT BY MAIL
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INTERNATIONAL
ESPERANTO
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in different countries
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and
cities)
ESPERANTO BY THE
MODERN METHODS
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EXAMINATIONS AND DIPLOMAS
NEW YORK BRANCH
SCHOOL OF ESPERANTO
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Inaugurated the
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MEMBERSHIP FEE:
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for the full course of fifty lessons (including text-book)
DATE DUE
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Esperanto at Glan C 00 Priv

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HAROLD B LEE LfBPARY

SRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Digitized by the Internet Archive

2011 with funding from

Brigham Young University

Grammar, and Vocabulary

Fleming H. Revell Company

THE QUINN & BODEN

venis nova sento,

glavo sangon soifanta

promesas sanktan harmonion.

mond' eterne militanta

Kolektigas pacaj batalantoj,

Kaj rapide kreskas la afero

dissaltos la obstinaj baroj

Sur neutrala lingva fundamento,

popoloj faros en konsento

grandan rondon familian.

laboro paca ne lacigos,

Per eterna ben'

question like this

Is a postal service required ?

who has any

and peoples knows how tedious

diversity of languages in the world, with all the dis-

advantages and losses of time or money

Nobody now thinks of destroying the national

think that nobody will complain when one day, in

the children will learn,

besides their native tongue, a practical and easy

international language which will give

what many men have been working for

Some people thought

during recent centuries.

would be possible some day to convoke a

one of the existing lan-

But they soon understood that

as, for instance,

English, French, or Ger-

justice to all the others.

Besides, our languages are

foreign people to learn and are

full of irregularities, exceptions,

Use Greek or Latin?

Both these languages are taught in the colleges

you speak of ^'^electro-mechanical" in Latin?

ought to renovate the whole vocabulary and sim-

plify the whole

Then, instead of spoiling the native tongue of

make another language especially prepared for its modern use,

than any existing language'^

philosophers have tried to

these were always theoretical

and impractical pro-

thirty years ago the "Volapiik" of

Abbe Schleyer had a momentary

proof of the possi-

such a language; but the system was too

fighting with each other about changing the lan-

guage or were in great numbers taking up the new

Esperanto was created by Dr. L. L. Zamenhof,

who was born

German, and Yiddish