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POWER SYSTEM
BY
EMEZUE EMMANUEL C.
12H/0018/EE
CERTIFICATION PAGE
This is to certify that is work Voltage Stability Improvement using Static Var
Compensator in Power System was carried out by EMEZUE EMMANUEL .C. With the
Reg. No: 12H/0018/EE in the Department of Electrical-Electronic Engineering, under
the supervision.
..
Date
(Supervisor)
..
....
Date
(Co-coordinator)
..
Engr. (Lady) M.I Aririguzo
Date
(H.O.D)
..
External Examiner
..
Date
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION PAGE
ABSTRACT
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
iii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION .1
1.1 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR..3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW4
2.1 SYSTEM MODEL.4
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY.7
2
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the effects of static VAR compensator (SVC) on voltage
stability of a power system. The functional structure for svc built with a Thruster
controlled reactor (TCR), and its model are described. The model is based on representing
the controller as variable impedance that changes with the firing angle of the TCR. A
power
system
computer
aided
Design/Electromagnetic
Transients
including
DC
(PSCAD/EMTDC) is used to carry out simulations of the system under study and detailed
results are shown to access the performance of svc on the voltage stability of the system.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Dynamic voltage support and reactive power compensation have been long recognized
as a very significant measure to improve the performance of electric power systems. The
rapid advances in power electronics area have made it both practical and economic to
design powerful thyristor controlled reactive power compensation devices, Static Var
Compensators (SVC) [ 13. Both theoretical analysis and field tests have proved the
excellent SVC performances.
Power systems suffer greatly from voltage instability especially due to excessive
consumption or injection of reactive power by the system elements and the consumers
load.
The voltage instability caused by the variation in the reactive power requirement of
the systems elements and the consumers load either result in excessive high or low
voltage which may cause damage to the system and the consumers load since the system
elements and the consumers load are designed to operate within a specific voltage goes
high if there is excessive injection of reactive power by the system elements or the
consumers load, but goes low if there is excessive consumption of reactive power by the
system elements or the consumers load. As a result the system the systems reactive
power needs to be congruously adjusted through effective reactive power compensation of
3
the variation in the system must be kept within the allowance range. To achieve this
several methods have been used, like the switching in/out the shunt reactive, series
compensation capacitor, synchronous generator etc.
With these methods the desired objectives were at effectively achieved with wear and
tear in the mechanical components and slow response being the major problems.
Research work were carried out leading to the discovery of FACTS devices which have
been mainly used in solving power system steady state control these FACTS devices
include, static VAR comparator (SVC), Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSD) static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM) etc.
Todays changing electric power systems create a growing need for flexibility,
reliability, fast response and accuracy in the fields of electric power generation,
transmission, distribution and consumption. Flexible Alternating Current Transmissions
Systems (FACTS) are new devices emanating from recent innovative technologies that are
capable of altering voltage, phase angle and/or impedance at particular points in power
systems. Their fast response offers a high potential for power system stability
enhancement apart from steady-state flow control.
Among the FACTS controllers, Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides fast acting
dynamic reactive compensation for voltage support during contingency events which
would otherwise depress the voltage for a significant length of time.
The primary purpose of SVC applications is to maintain bus voltage at or near a
constant level. In addition SVC may improve transient stability by dynamically
supporting the voltage at key points and steady state stability by helping to increase
swing oscillation damping. The theory of transient stability improvement by SVC is now
well understood in light of the equal area criterion. As for the damping improvement,
although computer simulations and field test results have shown the improvement
[2,3,4], the author feels that some fun damental issues still need to be discussed in order
to explain why power system damping can be improved by SVC applications and how.
This paper attempts to address these issues by using the well-known equal area
criterion.
It is found that a bus voltage controlled SVC does not contribute significantly to
system damping. A significant contribution to system damping can be achieved when an
SVC is controlled by some auxiliary signals superimposed over its voltage control
loop[2,3]. Usually SVC control systems are designed to have a voltage control loop with
continuous auxiliary damping control signal superimposed. It was found in [2] that while
the voltage regulation with continuous damping control signal design has good
performances when system oscillations are small in magnitude, it fails in providing
damping in some critical large oscillation cases. It has been suggested that discontinuous
4
"bang-bang" type of controls should be used for damping large oscillations. In the
application of SVC to a power system its contribution to system damping depends on SVC
location in the system. In the best SVC location to achieve the maximum damping
improvement in a two-area power system was studied by numerical methods. It is found
that the mid-point of the transmission circuit is the best SVC location
SVC also dampens power swings and reduces system losses by optimized reactive
power control. Power System Computer Aided Design/Electromagnetic Transients Direct
Current (PSCAD/EMTDC) has been used in this paper to conduct simulations on voltage
regulation at the point of connection of SVC to the system.
However, the aim of this paper is to enhance voltage stability using static Var
compensator at the event of occurrence of fault in the system.
1.1
The main advantage of SVCs over simple mechanically switched compensation schemes is
their near-instantaneous response to changes in the system voltage. For this reason they
are often operated at close to their zero-point in order to maximise the reactive power
correction they can rapidly provide when required.
They are, in general, cheaper, higher-capacity, faster and more reliable than dynamic
compensation
schemes
such
as
synchronous
condensers.
However,
static
VAR
compensators are more expensive than mechanically switched capacitors, so many system
operators use a combination of the two technologies (sometimes in the same installation),
using the static VAR compensator to provide support for fast changes
1.2 CAUSES OF UNDERVOLTAGE AND OVERVOLTAGE
OVERVOLTAGE: The cause of over-voltage on a power system may be broadly divided
into two major categories viz.
Internal causes
External causes
INTERNAL CAUSES: internal cause of over-voltage on the power system is primarily due
to oscillations set up by the sudden changes in the circuit conditions. These circuit
changes may be a normal switching operation such as opening of circuit breaker or it
may be fault condition such as grounding of a line conductor.
Internal causes do not produce surges of large magnitude. Experience shows that sages
due to internal causes are generally taken care of by providing proper insulation to the
equipment in the power system.
5
Switching surges
Insulation failure
Arcing ground
Resonance
Switching surges: The over-voltage produced on the power system due to
switching operation is known as switching surges. The following cause can set up overvoltages:
i)
ii)
iii)
current chopping
Insulation failure: The most common of insulation failure in the system is the
grounding of conductor i.e. insulation failure between line and earth. Below illustrates
this:-
(-E,E/Zn)
P
(-E,-E/Zn)
Q
Fig.1:
Suppose a line at potential E is earthed at point x. the earthing of the line causes two
equal voltages of E to travel along XO and XP containing currents E/Zn and +E/Zn
respectively. Both these currents pass through X to earth so that current to earth is
2E/Zn (where Zn is the natural impendence given by Zn = L/C).
Arcing ground: this is the phenomenon of intermittent arc taking place in line
to-ground fault of a 3- system with consequent production of transients. These
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transients are cumulative and may cause serious damage to the equipment in the power
system by causing breakdown of insulation.
Resonance: under resonance, the impedance of the circuit is equal to the
inductance of the circuit and the power factor is unity. Resonance causes high voltages in
the electrical system.
EXTERNAL CAUSE: External causes are mainly surges due to lightening which are
always very severe and may increase the system voltage to several the normal values.
Over-voltage due to lightering is known as voltage spike.
UNDERVOLTAGE: This is generally chronic problem caused by a number of factors
beyond the end users control. These factors which can lead to under voltage may
include. Weather, high demand and others, distribution characteristics of the system can
also contribute to the chronically low voltage situations. For example customers at the
end of a long transmission line may be subject to a permanent voltage drop due to line
loses on top of the utility voltage variations. Even under ideal conditions, most customers
will see a drop in utility voltage levels to over the course of the day as demand begins to
increase around 8.00am and peaks around 3.00pm to 4.00pm.
1.3 THE STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
A static VAR compensator is a set of electrical devices for providing fast-acting
reactive power on high-voltage electricity transmission networks.[1][2] SVCs are part of the
Flexible AC transmission system
[3][4]
("Transmission SVC")
Connected near large industrial loads, to improve power quality ("Industrial
SVC")
In transmission applications, the SVC is used to regulate the grid voltage. If the power
system's reactive load is capacitive (leading), the SVC will use thyristor controlled
reactors to consume VARs from the system, lowering the system voltage. Under inductive
(lagging) conditions, the capacitor banks are automatically switched in, thus providing a
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 SYSTEM MODEL
Studies have being performed on a single machine connected to a constant voltage bus
through two transformers Z1 and Z4 and a transmission line divided equally into two
sections Z2 and Z3 as shown in Fig below. An SVC device is connected at the middle bus.
An SVC
device is connected at the middle bus. The SVC is a combination of the reactor
8
and capacitors. It can be controlled quickly by thyristors switching. The SVC acts as
a variable susceptance. The main inputs to the SVC controller are the reference
susceptance and a fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy logic controller is adapted using the
identified model.
As the reactive power demand at the bus varies, the susceptance is varied subject to the
limits. However, the reactive power is a function of the square of the bus voltage. Hence
the reactive power generated decreases as the voltage decreases
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 MODEL OF SVC WITH PSCAD REPRESENTATION OF ITS CONTROL
In order to investigate the impact of SVC on power systems, appropriate SVC
model is very important. In this section, SVC and its mathematical model will be
introduced. SVC is built up with reactors and capacitors, controlled by thruster valves
which are in parallel with a fixed capacitor bank. It is connected in shunt with the
transmission line through a shunt transformer and thus, represented in figure 1 (1).
Figure 2 shows the equivalent circuit at which svc is modeled.
3.1.1 FUNCTIONAL AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL SVC
10
device is able to control the voltage magnitude. Changes in results in changes on the
current and hence, the amount of reactive power consumed by the inductor. When =
90o, the inductor is fully activated but is deactivated when = 180 o. Actually, the basic
control strategy is typically to keep the transmission bus voltage within certain narrow
limits defined by a controller droop and the firing angle limits (90o < > 180o).
Studied system
maintained averagely to 230.65KV during load variation. When SVC is unconnected, the
firing angle is 180o showing that the inductor is deactivated. However, the inductor is
activated when SVC is connected and the firing angle is 116.9o. Hence optimizing the
reactive power and improving the voltage profile (See figure 5-6).
It should be noted here that changes in firing angle result on changes in the current,
and hence the amount of reactive power consumed by the inductor. As the load
increases, the firing angle decreases and hence more amount of reactive power is
consumed by the inductor and vice versa.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Typically, an SVC comprises one or more banks of fixed or switched shunt capacitors or
reactors, of which at least one bank is switched by thyristors. Elements which may be
used to make an SVC typically include:
Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR), where the reactor may be air- or iron-cored
Harmonic filter(s)
Fig 5. One-line diagram of a typical SVC configuration; here employing a thyristor controlled
reactor, a thyristor switched capacitor, a harmonic filter, a mechanically switched capacitor and a
mechanically switched reactor.
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By means of phase angle modulation switched by the thyristors, the reactor may be
variably switched into the circuit and so provide a continuously variable MVAR injection
(or absorption) to the electrical network. [2] In this configuration, coarse voltage control is
provided by the capacitors; the thyristor-controlled reactor is to provide smooth control.
Smoother control and more flexibility can be provided with thyristor-controlled capacitor
switching.
the circuit in this manner injects undesirable odd-order harmonics and so banks of highpower filters are usually provided to smooth the waveform. Since the filters themselves
are capacitive, they also export MVARs to the power system.
More complex arrangements are practical where precise voltage regulation is required.
Voltage regulation is provided by means of a closed-loop controller.[7] Remote supervisory
control and manual adjustment of the voltage set-point are also common
4.2 ADVANTAGES OF SVCs OVER COMPENSATION SCHEMES
The main advantage of SVCs over simple mechanically switched compensation schemes
is their near-instantaneous response to changes in the system voltage. For this reason
they are often operated at close to their zero-point in order to maximise the reactive
power correction they can rapidly provide when required.
They are, in general, cheaper, higher-capacity, faster and more reliable than dynamic
compensation schemes such as synchronous condensers. [7] However, static VAR
compensators are more expensive than mechanically switched capacitors, so many
system operators use a combination of the two technologies (sometimes in the same
installation), using the static VAR compensator to provide support for fast changes and
the mechanically switched capacitors to provide steady-state VARs.
16
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
In this paper, the basic structure of an SVC operating under typical bus voltage
control and its model are described. The model; is based on representing the controller
as a variable impedance that changes with the firing angle of the Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (TCR), which is used to control voltage in the
System. Simulations carried out confirmed that static Var compensator could provide
the fast acting voltage support necessary to prevent the possibility of voltage reduction
and voltage collapse at the bus to which it is connected.
In this study, the effectiveness of static Var compensator (SVC) has been studied in
improving the transient stability of a sample two-area power system with various and
different studied such as investigation the response of SVC to transient phenomena due
to various faults such as single line to ground-line to line fault, line to line to ground
fault and finally the three phase to ground faults are investigated.
17
REFERENCES
1.
Arrillaga,, J.; Watson, N. R. Power System Harmonics. Wiley. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-47085129-6.
2.
Acha E., Ambriz-Perez H., Fuertes-Esquivel, Advanced Svc Models For NewtonRaphson Load Flow And Newton Optimal Power Flow Studies, IEEE Transactions On
3.
4.
5.
6.
Deb, Anjan K. Power Line Ampacity System. CRC Press. pp. 169171. ISBN 978-08493-1306-6.
7.
8.
Manitoba H.V.D.C. Research Centre Inc., PSCAD/EMTDC Manual Version 3.0, 244
Cree Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3J 3WI.
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10.
Ryan, H.M. (2001). High Voltage Engineering and Testing. IEE. pp. 160161.
ISBN 978-0-85296-775-1
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Song, Y.H., Johns, A.T. Flexible ac transmission systems. IEE. ISBN 0-85296-771-3
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Nwohu
M.
N.
2009.
Voltage
Stability
Improvement
using
Static
Var
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