SKILLS Project

October 2013

PORTAL FRAMES IN SINGLE STOREY BUILDINGS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Structural

elastic analysis including second order effects and

imperfections

Design procedure of portal frames

Design procedure of roof bracing and vertical bracing

LIST OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Presentation of industrial steel buildings
Examples
Global Analysis
General
Second order effects
Frame imperfection
Rigidity of joints
Design Procedure of portal frames
Structural stability of frames
Stability of columns and rafters
Vertical Bracing
Roof Bracing
Conclusion
4

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Typical design of single storey
steel buildings

INTRODUCTION
Purlins

INTRODUCTION
Haunched portal frames

INTRODUCTION
Roof bracing

Photo APK

INTRODUCTION
Vertical bracing

Photo APK

10

INTRODUCTION

Photo APK JP Muzeau

11

INTRODUCTION

12

GLOBAL ANALYSIS

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Methods of structural analysis

EN 1993-1-1 5.4

Elastic analysis
Material is supposed to behave perfectly linear elastic

Plastic analysis
Material non linearity is taken into account
Redistribution of internal forces and moments

14

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Effects to be taken into account when significant

EN 1993-1-1 5.1

Effects of deformed geometry (2nd order effects)

Imperfections
Stiffness of joints
Ground-structure interaction

15

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
First order and second order analysis

First order analysis: performed on the non deformed

structure

Second order analysis: performed including effects of

deformed geometry

16

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Effects of deformed geometry/Second order effects

First order analysis of the structure gives:

MI H h

3
H

h
I
3EI

17

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Effects of deformed geometry/Second order effects

Second order analysis of the structure gives:

M II H h V II

iterative calculation of II necessary

II

n1II

H h V n

MII

18

II

h2

3EI

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Effects of deformed geometry/Second order effects

n1II

H h V n

MII

h2

3EI

h2
n
Supposing:
And: H h
I
3EI
2
h
1
1
I
II H h

V
3EI
Vh2
1

1
Vcr
3EI

n1II

II

II

With: Vcr

19

II

3EI
h2

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Effects of deformed geometry/Second order effects

II I

1
V
1
Vcr
Vcr
cr
V

Substituting:
II
M

II I
II

cr
1

M II M I
1
20

cr

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Global and local second order effects

Global 2nd order effects P-D-effects

P

Concerns the deformation

of the whole structure

Local 2nd order effects P--effects

P

Concerns the deformation

between member ends

Generally covered by member
checks EN 1993-1-1 6.3
21

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Summarizing the effects of deformed geometry

Taking the deformation of the structure into account

generally leads to higher internal forces (shear force) and
moments for portal frames.

The lesser the rigidity of the structure is, the higher are the
deformation and therefore the 2nd order effects.

cr is representative for the influence of 2nd order effects

(high values of cr stand for little influence of 2nd order
effects )

22

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Second order effects in EN-1993-1-1

First order analysis is permitted if:

cr 10 for elastic analysis

EN 1993-1-1 5.2.1

cr 15 for plastic analysis

If criterion is not respected 2nd order effects have to be

accounted for

23

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Accounting for second order effects in EN-1993-1-1

3 cr 10

2nd order analysis (buckling length = member length) or

1st order analysis followed by amplification of sway effects

(buckling length = member length) or

1st order analysis (buckling length according to sway buckling

mode)

cr 3

2nd order analysis (buckling length = member length)

24

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Amplification of sway effects

Amplification factor:
1
1

Sway effects:

cr

Horizontal loads (e.g. wind)

Effects due to imperfection
Effects due to geometry of the structure

25

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Calculation of cr

Simplified formula: cr

HEd h
EN 1993-1-1 5.2.1 (4)

VEd H,Ed
VEd
H,Ed

HEd

if roof slop is swallow:

< 26
Afy
if axial force in the rafter is small: 0,3
or NEd 0,09Ncr
NEd

26

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Practical calulation of cr for portal frames
Hunit

unit

VEd

cr

Hunit h

VEd unit

VEd
0,5 Hunit

VEd
0,5 Hunit

0,25 Hunit

unit mean. column

0,5 Hunit

unit mean. column

27

0,25 Hunit

IMPERFECTIONS

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Structural imperfections

Due to: lack of verticality

lack of straightness
eccentricities in joints
residual stresses
inhomogeneity of material

Physical imperfection are replaced by equivalent

geometric imperfection

29

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Equivalent geometric imperfection

Global initial sway imperfection

f

Local bow imperfection

e0

e0

30

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Global sway imperfection

f f0hm

EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2

f0: Basic value f0 1/ 200

h: Reduction factor for the height of the columns

2
h

but

2
h 1
3

m: Reduction factor for the number of columns per row

m 0,51

m is the number of columns carrying at least 50% of

the average vertical load of the column row considered
31

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Direction of sway imperfection

Every possible direction has to be considered, but only one

direction in a time
f

32

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
System of equivalent forces replacing out-of-plumb

NEd

NEd

fNEd

fNEd
NEd

NEd

33

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
System of equivalent forces replacing out-of-plumb

fNEd

fNEd

fNEd

fNEd
34

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Possibility of disregarding global frame imperfection

Relatively high horizontal loads

HEd 0,15VEd

EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2

Frame stability check with equivalent column method

(buckling length of columns are based on overall sway
buckling mode)
EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2

35

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Local bow imperfection

Local 2nd order effects are generally included in the member

verification formulas of EN 1993-1-1 6.3

Local bow imperfection has to be considered for slender

members under high compression axial force

36

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
frame is sensitive to 2nd order effects, local bow
imperfection has to be applied on:

If

compressed members that have at least one moment

resistant joint and
Afy
EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2
whose reduced slenderness 0,5
NEd

is calculated supposing a pin ended column:

A fy
Ncr

And Ncr

37

EI
L

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Value of local bow imperfection

Elastic analysis

Plastic analysis

e0/L

e0/L

a0

1/350

1/300

1/300

1/250

1/250

1/200

1/200

1/150

1/150

1/100

Buckling curve

e0

EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2

38

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
System of equivalent forces replacing local bow imperfection

NEd

NEd

e0

4NEde0,d/L

8NEde0,d/L2

4NEde0,d/L
NEd

NEd
39

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
System of equivalent forces replacing local bow imperfection

e0

e0

4NEd e0,d/L

8NEde0,d/L2

4NEd e0,d/L

8NEde0,d/L2
4NEd e0,d/L
40

4NEd e0,d/L

STIFFNESS OF JOINTS

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Examples of Joints

Rigid joint

Nominally pinned joint

42

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Classification of joints by stiffness

EN 1993-1-8 5.2.2

Joint A
Joint B

Joint C
f
43

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Classification boundaries

Joint A

kb

EN 1993-1-8 5.2.2.5

EIbeam
Lbeam

Semi-rigid joints
Joint B

Rigid joints

0,5

EIbeam
Lbeam

Joint C
f
44

Nominally pinned joints

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Value of kb for the classification of joints

kb = 8 :

kb = 25 :

frames where the bracing system reduces the

horizontal displacement by at least 80%
other frames, provided that in every storey
Kb/Kc 0,1
Kb: mean value of Ib/Lb for all beams at the top
of the storey
Kc: mean value of Ic/Lc for all columns of the
storey
Ic/b: second moment of area of a column/beam
Lc/b: height/length of a column/beam
45

GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Practical comments

The designer will probably choose the assumption of rigid

rafter-to-column joints.

The designer will probably choose the assumption of either

pinned or rigid column bases.

The assumptions will have to be checked afterwards.

46

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2

Structural stability of frames

cr 10 :
1st Method:
1st order analysis without imperfections
Column in-plane stability check using buckling length
according to sway buckling mode
2nd Method:
1st order analysis with global imperfection
Column in-plane stability check using member length

48

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2

Structural stability of frames

cr < 3 :
Check if introduction of local imperfection is necessary

if necessary:
2nd order analysis with global imperfection if
necessary
Column in-plane stability check = check of resistance
of section

49

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2

Structural stability of frames

cr < 3 :
Check if introduction of local imperfection is necessary

if not necessary:
2nd order analysis with global imperfection if
necessary
Column in-plane stability check using member length

50

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2

Structural stability of frames

3 cr < 10 :
Check if introduction of local imperfection is necessary

if necessary:
2nd order analysis with global imperfection if
necessary
Column in-plane stability check = check of section
resistance

51

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2

Structural stability of frames

3 cr < 10 :
Check if introduction of local imperfection is necessary

if not necessary:
1st Method:
1st order analysis without imperfections
Column in-plane stability check using buckling length
according to sway buckling mode
Verification of joints and rafters including second
order effects (amplification of sway effects)
52

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2

Structural stability of frames

3 cr < 10 :
Check if introduction of local imperfection is necessary

if not necessary:
2nd Method:
1st order analysis with global imperfection if
necessary
Amplification of sway effects
Column in-plane stability check using member length

53

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

Buckling length = Member length :

Lcr

Buckling length according to sway buckling mode :

Lcr

54

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

Geometry + Boundary conditions + Loads

Calculation of cr

cr < 3

3 cr < 10

cr 10

Slide
58

Slide
59

Slide
57

55

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

Geometry + Boundary conditions + Loads

Calculation of cr
cr 10

Global imperfection

1st order analysis

In plane stability check of

columns using member length

In plane stability check of columns using buckling

length according to global buckling mode

56

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

Geometry + Boundary conditions + Loads
Calculation of cr
cr < 3
Global imperfection if necessary: EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2 (4)

Local imperfection if necessary: EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2 (6)

Not necessary

Necessary

2nd order analysis

In plane stability check of columns
= resistance check of section
57

In plane stability check of

columns using member length

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

Geometry + Boundary conditions + Loads
Calculation of cr
3 cr < 10
Local imperfection if necessary: EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2 (6)
Not necessary

Necessary

Global imperfection if necessary: EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2 (4)

Necessary
2nd order analysis

In plane stability check of

columns = resistance
check of section

Amplification of
sway effects
In plane stability check of
columns using member
length
58

Not necessary
1st order analysis

In plane stability check of columns using

buckling length according to sway buckling
mode

STABILITY OF COLUMNS AND RAFTERS

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

Stability of columns and rafters

Columns and rafters are subjected to axial forces and

moments
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.3
Use of interaction formula
M y ,Ed DM y ,Ed
M z,Ed DM z,Ed
NEd
k yy
k yz
1
y NRk
M y ,Rk
M z,Rk

M1

LT

M1

M1

M y ,Ed DM y ,Ed
M z,Ed DM z,Ed
NEd
k zy
k zz
1
z NRk
M y ,Rk
M z,Rk

M1

LT

M1

M1
60

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF PORTAL FRAMES

Simplification for common frames

Columns and rafters are not subjected to out-of-plane

moments
Columns and rafters are usually double symmetric sections

NEd
k yy
y NRk

M1
NEd
k zy
z NRk

M1

M y ,Ed
1
M y ,Rk

LT

M1

M y ,Ed
1
M y ,Rk

LT
61

M1

ROOF BRACING

ROOF BRACING

Photo APK

63

ROOF BRACING
Rafters

Purlins transmitting
horizontal loads to
roof bracing

Roof bracing

64

ROOF BRACING
Ground view of roof bracing

Roof bracing

Purlins transmitting
horizontal loads to roof
bracing

6 Rafters

65

ROOF BRACING
Idealisation of roof bracing
NEd

Fexterior

NEd

NEd

NEd

m rafters whose flanges are

subjected to the axial force NEd

NEd

NEd

(including rafters acting as

upper and lower flange of roof
bracing)

NEd

NEd

Horizontal loads transmitted

by purlins

Roof bracing
66

ROOF BRACING
Imperfection for roof bracing
NEd

Fexterior

EN 1993-1-1 5.3.3
NEd

e0
NEd

NEd
e0

NEd

NEd
e0

NEd

m rafters whose flanges are

subjected to the axial force NEd
and that are subjected to
imperfection e0

NEd
e0

Horizontal loads due to

imperfection e0 and axial
forces NEd and to Fexterior
Roof bracing
67

ROOF BRACING
Imperfection for roof bracing
NEd

Fexterior

NEd

e0
NEd

NEd

NEd
e0

NEd

NEd

e0

e0
NEd

MRafter,Ed
hSection

mL
500

AupFlange
ASection

NEd
e0

Horizontal loads due to

imperfection e0 and axial
forces NEd and to Fexterior
Roof bracing

68

m 0,51

NRafter,Ed

ROOF BRACING
Calculation of roof bracing
NEd

Fexterior

NEd

e0
NEd

Use of geometric imperfection

and 2nd order analysis

Use of equivalent forces and

1st order analysis

NEd
e0

NEd

NEd
e0

NEd

NEd
e0

69

ROOF BRACING
Equivalent load concept
Fexterior

qd
qdL/8 qdL/4 qdL/4 qdL/4 qdL/8

qdL/2

qdL/2

qd

Ed 8

e0 g
L2

g: deflection of the roof bracing

due to exterior load Fexterior and
equivalent load qd
iterative calculation of qd
1 or 2 iterations sufficient

70

VERTICAL BRACING

VERTICAL BRACING

Photo APK

72

VERTICAL BRACING
Design procedure

Calculation of cr
1st order or 2nd order theory
Determination of horizontal loads
Wind
Loads due to global imperfection if necessary
Calculation of internal forces and moments
Verification of stability in bracing plane
Verification of out of bracing plane stability as before

73

VERTICAL BRACING
Calculation of cr for vertical bracings
Vtotal

Hunit

cr unit

total mean

74

VERTICAL BRACING
In-plane loads on vertical bracing

V
Ntotf + H

Ntotf

Ntot: Sum of axial forces of all

columns stabilized by bracing
H: External horizontal loads
V: Vertical loads on columns
f: Sway imperfection

75

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
2nd order effects and imperfections have to be
accounted for in the design of portal frames.

Generally

on the value of cr different calculation methods

can be adopted.

Depending

For

portal frames it is convenient to account for global

imperfection and global 2nd order effects in the global
analysis.

77

CONCLUSION
2nd order effects are generally included in the member
verification formulas of EN 1993-1-1 6.3.

Local

Physical imperfections are replaced by either equivalent

geometric imperfections or equivalent loads.

Bracing systems are subjected to external horizontal loads

and loads due to their function as stabilizing elements.

78

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