Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(1) Assembly
(189 country)
Air
Technical
(3) Secretariate is
Bureau of
Air
Legal
Administration
AIRLINES
Passengers
and Goods
Government Authorities
Air traffic control
They contribute to Airlines and Airlines gives service to passengers and transport goods.
Civil
Aviation
Personal / Business /
Cargo
General
Aviation
(commercial
& private)
8. What does DGCA, BCAS and AAI stands for?
DGCA Director General of Civil Aviation.
BCAS Bureau of Civil Aviation Security.
AAI Airport Authority of India.
9. Define Airworthiness.
Airworthiness means meeting the civil Aviation authority established standards for safe flight and
equipped and maintained in a condition to fly.
10. What is the concept of international multi- media transport?
The concept of international multi-modal transport covers the door-to-door movement of goods
under the responsibility of a single transport operator. Combining different mode of transport such as
rail, road, sea, Air etc. we can boost the global economy by reducing time.
11. Differentiate between amortization and depreciation.
Amortization is intangable assert (valuable goods) cost over the duration of its useful life.
(Intangable good will, brand etc.)
Depreciation is a process by which a company allocates a tangible assert cost over the duration of
its useful life. (Tangable machines, building, land etc.)
12. What is the role of Civil Aviation authorities? Name any five.
The CAA is the name for the national body governing civil aviation in a number of countries.
CAA provides: Personal Licensing / Flight Operations / Airworthiness / Aerodromes / Air traffic
services / Safe sky etc.
Eg. (i) DGCA India
(ii) EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency) EU (European Union)
(iii) FAAT (Federal Agency of Air Transport) Russia
(iv) FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) USA
(v) CASA (Civil Aviation Safety Authority) Australia
13. What do you mean by AMO, TC and EO?
AMO means Aircraft Maintenance Organization.
TC means Task Cards.
EO means Engineering Order.
14. Differentiate between functional and operational checks.
Functional Check: A quantitative check to determine if each function of an item performs within
specified limits. This check require use of auxiliary (outside) equipment.
Operational Checks: A task to determine if an item is fulfilling its intended purpose. This is a
failure finding task and does not require outside equipment.
15. What do you mean by Bottom up and Top down approach for maintenance?
Bottom up approach: It looks at the component as the most likely causes of equipment
malfunction.
Top down approach: It looks at the consequence of failure i.e what caused the problem.
16. What is AOG?
AOG means Aircraft on ground. An aircraft out of service (i.e. grounded) waiting for a part or
parts before it can be returned to service.
17. Define Down time.
The length of time lost during an operation because of non scheduled stoppages such as failure,
delay etc.
18. What do you mean by MRO?
MRO means maintenance Repair and Overhaul.
19. Write a brief note on line personnel.
They include everyone directly involved in producing or selling an airline services.
Mechanics (M & E)
Dilects (Flight operations)
Flight attendants
Sales & Marketing
20. What do you mean by span of control in level of management?
This concept states that a supervisor or manager can effectively supervise or control three to
seven people.
21. What do you mean by deregulation? After deregulation, what still remains regulated?
Deregulation means freedom to operate by anyone. It gives free market competition. It was
applied to Air Cargo and passengers.
What remains regulated:
Bilateral agreements between international air services.
Open sky agreements.
Safety can never be deregulated. Its always under full control of government.
22. What is GDP and GNP and how its related to transportation?
GDP is gross domestic product. It is a measure of the total value of goods and services
produced by a domestic economy during a given period, usually one year.
GNP is gross national product. It is the total market value of goods and services produced
during a given period by labor and capital supplied by residents of a country, regardless of where the
labor and capital are located.
In many developed countries, transportation accounts for between 6% and 12% of the
GDP. And transportation contributes about 20% of the total GNP of the nation.
23. Differentiate between Macro and Micro economics.
Macro economic: The importance of transportation for a whole economy.
Micro economic: The importance of transportation for specific parts of the economy.
24. What do you mean by yield management?
The process of finding the right mix of fares for each flight is called as inventory or revenue
management.
When to do discount
When to do overbooking
Should we have First class, Business class and Economy class etc.
25. What do you mean by code sharing agreements?
Code sharing agreements can be between a larger airlines and reginal airlines or foreign airlines.
It allows two different airlines to offer better co-ordinated services to their customers. In this a
carrier simply hands off passengers to another carrier to get the passenger to destination under same
code.
26. What is fleet assignment and A/C routing?
Planning process of large airline companies require fleet assignment and A/C routing. First,
flight schedule is determined based on forecasts of passenger demand, available airports and other
information. Then specific type of A/C is assigned to the individual flights of the schedule providing
rotation of flights in each fleet. This process is termed as fleet assignment and aircraft routing.
27. Differentiate between Airline Revenue and Airline Cost.
Airline Revenue where the money comes from i.e. passengers / cargo / domestic travel /
international travel.
Airline Cost where the money goes i.e. flying operations as fuel / maintenance / ATC /
promotion passenger service / Administration / Depreciation / Amortization.
40. Differentiate between flight crew and ground crew. How do they assist each other?
Ground crew is the support crew supplying the A/C with fuel and maintenance.
Flight crew are pilots, flight attendants, flight engineers etc. who fly with A/C.
Both are two pillars of airlines.
41. Differentiate between visual and transit checks.
Visual check: An observation to determine if an item is fulfilling its intended purpose. This is a
failure finding task.
42. How do hourly checks differ from letter checks?
Daily checks: A maintenance check performed every day or any time the aircraft has sat on the
ground for more than 4 hours. For recent A/C models, this has been changed to a 48 hour interval.
Letter checks: Standard check cycles done after certain flight hours, flight cycles or calendar
time. Usually named as A, B, C, D.
43. Differentiate between MEL and MMEL.
MEL (minimum Equipment List) A list of equipment that flight crews agree to accept as in
operative for short periods. Operators create the MEL.
MMEL (Marter Minimum Equipment List) Marter list of MEL items. Includes all related items
available for the A/C type whether installed on operators vehicle or not. Manufacture creates the
MMEL
44. Differentiate between routine maintenance and non routine maintenance items.
The basic maintenance checks have task requirements for various inspections, functional checks
and operational checks of A/C equipment. They are called routine maintenance items and require
fixed amount of time to be carried out.
The requirements in skill, parts, supplies and time can vary considerably depending on the nature
of the malfunction found. These are called non routine items and by nature can extend the down time
needed.
45. Define Redundancy and Reliability. How are they related to each other?
Redundancy: The use of two or more items in parallel to ensure full support in case one unit fails.
Reliability: The probability that an item will perform a required function, under specified
condition without failure, for a specified amount of time. With redundancy the reliability increases.
46. Talking about parts availability, what is Chasing parts and JIT?
Chasing parts: Depending on which parts and supplies will be needed for routine and non routine
work, the mechanic has to do the chasing of parts.
JIT: Material delivers parts and supplies it to hanger Just In Time (JIT) for maintenance to use
them.
47. What is MCC? Also define PIREPS.
MCC Maintenance Control Center. The hub of maintenance activities on the flight line for inservice aircraft.
PIREPS Pilot report i.e. a log book entry or other report by a flight crew member concerning
an aircraft malfunction.
48. What does abbreviation A & P, AC, AD, SB, SD, SL stands for?
A & P means Airframe and Power plant.
AC means Advisory Circular.
AD means Airworthiness Directive.
SB means Service Bulletin.
SD means Standard Deviation about mean value.
SL means Service Letter.
49. Differentiate between TCand C of A.
TC Type certificate is a certificate issued by Civil Aviation Authority of country of
manufacturing the A/C.
C of A Certificate of Airworthiness (in India) or AC (Airworthiness certificate, FAA). C of A
is issued by DGCA to each aircraft built to assure that it was built to TC standard.
50. Differentiate between NDI and NDT.
NDI Non Destructive Inspection is an inspection technique that does not change the unit being
inspected.
NDT Non Destructive Testing is a testing technique which does not change the unit under test.
51. What are the structural damage the A/C go through?
Environmental deterioration.
Accidental damage.
Fatigue damage.
Flight time (Flight hours) Actual flight time measured from take off to landing.
(4)
Time
(2)
(5)
(6)
4,5,6 follow CM
i.e. condition monitoring
63. Which among HT, OC, and CM is unscheduled maintenance? Give example for each.
HT is scheduled and failure preventive [e.g. landing gear overhaul]
OC is scheduled and failure preventive [e.g. boroscopic inspection of engines]
CM is unscheduled and until failure [e.g. navigation and communication equipment]
64. What is walk around inspection?
At stations where no maintenance is available, the flight crew will do a walk around inspection
i.e. they will perform a transit check consisting of oil check, visual inspection.
65. What are the five objectives of an airline maintenance program?
(i) To ensure safety and reliability level of equipment.
(ii) To restore safety and reliability level of equipment.
(iii)To obtain necessary information, data etc for adjustment of maintenance program when
inherent levels are not met.
(iv)To obtain information for design improvement.
(v) To do this maintenance at minimum cost.
66. How is no data related to false alert?
Some time no data i.e. when equipment was not in service, is taken as no failure. The no
failure gives us the overall mean value or false. And thus getting false alert level.
(e.g.) weather radar work only two months and is not needed for 10 months.(See page 203)
Failures involving a loss of function or secondary damage that could have an adverse effect on
operating safety.
77. What is EROPS?
EROPS means extended range operation. Flight operations at a distance more than 60 minutes.
flying time with one engine inoperative from the route to enroute airport. EROPS works regardless
of number of engines. It has been replaced by ETOPS (Extended Twin Engine Operations) which
works only for two engine A/C.
78. Differentiate between Accidental Damage, Environmental Deterioration and Fatigue Damage.
Accidental Damage: The physical deterioration of an item caused by contact or impact.
E.g. Rough landing caused impact on landing gears.
Environmental Deterioration: The physical deterioration of an items strength or resistance to
failure as a result of chemical interaction with its environment.
Fatigue Damage: The initiation of a crack or cracks due cyclic loading and subsequent
propagation of such cracks.
79. What is the normal aging life of A/C?
20 years of economical life.
Servicing and
handling of A/C
Airport &
Terminal
Equipment
Facilitation of
maintenance
Airline
equipment
Line
maintenance
Manager
maintenance
Some GSE are: Wheel chocks / Tow bars / Jacks / Pneumatic air start unit / Battery charging
equipment / O2 servicing equipment etc.
89. What is Shop Visit?
An engine removal is classified as shop visit.
90. Give the guidelines for human factor design.
(i) Design the system to be compatible with human abilities, capabilities, need and strength.
(ii) Design the system to compensate for human failings and deficiencies to avoid human errors.
(iii) Provide human elements of the system with sufficient education and training.
91. What is mid time or mid life or half time or half life?
Mid time or half time implies that,
The status of scheduled inspection or overhaul is midway through.
The item has been in service for one half of their life limits.
92. What are basic elements of continuous maintenance program?
A/C inspection.
Scheduled maintenance.
Unscheduled maintenance.
Repair and overhaul (Engine).
Structural inspection and overhaul Airframe).
Maintenance manual.
93. What are ACARS and FANS? How are they related to future maintenance?
ACARS means A/C communication addressing and reporting systems.
FANS means Future A/C navigation systems.
They can monitor and report about A/C engines and system performance before hand to the
maintenance department.
94. How is a typical 48 hours check followed for twin engine jet?
Check brakes.
Check oil level.
Check main and more landing gear.
Do operational check of stand by power.
Test engine, APU.
Do operational check of interior emergency lights.
Do operational check of fire / overheat systems.
Do operational check of TCAS.
ETOPS check.
95. How is transit check followed for twin engine jet?
Service engine oil.
Check RAM air inlet / exhaust door and cabin pressure outflow valve.
Check positive pressure relife valves.
Check all movable flight control surfaces.
Check more and main landing gear and wheels.
Check navigation and communication antennas.
Check static ports and probs.
Check crew oxygen discharge for pressure.
Check for leakage of fuel and / or hydraulic fluid.
Check primary control surfaces.
Check using tips and lower using surfaces for fuel leakage.
Check engine cowlings etc.
96. What is IFSD?
IFSD is inflight shut down of an A/C engine when one of the engines shut down because of
some malfunction. The malfunction is probably one of the most serious in aviation, particularly if
the airplane only has two engines or even one.
97. Differentiate between QA and QC?
QA (Quality Assurance) The M & E organization responsible for setting standards of
operation and for monitoring the operator units to ensure that such standards are met.
LONG QUESTIONS
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