What is a bibliography?

a list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, usually printed as an appendix.

a list of the books of a specific author or publisher, or on a specific subject.
"a bibliography of his publications"
the history or systematic description of books, their authorship, printing, publication, editions, etc.
What must you do on a bibliography?
What must be in a bibliography?
the authors' names
the titles of the works
the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources
the dates your copies were published
the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of multi-source volumes)
What are the branches of bibliography?
Analytical bibliography studies the processes of making books, especially the material modes
of production, including the practices of scriptorium or printing shop. One of the purposes of
analytical bibliography is to understand how the processes of material production affect the
nature and state of the text preserved in the book.
Descriptive bibliography involves describing books in a standard form, including technical
descriptions of the format and make-up of the book; this is especially important for manuscripts
and early printed books, where each physical copy of a book is likely to be a unique version of
the text. Descriptive bibliography is obviously a product of and also a contributor to analytical
study, having to do with efficient and standard ways to communicate the results of analysis.
Textual bibliography attempts to establish the "state" of a text, especially in terms of the
various versions that are extant, and analyzing who (author, editor, compositor, printer, etc.) was
responsible for particular variants. Textual bibliography is obviously part of the process of
preparing a scholarly edition of a text, though its significance is certainly not limited to editors.
Enumerative bibliography lists documents, produces catalogues and bibliographies and
similar research tools, "enumerating" different categories of texts

APA

Books
Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional information. City of publication: Publishing
company.
Examples:
Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
Boorstin, D. (1992). The creators: A history of the heroes of the imagination. New York: Random House.
Nicol, A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999). Presenting your findings: A practical guide for creating tables. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). A reader's guide to science fiction. New York: Facts on File, Inc.
Toomer, J. (1988). Cane. Ed. Darwin T. Turner. New York: Norton.

Encyclopedia & Dictionary

Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title of Encyclopedia (Volume, pages). City of publication: Publishing
company.
Examples:

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia
Britannica.
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falcon and Falconry. World book encyclopedia. (pp. 150-155). Chicago: World Book.
Tobias, R. (1991). Thurber, James. Encyclopedia americana. (p. 600). New York: Scholastic Library Publishing.

Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Format:
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title. Periodical title, volume number(issue number if available),
inclusive pages.
Note: Do not enclose the title in quotation marks. Put a period after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number,
italicize it and then give the page range (in regular type) without "pp." If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in
newspapers, use p. or pp. for page numbers.
Note: Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.
Examples:
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological
Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
Kalette, D. (1986, July 21). California town counts town to big quake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.
Kanfer, S. (1986, July 21). Heard any good books lately? Time, 113, 71-72.
Trillin, C. (1993, February 15). Culture shopping. New Yorker, pp. 48-51.

Website or Webpage
Format:
Online periodical:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year, from
full URL
Online document:
Author's name. (Date of publication). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from full URL
Note: When citing Internet sources, refer to the specific website document. If a document is undated, use "n.d." (for no
date) immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period.
Continually check your references to online documents. There is no period following a URL.
Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.
Examples:
Devitt, T. (2001, August 2). Lightning injures four at music festival. The Why? Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from
http://whyfiles.org/137lightning/index.html
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998, from Alderman Library,
University of Virginia website: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html
Note: If a document is contained within a large and complex website (such as that for a university or a government
agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document
itself. Precede the URL with a colon.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention &
Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/
Health Canada. (2002, February). The safety of genetically modified food crops. Retrieved March 22, 2005, from
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/biologics_genetics/gen_mod_foods/genmodebk.html
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved
November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com

MLA

Books
Format:
Author's last name, first name. Book title. Additional information. City of publication: Publishing company, publication date.
Examples:
Allen, Thomas B. Vanishing Wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1974.
Boorstin, Daniel J. The Creators: A History of the Heroes of the Imagination. New York: Random, 1992.
Hall, Donald, ed. The Oxford Book of American Literacy Anecdotes. New York: Oxford UP, 1981.
Searles, Baird, and Martin Last. A Reader's Guide to Science Fiction. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1979.
Toomer, Jean. Cane. Ed. Darwin T. Turner. New York: Norton, 1988.

Encyclopedia & Dictionary

Format:
Author's last name, first name. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Date.
Note: If the dictionary or encyclopedia arranges articles alphabetically, you may omit volume and page numbers.
Examples:
"Azimuthal Equidistant Projection." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed. 1993.
Pettingill, Olin Sewall, Jr. "Falcon and Falconry." World Book Encyclopedia. 1980.
Tobias, Richard. "Thurber, James." Encyclopedia Americana. 1991 ed.
Levinson, David, and Melvin M. Ember, eds. Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology. 4 vols. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
Print.

Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Format:
Author's last name, first name. "Article title." Periodical title Volume # Date: inclusive pages.
Note: If an edition is named on the masthead, add a comma after the date and specify the edition.
Examples:
Hall, Trish. "IQ Scores Are Up, and Psychologists Wonder Why." New York Times 24 Feb. 1998, late ed.: F1+.
Kalette, Denise. "California Town Counts Down to Big Quake." USA Today 9 21 July 1986: sec. A: 1.
Kanfer, Stefan. "Heard Any Good Books Lately?" Time 113 21 July 1986: 71-72.
Trillin, Calvin. "Culture Shopping." New Yorker 15 Feb. 1993: 48-51.

Website or Webpage
Format:
Author's last name, first name (if available). "Title of work within a project or database." Title of site, project, or database.
Editor (if available). Electronic publication information (Date of publication or of the latest update, and name of any
sponsoring institution or organization). Date of access and <full URL>.
Note: If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.
Examples:
Devitt, Terry. "Lightning injures four at music festival." The Why? Files. 2 Aug. 2001. 23 Jan. 2002 <http://whyfiles.org /
137lightning/index.html>.
Dove, Rita. "Lady Freedom among Us." The Electronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 1998. Alderman Lib., U of
Virginia. 19 June 1998 <http://etext.lib.virginia.edu /subjects/afam.html>.
Lancashire, Ian. Homepage. 28 Mar. 2002. 15 May 2002 <http://www.chass.utoronto.ca:8080 /~ian/>.
Levy, Steven. "Great Minds, Great Ideas." Newsweek 27 May 2002. 10 June 2002 <http://www.msnbc.com
/news/754336.asp>.

Create a bibliography
A bibliography is a list of sources, usually placed at the end of a document, that you consulted or cited in creating the document.
In Microsoft Word 2010, you can automatically generate a bibliography based on the source information that you provide for
the document.
Each time that you create a new source, the source information is saved on your computer, so that you can find and use any
source you have created.
You can choose the bibliography style that you want, and you can add new bibliography styles.

What do you want to do?

Add a new citation and source to a document
Find a source
Edit a citation placeholder
Create a bibliography

Add a new citation and source to a

document
When you add a new citation to a document, you also create a new source that will appear in the bibliography.
1.

On the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click the arrow next to Style.

2.

Click the style that you want to use for the citation and source

3.

For example, social sciences documents usually use the MLA or APA styles for citations and sources

4.

Click at the end of the sentence or phrase that you want to cite.

5.

On the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click Insert Citation.

6.

Do one of the following:

To add the source information, click Add New Source.

To add a placeholder, so that you can create a citation and fill in the source information later, click Add New
Placeholder. A question mark appears next to placeholder sources in Source Manager.
7.

Begin to fill in the source information by clicking the arrow next to Type of source.
For example, your source might be a book, a report, or a Web site.

8.

Fill in the bibliography information for the source.

To add more information about a source, click the Show All Bibliography Fields check box.
NOTE

If you choose a GOST or ISO 690 style for your sources and a citation is not unique, append an alphabetic character to
the year. For example, a citation would appear as [Pasteur, 1848a].

If you choose ISO 690-Numerical Reference and your citations still don't appear consecutively, you must click the ISO
690 style again, and then press ENTER to correctly order the citations.
Top of Page

Find a source
The list of sources that you consult or cite can become quite long. At times you might search for a source that you cited in
another document by using the Manage Sources command.
1.

On the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click Manage Sources.

If you open a new document that does not yet contain citations, all of the sources that you used in previous documents appear
under Master List.

If you open a document that includes citations, the sources for those citations appear under Current List. All the sources that
you have cited, either in previous documents or in the current document, appear underMaster List.
2.

To find a specific source, do one of the following:

In the sorting box, sort by author, title, citation tag name, or year, and then search the resulting list for the

source that you want to find.

In the Search box, type the title or author for the source that you want to find. The list dynamically narrows to

match your search term.

NOTE You can click the Browse button in Source Manager to select another master list from which you can import new

sources into your document. For example, you might connect to a file on a shared server, on a research colleague's computer or
server, or on a Web site that is hosted by a university or research institution.
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Edit a citation placeholder

Occasionally, you may want to create a placeholder citation, and then wait until later to fill in the complete bibliography source
information. Any changes that you make to a source are automatically reflected in the bibliography, if you have already created
one. A question mark appears next to placeholder sources in Source Manager.
1.

On the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click Manage Sources.

2.

Under Current List, click the placeholder that you want to edit.
NOTE Placeholder sources are alphabetized in Source Manager, along with all other sources, based on the placeholder tag

name. By default, placeholder tag names contain the word Placeholder and a number, but you can customize the placeholder
tag name with whatever tag you want.
3.
Click Edit.
4.

Begin to fill in the source information by clicking the arrow next to Type of source.
For example, your source might be a book, a report, or a Web site.

5.

Fill in the bibliography information for the source. Use the Edit button to fill in fields instead of having to type names
in the appropriate format.
To add more information about a source, click the Show All Bibliography Fields check box.
Top of Page

Create a bibliography
You can create a bibliography at any point after you insert one or more sources in a document. If you don't have all of the
information that you need about a source to create a complete citation, you can use a placeholder citation, and then complete the
source information later.
NOTE Placeholder citations do not appear in the bibliography.

1.

Click where you want to insert a bibliography, usually at the end of the document.

2.

On the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click Bibliography.

3.

Click a predesigned bibliography format to insert the bibliography into the document.