PETE 310

Lecture # 10
Real Gases

Equations of State for Gases

Ideal gas

PV

ideal
M

RT

Real gas

PV
RT

real
M

Experimental Observation

The Principle of Corresponding

States
All fluids when compared at
the same reduced temperature
and reduced pressure, have
approximately the same
compressibility factor, and all
deviate from ideal gas behavior
to about the same degree
The Principle of Corresponding states (POC)
originated with single component fluids.

Typical Reduced Parameters

Material properties are usually expressed
in terms of reduced parameters such as:
Reduced Temperature:

Tr

T / Tc

Typical Reduced Parameters

Reduced Pressure:

Pr

P / Pc

Reduced Molar Volume:

Vr

V M / VM c

Reduced Parameters
Usually Tr and Pr Vr obtained as a
function of Tr and Pr
These are called two-parameter
Corresponding States models
Three-parameter corresponding states
models improve predictions but third
parameter is not Vr (not independent
variable)

Generalized Corresponding States

Three-Parameter
This third parameter is called the acentric factor.
It takes into account the non-spherical nature of
molecules
Peng Robinson and the Soave Redlich Kwong
equations of state (EOS) are examples of three
parameter corresponding states models.

Compressibility Factor Charts

Following the POC only one
compressibility factor chart can be used to
determine volumetric properties of any
pure fluid by using its reduced properties.
The shape of this chart is in general.

Corresponding States Correlations

& Models
The objective is then to find a model (models) to
predict the Z factor.

Ideal gas behavior is described from the ideal gas

Equation of State (EOS) with a compressibility
factor of 1.

Extension of Corresponding States

to Mixtures
Z factor charts (all built from EOS) are also
used for multicomponent systems in this
case the coordinates used are pseudoreduced properties
For a mixture you can use the same charts
as for a pure component.

Compressibility
factor Z as a
function or
pseudoreduced
pressure

Z-Factor Equation
Equation used
z 1

A1

A2
Tpr

A3
Tpr3

A4
Tpr4

A5
Tpr5

pr

A6

A7
Tpr

A8
Tpr2

2
pr

A
A9 7
Tpr

A8
Tpr2

Tpr

T / Tpc

ppr

p / ppc

5
pr

A10

2
pr
3
pr

1 A11

Coefficients
A1

0.3265

A2

-1.07

A3

-0.5339

A4

0.01569

A5

-0.05165

A6

0.5475

A7

-0.7361

A8

0.1844

A9

0.1056

A10

0.6134

A11

0.721

pr

0.27

p pr
zT pr

2
pr

A11

2
pr

Pseudocritical Properties of Natural

Gases
Pseudoreduced Pressure

Ppr

P
Ppc

Pseudoreduced Temperature

T pr

T
T pc

Defining Pseudocritical Properties

Would require knowing Pc and Tc for each
component in the mixture
Define some sort of mixing rule

What about Pc and Tc for C7+ ?

Given Specific Gravity and

Molecular Weight for C7+

Given Specific Gravity and

Molecular Weight for C7+

A Note on Specific Gravity

SG of a natural gas and SG of C7+ which is a
component of the natural gas ARE NOT
THE SAME

A Note on Specific Gravity

Do NOT Confuse C7+ with this

Do NOT Confuse C7+ with this

Defining Pseudocritical Properties

Several methods available (book & SPE
paper will use later) when
Given all mixture compositions

Correction schemes for impurities

When just gas gravity is known

Pseudocritical Properties of Natural

Gases
The simplest mixing rule to define
pseudocritical properties when
composition is known is
Nc

Ppc

yi Pci
i 1

Nc

T pc

yiTci
i 1

Once Pseudocriticals are Found

Pseudo reduced Temperature

Tpr

T / Tpc

Pseudo reduced Pressure

Ppr

P / Ppc

Evaluate Z

Pseudocritical Properties of Natural

Gases
Once Z is evaluated you can find the gas
density as

M
3
lbm / ft
V

Z-factor chart
for low
reduced
pressures

A Practical Application
Find amount of
natural gas that
can be stored at a
given P and T in a
salt cavern of a
given volume