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Anatomy:
1) Head of
pancreas
2) Ucinate
Process
3) Pancreatic
notch
4) Body of
pancreas
5) Anterior
surface
6) Inferior
surface
7) Superior
Glucose
Amino Acids
Free fatty
acids
Potassium
Stimulate
uptake,
metabolism and
storage
Insulin
Stimulate
Secretion
Insulin secretion is
controlled by a feedback
loop with exogenous
nutrient supply. Release of
insulin in response to
nutrient inflow promotes
utilisation of the new
nutrients whilst inhibiting
the usage of endogenous
substrates.
When nutrient intake is
low, insulin secretion is
diminished and this allows
Release
Amino
Acids
Glucose
FFAs
Ketoacids
Glucag
on
Suppress
es
Secretio
Increas
es
Carbohydrate Metabolism:
This begins with ingestion of food stuffs containing starches; plant starch
amylopectin is the most abundant source of carbohydrate in the human diet. 6 amylases found in the saliva and pancreatic juices begin the digestion of starch
(a polymer of glucose.) The salivary amylase can only break down the polymer
into smaller polymers such as maltose and this breakdown in incomplete. Further
hydrolysis occurs in the duodenum (as salivary amylase is denatured in the
stomach.) Here, within ten minutes all starch is broken down into, maltose,
maltortoise and -limit dextrins.
After this, enzymes in the brush border of the duodenum and jejunem are
utilised. This enzymes include lactase, sucrase, and isomaltase. The duodenum
and upper jejunem have the highest capacity for absorption of sugars.
As you are aware, sugars are essential for the generation of adenosine
triphosphate. This involves the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (glycolysis) where
Pyruvate is formed in addition to two ATP and two NADH. The Pyruvate molecules
are then utilised in the Krebs cycle within the mitochondria.
References:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas 16/09/2011
2) Drake, R. Vogl, A. Mitchell, A. Greys Anatomy p320. Churchill Livingstone,
Elsvier 2010.
3) Berne, R. Levy, M. Principles of Physiology p508. Mosby 2000.
4) Berne, R. Levy, M. Principles of Physiology p510. Mosby 2000
5) Berne, R. Levy, M. Principles of Physiology p515. Mosby 2000
6) Berne, R. Levy, M. Principles of Physiology p515. Mosby 2000
7) Berne, R. Levy, M. Principles of Physiology p390. Mosby 2000
8) Kumar, P. Clare, M. Clinical Medicine VII Edition p1033. Saunders Elsevier
2009.
9) Kumar, P. Clare, M. Clinical Medicine VII Edition p1034. Saunders Elsevier
2009.