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5 SEE ALSO
Dissociation has been described as one of a constellation of symptoms experienced by some victims of
multiple forms of childhood trauma, including physical,
psychological, and sexual abuse.[27][28] This is supported
by studies which suggest that dissociation is correlated
with a history of trauma.[29] Dissociation appears to have
a high specicity and a low sensitivity to having a selfreported history of trauma, which means that dissociation
is much more common among those who are traumatized,
yet at the same time there are many persons who have
suered from trauma but who do not show dissociative
symptoms.[30]
Adult dissociation when combined with a history of
child abuse and otherwise interpersonal violence-related
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to
contribute to disturbances in parenting behavior, such as
exposure of young children to violent media. Such behavior may contribute to cycles of familial violence and
trauma.[31]
Symptoms of dissociation resulting from trauma may
include depersonalization, psychological numbing,
disengagement, or amnesia regarding the events of the
abuse. It has been hypothesized that dissociation may
provide a temporarily eective defense mechanism
in cases of severe trauma; however, in the long term,
dissociation is associated with decreased psychological functioning and adjustment.[28] Other symptoms
sometimes found along with dissociation in victims of
traumatic abuse (often referred to as sequelae to abuse)
include anxiety, PTSD, low self-esteem, somatization,
depression, chronic pain, interpersonal dysfunction,
5 See also
Altered state of consciousness
Coping (psychology)
Dissociative disorder
Dissociative Experiences Scale
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative substance
Emotional detachment
Fantasy prone personality
International Society for the Study of Trauma and
Dissociation
Psychological numbing
Repressed memory
Splitting (psychology)
References
[1] Dell P. F. (March 2006). A new model of dissociative identity disorder. Psychiatric Clinics North America 29: 126, vii. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.013. PMID
16530584.
[2] Butler LD, et al. (July 1996). Hypnotizability and traumatic experience: a diathesis-stress model of dissociative
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Suppl): 4263. PMID 8659641.
[3] Gleaves, DH; May, MC; Cardea, E (June 2001). An
examination of the diagnostic validity of dissociative
identity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review 21 (4):
577608. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00073-2. PMID
11413868.
[4] Dell P. F. (2006). The multidimensional inventory of
dissociation (MID): A comprehensive measure of pathological dissociation. Journal of Trauma Dissociation
7 (2): 77106. doi:10.1300/J229v07n02_06. PMID
16769667.
[5] Dell, P. F., & O'Neil, J. A. (2009). Preface. In P.F. Dell
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DSM-V and beyond. New York: Routledge. pp. xix-xxi.
[6] Weiten, W.; Lloyd, M.A. (2008). Psychology Applied
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ISBN 0-495-55339-5.
[7] Snyder, C.R., ed. (1999). Coping: The Psychology of
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0-19-511934-7.
[8] Zeidner, M.; Endler, N.S., eds. (1996). Handbook of
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[9] Lynn S & Rhue JW (1994). Dissociation: clinical and theoretical perspectives. Guilford Press ISBN 978-0-89862186-0. pp. 19.
[10] Van der Kolk, B. A., Van der Hart, O., & Marmar, C. R.
(1996). Dissociation and information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. In B. A. van der Kolk, A. C.
McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth. Traumatic stress: The eects
of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society.
New York: Guilford Press. pp. 30327.
[11] Coons PM (June 1999). Psychogenic or dissociative
fugue: a clinical investigation of ve cases. Psychological
Reports 84 (3 Pt 1): 8816. doi:10.2466/PR0.84.3.881886. PMID 10408212.
[12] Kritchevsky, M; Chang, J; Squire, LR (2004).
Functional Amnesia:
Clinical Description and
Neuropsychological Prole of 10 Cases. Learning and
Memory 11: 21326. doi:10.1101/lm.71404. PMC
379692. PMID 15054137.
[13] Abugel, J; Simeon, D (2006). Feeling Unreal: Depersonalization Disorder and the Loss of the Self. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0195170229.
[29] van der Kolk, BA; et al. (1996). Dissociation, somatization, and aect dysregulation: The complexity of adaptation of trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry 153 (7
Suppl): 8393. PMID 8659645. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
[30] Briere, J (2006).
Dissociative symptoms and
trauma exposure:
Specicity, aect dysregulation, and posttraumatic stress.
Journal of
Nervous and Mental Disorders 194:
7882.
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PMID
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[31] Schechter, DS; Gross, A; Willheim, E; McCaw, J; et al.
(2009). Is maternal PTSD associated with greater exposure of very young children to violent media?". Journal of
Traumatic Stress: 65862. doi:10.1002/jts.20472. PMC
2798921. PMID 19924819.
[32] Briere, J (1992). Methodological issues in the study of
sexual abuse eects (PDF). Journal of Consulting and
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[33] Merckelbach, H; Muris, P (2001). The causal link between self-reported trauma and dissociation: A critical review. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 (3): 24554.
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Retrieved 2008-05-13.
[34] Chu, J; Frey, LM; Ganzel, BL; Matthews, JA (May 1999).
Memories of childhood abuse: Dissociation, amnesia,
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[35] Briere, J; Runtz, M (1988). Symptomatology associated with childhood sexual victimization in a nonclinical adult sample. Child Abuse and Neglect 12: 5159.
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[36] Briere, J; Runtz, M (1990).
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[37] Draijer, N; Langeland, W (March 1999). Childhood trauma and perceived parental dysfunction in the
etiology of dissociative symptoms in psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry 156: 37985.
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[38] Stern, DB (January 2012). Witnessing across time:
Accessing the present from the past and the past from
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[39] Giannini, AJ (1997). Drugs of Abuse (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Practice Management Information Corp. ISBN 157066-053-0.
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Dissociation
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