Hello, Mr. James? This is Don Barnes, the president of Greater Electric.

I'm calling about your plans for

the new factory. I'm interested in discussing the matter with you. Can we make an appointment for lunch
instead of meeting at my office? Do you mind if I invite my bank manager, too? It's impossible for me to
make any decision about the project unless I have his approval.Please call me this afternoon. I'll be in
meetings all morning. I'll talk to you later. Goodbye.

- Could you give this to Mr. Block? It's very important.

- I'm sorry. Mr. Block's at the New York office today.
- Oh, I see. Well, will he be here this afternoon?
- No. He's going to be in New York all week.
- Then could you fax it to him?
- Sure. I'll send it right away.
MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): MUST

USO:
Se utiliza para hablar de una necesidad, obligacin o responsabilidad fuerte de hacer algo.
Con frecuencia existe muy poca diferencia entre MUST y HAVE TO (consultar Mdulo 2)
En el ingls formal escrito, MUST se utiliza en avisos pblicos acerca de reglas o
reglamentos oficiales. Must tambin puede emplearse para expresar seguridad acerca de
una situacin debido a hechos o circunstancias existentes.
AFIRMATIVO

FORMA:
[SUJETO + MUST + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"I have a terrible toothache; I must go to the dentist."
"We must try to help Nicky; she's our oldest friend."
"All workers must wear safety helmets in work areas!"
"Jack must be on his way. There was no one home when I called his apartment."
NEGATIVO

USO:
Tanto en el ingls oficial como en el informal empleamos la forma negativa MUST NOT
(con frecuencia abreviada como MUSTN'T) para hablar acerca de algo incorrecto o
prohibido. Recuerda que no es igual a la forma negativa de HAVE TO, que slo significa
que algo no es necesario.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + MUST + NOT (MUSTN'T) + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"You mustn't pull the dog's tail, dear; he'll bite you."
"We mustn't forget to pay back that loan."
"Workers must not smoke in work areas!"
PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

USO:

Se utiliza para preguntar si algo es necesario u obligatorio. La forma interrogativa de

HAVE TO significa lo mismo y es ms habitual.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO

FORMA:
[P: MUST
[A: Yes,
No,

+
+
+

SUJETO
SUJETO
SUJETO

+
+
+

VERBO...?]
MUST
NEEDN'T]

EJEMPLO:
"Must I go to school today, Mom?"
"Yes, you must."
PREGUNTAS - WH

FORMA:
Acerca del SUJETO de la oracin:
[Wh-Word + MUST + VERBO...?]
ABOUT REST OF SENTENCE:
[WH-WORD + MUST + SUBJECT + VERBO...?]
EJEMPLOS:
"What must happen before we can leave?"
"When must you take the test?"
"Next Friday."

MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES): HAD TO

AFIRMATIVO

USO:
Se utiliza para hablar de la necesidad, obligacin y responsabilidad en el pasado. HAD TO
es el pasado tanto de HAVE TO como de MUST.
FORM:
[SUJETO + HAD TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"I had to stay up all night to write this paper!"
"We had to run to catch the train."
NEGATIVO

USO:
Se utiliza para hablar acerca de algo que no era necesario u obligatorio en el pasado.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + HAVE TO + VERBO...]
EJEMPLOS:
"Monday was a holiday, so I didn't have to go to work."
"I didn't have to study Latin in high school."
PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS

USO:
Se utiliza para realizar preguntas sobre tareas y obligaciones en el pasado.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO

[Q: DID + SUJETO + HAVE TO + VERBO...?]

[A: Yes,
No,

+
+

SUJETO (pronombre)
SUJETO (pronombre)

EJEMPLO:
"Did you have to borrow money to buy the car?"
"Yes, we did."
PREGUNTAS -WH

Acerca del SUJETo of the sentence:

[PALABRA-WH + HAS/HAD/HAD TO+ VERBO...?]
Acerca del RESTO de la oracin:
[WH-WORD + DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO + VERB...?]
EXAMPLES:
"Who had to wash the car this week?"
"What did you have to do to get the loan?"
"I had to fill out a form for the bank."

+
+

DID.
DIDN'T]

MAS MODALES (y SEMI-MODALES):

MUST NOT/DON'T HAVE TO

USO
Aunque MUST y HAVE TO tienen significados parecidos en oraciones afirmativas, no
pueden intercambiarse en las negativas.
MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) se utiliza para indicar que algo est prohibido o no permitido.
DONT HAVE significa "no es necesario hacer algo"
EJEMPLOS:
"You mustn't run in here; this is a hospital."
"You don't have to run; the bus is waiting for you."