MANAGEMENT

Management in all business and human organization activity is the act of getting
people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management
comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing,
and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the
purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and
manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural
resources.

Because organisations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as

human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system.
This view opens the opportunity to 'manage' oneself, a pre-requisite to attempting to manage
others.

Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century,
defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". She also described
management as philosophy. One can also think of management functionally, as the action of
measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan; or as the actions
taken to reach one's intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not
take place. From this perspective, Frenchman Henri Fayol considers management to consist
of seven functions:
1. planning
2. organizing
3. leading
4. coordinating
5. controlling
6. staffing
7. motivating
Some people, however, find this definition, while useful, far too narrow. The phrase
"management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining
management, the shifting nature of definitions, and the connection of managerial practices
with the existence of a managerial cadre or class.

One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "business administration" and

thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in
the public sector. More realistically, however, every organization must manage its work,
people, processes, technology, etc. in order to maximize its effectiveness. Nonetheless,
many people refer to university departments which teach management as "business schools."
Some institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name while others (such
as the Yale School of Management) employ the more inclusive term "management."

English speakers may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective
word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. Historically
this use of the term was often contrasted with the term "Labor" referring to those being
managed.

Nature of managerial work

In for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range
of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued
products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment
opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the
faith of donors. In most models of management/governance, shareholders vote for the board
of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have
experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing
managers; but this occurs only very rarely.
In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect
politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in
some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a
new president/governor/mayor.
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to
the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who
individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the
business. The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have
largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved
in managing people in organizations. In simple sense, HRM means employing people,
developing their capacities, utilizing, maintaining and compensating their services in tune with
the job and organizational requirement.

Features
Its features include:
ƒ Organizational management
ƒ Personnel administration
ƒ Manpower management
ƒ Industrial management

The goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals
by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word
here perhaps is "fit", i.e. a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of
an organization's employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989).

The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines,
therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. Fields
such as psychology, industrial relations, industrial engineering, sociology, economics, and
critical theories: postmodernism, post-structuralism play a major role.

Human resources management comprises several processes. Together they are supposed to
achieve the above mentioned goal. These processes can be performed in an HR department,
but some tasks can also be outsourced or performed by line-managers or other departments.
When effectively integrated they provide significant economic benefit to the company.
ƒ Workforce planning
ƒ Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection)
ƒ Induction, Orientation and Onboarding
ƒ Skills management
ƒ Training and development
ƒ Personnel administration
ƒ Compensation in wage or salary
ƒ Time management
ƒ Travel management (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
ƒ Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM)
ƒ Employee benefits administration
ƒ Personnel cost planning
ƒ Performance appraisal
ƒ Labor relations