LECTURE 2

MEC 2621- INTRODUCTION TO

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

By: Dr. SANISAH SAHARIN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IIUM

Class 2 fundamental of engine

operation

Automo&ve Engine
Engine: is a machine that converts heat
energy into mechanical energy.

The heat from burning a air-fuel
mixture produces power which moves
the vehicle.
A u t o m o > v e e n g i n e a r e i n t e r n a l
combus>on (IC) engine because the fuel
that runs them is burned internally, or
inside the engines.
There are two types of engine
Reciproca)ng engine: piston
moving up and down, or back and
forth
Rotary (wankel) engines: have
rotor that spin or rotate

Engine Components
Cylinder block
Basic framework of the engine.
It has cylindrical hole is called
engine cylinder, coolant jacket
allows the coolant flow side of the
cylinder, crankcase is the space
of crankshaft, intake and exhaust
port.
Piston
A movable part, fitted into a
cylinder.
It is moved based on the pressure
changing.

 Piston valve
Allows the engine breadth in
and breadth out.
Intake valve
Allows the engine breadth
in the air fuel mixture.
Exhaust valve
Allows the exhaust (CO,
NOx, PM and etc) to leave
the cylinder.

 Camshaft
A shaft in the engine which has a
series of cams for operating the
valve mechanism.
Combustion Chamber
It is the space between the top of
the piston and the cylinder head.
It is also called confined (closed)
space of the cylinder in where air
and fuel mixture burn.
Connecting rod
Connects the crankshaft with the
piston. It is used to transfer the
piston force to the CS.

 Essential for Engine Operation

The automobile engine has cylinders.
Piston moves up and down in each cylinder due to
develop pressure in the Combustion chamber (CC) by the
burning of air and fuel mixture.
Piston force transfers to the crankshaft with the
connecting road and develop torque at the crankshaft,
The crankshaft torque transfers to the driving wheel of
the car through the transmission.

The car moves because the piston move.

Engine must have available fuel to burn in Combus>on

Chamber (CC) for moving up and down the piston.
Fuel gets into the engine due to the pressure
dierence.

Vacuum pressure develops inside the engine cylinder
due to exhaust out.

Atmospheric pressure is above the vacuum pressure.
Pressure dierence = Atmospheric pressure-Vacuum
pressure

Gravity, atmospheric pressure, and vacuum pressure make

it possible for the fuel to get into the engine cylinders.

Vacuum is the absence of air which is called nega>ve
pressure.
When a piston moves down in a cylinder, the pistons
creates a par>al vacuum.
Air-fuel Mixture burns into the combus>on chamber of the
cylinder and produce power.
Power of the engine = Pressure x Area of the Cylinder x
Piston travelling speed

Combustion in the engine

Burning of air and fuel mixture into the cylinder
combustion chamber is called combustion.
Based on the burning characteristics of fuel into the
combustion chamber, the engine is classified as:
Spark Ignition engine: spark plug is used to burn
the A/F mixture

Compression ignition engine: fuel burn into the
combustion with compressed air.

 During burning of fuel, the burning gases become very hot. The
temperature may go as high as 4500 -50000F (2500-27000C).
High temperature produces high pressure, based on ideal gas
law,
PV=mRT,
P is the pressure, V is the volume of fuel (consider as constant
for specific operation), m is the molar mass is constant, R is the
gas constant, and T is the temperature. It is noted P and T are
variables. If temperature increases, pressure will increase.
The pressure (P) will develop power which is called engine
power.

Power of the engine = [P x Acylinder x Vpiston]

Engine Operation

Almost all cars currently use what is called a four-stroke

combustion cycle to convert gasoline into motion.
The four-stroke approach is also known as the Otto cycle, in
honor of Nikolaus Otto.
Four Strokes are : Intake, Compression, Combustion and
Exhaust

Intake stroke
Intake valve opens and
exhaust valve closes.
Piston goes down to BDC.
Air-fuel mixture (A/F) is
drawn into the cylinder.

Compression stroke
Both valve are closed.
Piston goes to TDC.
A/F is compressed.
Increase the pressure and
temperature.

Power stroke

Both valves are closed.

Spark plug sparks and
ignites the high pressure
and temperature A/F
mixture.
Explosive force pushes
down the piston.
Torque developed at the
crankshaN.

Exhaust stroke
Intake valve closes and
exhaust valve opens.
Piston goes up.

H i g h p r e s s u r e a n d
temperature exhaust leave
the cylinder.
V a c u u m p r e s s u r e i s
incurred into the cylinder.

In the Engine Cylinder"

The intake valve closes after the piston passes it bottom
position and starts to move up again
The bottom position of the piston into the cylinder is called
bottom dead center (BDC).
The piston moves up, compresses the A/F mixture into a
confined space called combustion chamber.
The piston reaches the top position and spark plug fire.
The top position of the piston into the cylinder is called top
dead center (TDC).

 The spark sets the fire to ignite the compressed A/F mixture.
The temperature of the burning A/F mixture goes up as high
as 3000 C.
The high temperature makes the pressure as high as 4140
kPa (1 psi = 6.9 kPa or 1 kPa = 1 kN/m^2).
The 4140 kPa push down the piston of up to 17,792 N
This 17,792 N pushes the piston down.
The downward movement, carried through the connecting
rod, rotates the crankshaft.
The crankshaft turns the gears and drive shafts to move
the car.

OTTO Cycle

THERMODYNAMIC

P-V AND T-S DIAGRAMS

THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Thermal efficiency has been defined as the relation between
power produced and the energy in the fuel burned to
produce that power.
Thermal efficiency is the percentage of energy taken from
the combustion which is actually converted to mechanical
work. In a typical low compression engine,the thermal
efficiency is only about 26%. In a highly modified engine, such
as a race engine, the thermal efficiency is about 34%.

Thermal efficiency (air-standard efficiency)

of Otto Cycle,

For a cylinder of an engine, the crankshaft, connecting rod, piston, and head assembly can be represented by the
following geometry:
o B = Bore of the cylinder
o r = connecting rod length
o a = crank radius
o S =stroke length
o = Crank angle, degree

 The top dead centre (TDC) of an engine refers to the

crankshaft being in a position such that = 0.
The volume in this position is called clearance volume (VC)
Bottom dead centre (BDC) refers to the crankshaft being =
180.
The total volume VL is maximum at bottom dead centre
(BDC).

COMPRESSION RATIO
Compression ratio is defined as the ratio of maximum to
minimum volume.

VL
r=
VC
VL is total volume (volume at BDC) and VC is clearance
volume(volume at TDC) .

 What is significant of the compression ratio for the

engine on vehicle performance ?
Heavy vehicle needs high torque- what about its
engine compression ratio?
Lighter passenger car needs low torque- what
about compression ratio for its engine?

Example 1
o A 3-litre SI V6 engine that operates on a four-stroke cycle at
3600 rpm. The compression ratio is 9.5 and the engine is
square (B=S).
o Cylinder bore and stroke length
o Average piston speed
o Clearance volume of one cylinder

Example 2

A two stroke gas engine has piston diameter of 150 mm, length
of stroke 400 mm and indicated mean effective pressure 5-5
bar. The engine makes 120 explosions per minute. Determine
the mechanical efficiency of the engine, if its bhp is 5 kW"

Air-Fuel Ratio
Energy input to an engine Qin comes from the combusting fuel.
Fuel is a HC.
Air is used to supply the oxygen needed for this chemical
reaction.
For combustion
the proper relative amounts of air (oxygen) and fuel must
be presented.
Air-fuel ratio (AF) are parameters used to describe the
mixture ratio.

Mohammedali Abdulhadi & A. M. Hassan

A frequently used quantity in the analysis of combustion

frequently
used quantity
in the itanalysis
of combustion
process
is the
process isA the
air-fuel
ratio A/F.
is defined
as the
ratio
of air-fuelratio
the
mass of air
mass
for
combustion
process.
A/F.toitthe
is defined
as of
the fuel
ratio of
theamass
of air to the mass
of fuel for a combustion

process.
AF

ma mass of air
m f mass of fuel

m of a substance
is related
thenumber
number of of
moles
n through
The mass m The
of amass
substance
is related
to to
the
moles
n the
through the
relation:
m = nM,
M isThe
the
molar
mass
relation:
m = nM, where
M is thewhere
molar mass.
reciprocal
of A/F
ratio. The
is called the
reciprocalfuel-air
of A/F
ratio is called the fuel-air ratio.
ratio.

The minimum amount of air needed for the complete combustion of a fuel is
called the stoichiometric or theoretical air. In actual combustion processes, it is
common practice to use more air than the stoichiometric amount. The amount of extra
air than the stoichiometric is called (excess air). Amount of air less than
stoichiometric amount is called (deficiency of air). Equivalence ratio is the ratio of

 The minimum amount of air needed for the complete

combustion of a fuel is called the stoichiometric or theoretical
air. In actual combustion processes, it is common practice to
use more air than the stoichiometric amount.
The amount of extra air than the stoichiometric is called
(excess air). Amount of air less than stoichiometric amount is
called (deficiency of air).
Equivalence ratio is the ratio of the actual fuel- air ratio to the
stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. Sometimes this ratio is given in
term of A/F ratio and called mixture strength.

common practice to use more air than the stoichiometric amount. The
air than the stoichiometric is called (excess air). Amount of
stoichiometric amount is called (deficiency of air). Equivalence ratio
the actual fuel- air ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. Sometim
given in term of A/F ratio and called mixture strength.
Mixture strength

Equivalence ratio

(F A) actual
(F A) stoich

Stoichiometric A F Ratio
Actual A F Ratio

Actual ( F A) ratio
Stoich. ( F A) ratio

(A F) stoich
(A F) actual

Where:

= 1: stoichiometric
< 1: lean (week) mixture- excess of air.
> 1: rich mixture- deficiency of air.
A general reaction equation of a hydrocarbon fuel for stoichiom
with air is given by:
m
m
m
Cn Hm n
O2 3.762 n
N2 nCO2
H2O 3.762

Il ne faut pas fair ces choses a

moiti.