I

P o w e r G e n e r a tio n
C o n s e q u e n c e s :
G iv e n a c e r ta in v o lu m e tr ic flo w ,
u p o n d e c r e a s in g s p e e d
m a x p o s s ib le d is c h a r g e p r e s s u r e is r e d u c e d
G iv e n a c e r ta in s p e e d ,
u p o n d e c r e a s in g v o lu m e tr ic flo w
m a x p o s s ib le d is c h a r g e p r e s s u r e is r e d u c e d

V m a x

p r e s s u r e r a tio

1 1 0

If fo r a
h a d to
(e x c e s
w e ll h

1 0 0

( % ) r e la tiv e m a x

1 2 0

n y r
b e
s iv e
a v e

e a s o n th e d is c h a r g e p r e s s u r e
h ig h e r
fu e l flo w , tu r b in e c h o k e d )
c o m p re s s o r s u rg e

9 0
1 0 0

8 0

V m a x

= f (h

V m a x

= f (n * ; P a ra m e te r = h

9 0
7 0
6 0
1 1 0

8 0

V L

( % ) IG V - p o s itio n
= v o lu m e tr ic flo w

1 0 5

1 0 0
n *
( % ) r e la tiv e s p e e d

9 5

9 0

7 0

C h a r a c te r is tic F ie ld o f th e C o m p r e s s o r

n * = f (h

V L

V L

; P a ra m e te r = n * )

; P a ra m e te r =

V L

V m a x

)
)

r e la
d o e
d u e
(d u

tiv e
s n
to
r in g

s n o
p a ra
d a ry
a s h e

t fit
te d
la y
d a

to b la d e g e o m e tr y
fr o m w a ll e ffe c tin g :
e r
w a y "
b o u n d a r y la y e r

e ro o t
m a c h in e

v e lo c ity w
o t fit to b la d e g e o m e tr y
s p e e d b e in g to o lo w
s ta rt u p )

( a x ia l v e lo c ity )
p r o p o r tio n a l to
v o lu m e tr ic flo w
a x

u ( c ir c u m fe r e n tia l v e lo c ity )
p r o p o r tio n a l to s p e e d

If r e la tiv e v e lo c ity w d o e
th e b o u n d a r y la y e r is s e
- in s ta b le , s w ir lin g b o u n
- d is s ip a tin g h e a t n o t " w
th u s :
- p u ls a tin g m a in flo w
- b e n d in g s tr e s s a t b la d
- e x c e s s iv e v ib r a tio n o f
- te m p e r a tu r e r is e

P o w e r G e n e r a tio n

w
v e ( r e la
c to
t
r s iv e v
u m
e l
o f o c ity
c
)
a x
a n
d u

C o m p re s s o r S u rg e

r e la
d o e
d u e
(to o
e x c

tiv e v e lo c ity w
s n o t fit to b la
to v o lu m e tr ic
h ig h p r e s s u r
e s s iv e fu e l flo

d e g e o m
flo w b e
e r is e , c a
w to c o m

e try
in g to o lo w
u s e d e . g . b y
b u s tio n c h a m b e r )

P o w e r G e n e r a tio n
P r e s s u r e D iffe r e n c e T O O L O W
( in te r p r e te d a s c o m p r e s s u r s u r g e )
M B A 1 1 C P 0 0 1
M B A 1 1 C P 0 0 2

2
o f
3

M B A 1 1 C P 0 0 3

&
h ig h flo w
lo w

v e lo c ity

flo w v e lo c ity
r e s u lts in p r e s s u r e d r o p
fr o m a ir in ta k e c a s in g to c o m p r e s s o r in le t.
p r e s s u r e d r o p is a fu n c tio n o f v o lu m e tr ic flo w
M B A 1 0 C S 1 0 1
M B A 1 0 C S 1 0 2
M B A 1 0 C S 1 0 3

G T S p e e d
S .T U R B .1 5

C o m p r e s s o r S u r g e P r o te c tio n

G T T r ip

P o w e r G e n e r a tio n

S o le n o id s d e e n e r g iz e d :
B lo w - o ff v a lv e s O P E N

S ta rt o n F u e l G a s
S .T U R B .1 3 + 2 0 s

e n e r g iz e

S ta r t o n F u e l O il
S .T U R B .7 0 + K .A B B L .0 2 + 3 0 s

e n e r g iz e

S .T U R B .0 7

e n e r g iz e

S .T U R B .7 0 + K .A B B L .0 2 + 2 0 s

e n e r g iz e

S .T U R B .1 3

e n e r g iz e

S .T U R B .7 0 + K .A B B L .0 2 + 1 0 s

e n e r g iz e

S .T U R B .1 3 + 5 s

e n e r g iz e

S .T U R B .7 0 + K .A B B L .0 2

A 3
A 2

A 1 .1

S .T U R B .1 2 2

d e e n e r g iz e

S .T U R B .1 2 2

d e e n e r g iz e

S .T U R B .1 2 2

d e e n e r g iz e

S .T U R B .1 2 2

d e e n e r g iz e

C o m p r . A ir
S u p p ly

C o m p r e s s o r B lo w - o ff ( V x 4 .3 A )

G T T r ip o r
G T S h u t d o w n

d e e n e r g iz e

A 1 .2

S p e e d r e d u c tio n a n d G T tr ip
a t to o lo w u n d e r fr e q u e n c y

F u e l E S V s :
C o m m a n d C L O S E

e n e r g iz e

Gas Turbine
Description of Auxiliary Systems

Compressor and Turbine / Gas Turbine Bearing

Blowoff System

Refer also to:

List of Control Settings (SREL)
List of Measuring Instruments
Equipment List
P+I Diagram, Blowoff System

3.1-0210
3.1-0220
3.1-0240
3.1-1410

Each blowoff line is equipped with a butterfly-type valve

which is opened when air is to be bled from the
compressor. These blowoff valves are actuated
pneumatically to the positions OPEN and CLOSED.
System description Pneumatic Valves and Piping for
Blowoff Equipment covers these actuators.

Associated Systems:
Extraction

Class: RESTRICTED

The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its

content is not permitted without express written authority.
Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including
rights created by patent grant or registration of a utility model
or design, are reserved.

Compressor Cleaning
P+I Diagram, Compressor Cleaning
Drainage System
P+I Diagram, Drainage System
Pneumatic Valves and Piping
for Blowoff System
P+I Diagram Pneumatic Valves and
Piping for Blowoff System

3.1-1180
3.1-1190
3.1-1200
3.1-1210
3.1-9900
3.1-9910

Settings, limits, and measuring ranges of the devices

referred to here are given in the List of Measuring
Instruments, Equipment List, and List of Control Settings
(SREL).

Function

Compr.
Stage

Blowoff valve
(butterfly type)

KKS

Ea1

1.1

MBA41AA051

Ea1

1.2

MBA42AA051

Ea2

MBA43AA051

Ea3
13
3
MBA44AA051
Because the blowoff lines routed below the machine
centerline act as siphons, drain lines are attached at the
lowest points of these lines. Water that may have
accumulated here during compressor cleaning is drained
off via these lines (cf. 3.1-1200, Drainage System and
3.1-1180, Compressor Cleaning).

Open-loop Control

The axial compressor of the gas turbine is designed to

run at the rated speed of the turbine-generator. In a certain
speed range below rated speed, the front stages of the
compressor are so highly loaded aerodynamically that flow
separation occurs at the compressor airfoil surfaces due to
excessive deceleration. As a result, the overloaded
compressor stages are no longer capable of generating the
necessary increase in pressure, the phenomenon known
as compressor surging occurs and the delivery rate
becomes unstable. The breakdown of flow results in
periodic flow reversals, manifested outwardly by
pronounced, periodic fluctuations in the compressor outlet
pressure together with severe vibration of the turbinegenerator and pulsating noise synchronous with these
pressure fluctuations. This subjects the compressor airfoils
to both high alternating bending stresses and high
temperatures.

Opening and closing of the blowoff valves is controlled

automatically as a function of plant operating conditions.

Startup with Natural Gas

All blowoff valves are open at the onset of startup. They
are closed sequentially as of about 80% rated speed. This
minimizes the associated abrupt changes in temperature
and output.

Startup with Fuel Oil

All blowoff valves are open at the onset of startup.
Shortly before rated speed is reached they are closed in a
staggered sequence with brief delays.

Operation

Compressor surging is prevented by bleeding air from

certain locations of the compressor when the speed range
that is critical in terms of surging is reached.

After startup has been completed the blowoff valves

always remain closed during normal operation. They are
only opened in the event of overall gas turbine trip or
normal shutdown.

Functional Principle

Speed Decline

Blowoff lines are connected to the compressor casing

as follows for bleeding air: two at extraction point Ea1 and
one at extraction point Ea2. The blowoff lines open into the
exhaust duct downstream of the gas turbine. As a result,
the exhaust silencer also functions as a silencer for the
blowoff air.

If speed drops below S.TURB.70 during power

operation the generator is disconnected from the grid (load
rejection). Gas turbine trip is triggered if speed continues to
decline and goes below S.TURB.122, at which time all
blowoff valves are opened.
Load rejection and gas turbine trip are not the subject
of this description.

Siemens AG
Power Generation

3.1-1400-9070/1
MBA/MBD

0704E-X

Gas Turbine
Description of Auxiliary Systems

Compressor and Turbine / Gas Turbine Bearing

Blowoff System

Shutdown

During normal shutdown of the gas turbine, all blowoff

valves are opened simultaneously when the emergency
stop valves have been closed.

Gas turbine trip is triggered if the OPEN position of any

blowoff valve is not detected in the speed range critical
to compressor surging.

The gas turbine is shut down if any of the blowoff

valves are still open and cannot be closed within a
short time after reaching rated speed.

GT Trip
In the event that gas turbine trip is triggered, all blowoff
valves are opened immediately as it is now inevitable that
the axial compressor will pass through the unfavorable
speed range.

Protection Functions

At speeds below turning speed S.TURB.05, it is

possible to manually actuate individual blowoff valves for
maintenance purposes. Manually closed blowoff valves are
automatically reopened after a brief delay.

Startup is aborted if blowoff valves are not open on

startup.

Class: RESTRICTED

The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its

content is not permitted without express written authority.
Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including
rights created by patent grant or registration of a utility model
or design, are reserved.

Manual Actuation of Individual Blowoff Valves

Siemens AG
Power Generation

3.1-1400-9070/2
MBA/MBD

0704E-X

Gas Turbine
Description of Auxiliary Systems

Pneumatic Control Equipment

Pneumatic System

Refer also to:

List of Control Settings (SREL)
List of Measuring Instruments
List of Electrical Loads
Equipment List
P+I Diagram, Pneumatic Valves and Piping

3.1-0210
3.1-0220
3.1-0230
3.1-0240
3.1-9810

Settings, limits, and measuring ranges of the devices

referred to here are given in the List of Measuring
Instruments, Equipment List, and List of Control Settings
(SREL). The values stated in this description are only given
as examples.

The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its

content is not permitted without express written authority.
Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including rights
created by patent grant or registration of a utility model or
design, are reserved.

Description
Compressed air is the working medium used by the
pneumatic actuators of various components in the gas
turbine auxiliary systems. As a rule, these pneumaticallyactuated valves are relevant to safety. For safety reasons,
the supply of compressed air to the gas turbine is therefore
independent of the power plant compressed air network
and is generated by a pneumatic station. Valves in other
systems are supplied in addition to the blowoff valves.

Configuration and Function of

Compressor Train
The compressed air station is equipped with two
redundant trains. Each train essentially comprises a
compressor, a cooler, and a filter. The system has full
redundancy, i.e., the capacity of each compressor train is
sufficient to ensure a reliable supply of control air to the
auxiliary systems (2x100%).
The two trains have an identical configuration, for this
reason only one train is described in the following.
Electrically-driven
compressor
MBX21AN001
compresses air. Filter MBX21AT001 prefilters the air as it
is drawn into the system.
Relief valve MBX21AA191 protects the compressor
against excessive pressure.

Class: RESTRICTED

Solenoid-type pressure relief valve MBX21AA501 is

installed downstream of the compressors to prevent the
reciprocating compressors from having to start up against
pressure (startup assistance). This solenoid valve is open
when the associated compressor is at standstill and is
closed after the compressor is switched on.
The escaping compressed air and any condensation
that forms are fed into condensation collecting tank
MBX23BB001. The condensation collecting tank is
equipped with silencer MBX23BS001 to reduce noise when
discharging compressed air to the atmosphere.

Siemens AG
Power Generation

Condensation that accumulates in the condensation

collecting tank is then fed to disposal tank MBX23BB002
that is at atmospheric pressure. Because the condensation
may contain oil, its disposal must comply with requirements
that apply to used oil.
Swing check valve MBX21AA201 prevents venting of
the train when the compressor is shut down.
Compressed air is dried in the next step. Compressed
air is cooled in chiller-type compressed air drier
MBX22AT001. Moisture condenses, thereby bringing the
air to the prescribed dew point pressure. The separator
system in the cooler separates water and oil from the
stream of compressed air. Condensation is removed via
drain MBX22AT011.
Compressed air from an external source can be
supplied via swing check valve MBX22AA201. Shutoff
valves MBX22AA253 and MBX22AA254 must be opened
when compressed air is supplied from an external source.
Any dirt particles or oil droplets still present in the
compressed air are removed by filter MBX22AT003. An
optical differential pressure indicator equipped with
differential pressure switch MBX22CP001 is provided at
the filter. A group fault alarm is annunciated if the
differential pressure setting of this switch is violated (cf.
subsection Monitoring). Then the filter element must be
replaced.
Condensation
is
removed
via
drain
MBX22AT013.
Shutoff valve MBX22AA251 can be used to isolate the
train for maintenance purposes, even during plant
operation.
The two trains merge downstream of the shutoff valve.
Swing check valve MBX23AA201 prevents the escape of
large volumes of air from the tank if there is a leak in one of
the trains.
Compressed air tank MBX24BB001 is used to store the
compressed air after it has been dried and cleaned.
Pressure control valve MBX24AA151 maintains system
pressure even during extended outages and in the event of
minor leaks. It only opens if pressure in the tank exceeds
the startup pressure of the compressors. Orifice
MBX24BP001 ensures that only a very small flow or air can
be returned even in the event the pressure control valve
malfunctions.
Tank pressure can be read off gauge MBX24CP501.
System pressure
MBX24AA191.

is

limited

by

safety

valve

Shutoff valve MBX24AA401 can be used as necessary

to check whether condensation has formed in the tank.
Hygrometer MBX29CM001 is used to measure the
relative humidity in the terminal box of the first train. If the
permissible limit is exceeded, heater MBX29AH001 is

3.1-9800-0592/1
0905E-X

Gas Turbine
Description of Auxiliary Systems

switched on. This prevents the moisture contained in the

air from forming condensation inside the terminal box.
Hygrometer MBX29CM002 is used to measure the
relative humidity in the terminal box of the second train. If
the permissible limit is exceeded, heater MBX29AH002 is
switched on. This prevents the moisture contained in the
air from forming condensation inside the terminal box.

Open-loop Control

LOW2, Compressor 1 ON, Compressor 2 ON, Fault in

train 1, and Fault in train 2 are generated by the
pneumatic station, fed into the gas turbine I&C system,
processed, and then displayed on the operation and
monitoring system.
The tank pressure is monitored by pressure switches
MBX24CP001, MBX24CP002, and MBX24CP008. If tank
pressure drops below the setting of pressure switch
MBX24CP001, the pretrip alarm "PRESSURE LOW" is
annunciated. If pressure in the tank continues to decline,
pressure switches MBX24CP002 and MBX24CP008
operate, gas turbine trip is triggered (2-of-3 logic gating),
and the alarm message Pressure TOO LOW is
annunciated.

The open-loop control equipment and power supply for

the electrical components are located on a separate subdistribution
board
for
each
compressor
train
(MBY40GH001 and MBY40GH002 not shown).

The signals Compressor 1 ON and Compressor 2

ON are displayed on the operation and monitoring system.
If the compressors remain in operation for extended
periods, it can be assumed that the system is no longer
leak-tight. The pneumatic system, including all piping, must
then be checked for leaks.

Each of the compressors is equipped with two pressure

switches (MBX24CP003 and MBX24CP004) for startup
and shutdown. These two switches have the same
pressure setting. This ensures that the two compressors
start up simultaneously.

The alarms Fault in train 1 and Fault in train 2 are

group fault alarms and are displayed on the operation and
monitoring system. If one of these alarms is annunciated,
the affected compressor train must be shut down and
serviced.

Monitoring
The operating status signals Pressure LOW1,
Pressure LOW2, Pressure TOO LOW1, Pressure TOO

Causes of faults include, for example: response of

compressor circuit breaker, dehumidifier malfunction,
condensation separator malfunction, startup assistance
solenoid valve NOT CLOSED, response of differential
pressure switch.

Class: RESTRICTED

The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its

content is not permitted without express written authority.
Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including rights
created by patent grant or registration of a utility model or
design, are reserved.

The open-loop control system for the pneumatic station

constitutes a black box for the gas turbine I&C system.
Once the pneumatic station has been started up by
manually actuating the main power switch, no further
switching actions on the part of the gas turbine I&C system
are required for control of the pneumatic station.

Pneumatic Control Equipment

Pneumatic System

Siemens AG
Power Generation

3.1-9800-0592/2
0905E-X

GT81 AIR SYSTEM

81MBA10EJ220

F W
T
A

DP FILTER

999.9

FAULT
CTRL ON

OFF

CALC TURB OUT TEMP

F A
W 999
T
ON

ACTIVE POWER

F A
W 999
T

????
S

SEAL AIR
TEMP

FO SYS

F A
W 999
T

????
S

TURBINE SPEED

????
S

F W
T
A

FO OPERATION

????
S

99.99

NG OPERATION

????
S

DP COALESCER

F W
T 99.99
A
F W
T 99.99
A

F O

????
S

F O

999
F W
T
A

F A
W 99.99
T

????
S

IMPLOSION DOORS
S CLOSED

F A
W 999
T
F W
T
A

EVAP COOLER

F A
W 99999
T

????????

????
S

FLAME ON
C

F O

S
S
S

HUM TIME

F A
W 999
T

IGV CTRL FAULT

????
S

RESET

COMPR P RA-C ON IGV ACT

ACC
MON ACT

C-C ACCEL

COOL AIR LMT-C ON IGV ACT

ACT POSN
F W
T 999
A

????
S

SETPOINT
F W
T
A

????
S

999

F W
T 999
A

F W
T
A

999.9

????????

TURB OUTLET
TEMP

????
S
TEMP EXH DUCT

F O F

F O

IGV POWER UNIT

P<MIN1

????
S

F W
T 999
A

F
O

ON

S
S

F O

F A
W 999
T

????
S

F O F

F W
T
A

999.9

????????

COOLING AIR
E

ACTIVE

F W
T 999
A

TRIP

????
S

F O F

GT PNEUMATIC
ACTUATORS

Index

????
S

999.9

IGV CONTROLLER:

R1

F W
T
A

DP C-C

????
S

F O

AIR STATION

AIR SYSTEM

????

TEMP COMPR INL

F A
W 999
T

IGV CONTROLLER

Dep.:
PG L491

???? 999

DP FINEFILTER

Copying of this document and giving it to others and the use or communication
of the contents there for are forbidden without express written authority.
Offenders reliable to the payment of damages. All rights are reserved in the event
of the grant of a Patent or the registration of a utility model or design.

AIR INLET

DP PREFILTER

????
S

F O F
*
Upd.Vers.

Modification
1

F
27.06.06
.
.
Date

Wbg
.
.
Name

Date 2006-03-03
Drawn Wendenburg
Check Boettger
Norm.
2

SIEMENS AG

JEBEL ALI POWER AND DESAL.

STATION L PHASE II

VAE 267

FGC

YOA = 81MBA10EJ220
+

FC G1

GT81 AIR SYSTEM

page
1

OM650 Picture Design

3

1
sh.