Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3.
4.
Literature Cited
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1. Barella,
Application
11.
Braschler, E., "Die Festigkeit von Baumwollgespinste," Doctoral Thesis, Zurich Polytechnic
University, 1935.
Carminati, C., "Il Filatore de Cotone," Hoepli,
Milan, 1960.
Goswami, B. C., Martindale, J. G., and Scardino,
F. L., "Textile Yarns Technology, Structure and
Applications," Wiley, New York, 1977.
Hearle, J. W. S., Grosberg, P., and Backer, S.,
"The Structure Mechanism of Fibers, Yarns and
Fabrics," Wiley, New York, 1969.
Manich, A. M., "Structural Aspects of Open-End
Yarns," Doctoral Thesis, Polytechnic University
of Barcelona, 1980.
Obukh, I. G., "O krapkovike i protnosti pochatka
i usadke pryazhi na vaterakh," 1936, In: W.
Zurek, "The Structure of Yams," see Ref. [10].
Ormerod, A.," Management of Textile Production,"
Newnes-Butterworths, London, 1979.
Zurek, W., "The Structure of Yams" (Struktura
przedzy) (from a Polish book published by
W.N.T., Warszawa, 1971).
Zurek, W. and Piwowarska G., Blended Irregularity in Blended Yarns, Textile Res. J. 48, 528
(1978).
14.&dquo;$&dquo;&dquo; recdwd August 15, /Wt.
FRL,
An
H. POISSON
S. A.
ABSTRACT
A mass flow analysis of the conventional double-heater false-twist process shows that the yarn
thermal shrinkage over the first heater equals exactly the imposed first overfeed. A relationship is
derived between the yarn " mechanical shrinkage," thermal shrinkage over the second heater, and the
imposed second overfeed. Single-heater results are shown to result from a special case of the more
general analysis. Some supporting experimental results are given.
Introduction
The false-twist texturing of continuous-filament yarns
constitutes a truly revolutionary development in the
textile industry, primarily because the textured product
1
Present address:
tute of
284
false-twist process is rather complex and not at all
devoid of scientific interest. One of us has had
occasion to comment on one of the morphological
so
that
Mass Flow
It is useful to visualize the two-heater false-twist
process as two &dquo; black boxes&dquo; in sequence, and to consider in Figure 1 the mass flow of material through the
machine. Consider the first two rolls,. having linear
speeds vi and v2, and everything in between as comprising the first black box. In a given short interval
of time a small mass di X h, consisting of a straight
length of yarn tie and denier di, is introduced into the
box, and over the same period of time a mass d2 X t2
is expelled. The yarn is straight on entering v2 and
becomes bulked immediately on leaving v2. Since in
the steady-state condition there cannot be any buildup
or decay of mass within the box, and assuming no
slippage of the rolls,2
FIG. 2.
mass
flow, d212
d3l3,
or
curled
or
bulked
configuration
FIG. 1.
By definition, the fractional thermal shrinkage occurring over the first heater is
3 The
of the rolls; outside
s only at the
yarn speed equals υ
the nip each filament goes off in some other direction, and its
actual speed multiplied by the cosine of the angle of inclination
nip
2
Throughout the analysis we use the symbol d to denote
denier, as used in the traditional sense of linear density.
is
equal
to υ
.
s
285
This expression corresponds to the intuitive feeling that
the excess length represented by the overfeed is &dquo;used
up&dquo; by the mechanical and thermal decrease in length.
The reason that Equation 5 is an approximation rather
than an exact expression is that the basis length for the
calculation of (MS)2 is different than that for the other
two terms. If one assumes that the thermal shrinkage
over the second heater (TS)2 is not only small but
Since, by definition,
and
zero, then
3 (or 5) says that as far as (MS): is concerned, the first heater temperature and dwell time
play no role whatever, as long as the machine runs,
Equation
3 expresses the relationship between the
fractional &dquo;mechanical shrinkage,&dquo; the fractional thermal shrinkage over the second heater, and the fractional
imposed second overfeed. The second overfeed is that
based on the speed of the second roll. In order for
(MS)2 to be a positive number (i.e., in order to get any
bulking), (ON)2 must be greater than (TS)2. Thus, if
there is a positive second overfeed, the yarn must
either bulk or shrink, and in general it does both.
Equation 3 can be rewritten in a form that
shows that (MS)2 is a linear function of (OF)2- If
K
1/[1 - (TS)2], then
Equation
and that
on
(TS)2.
valid.
are
Experimental
In most modem double-heater machines, the yam is
not taken up at vs, but rather at a later roll V4- We
now show how to calculate (MS)2 by measurements
where L,
tsd3
being
l3
no
But
so
that
i.e., for
where
by definition
the
package overfeed
286
Calculation of
OF THE
ANALYSIS
OF
(MS)3 OR (MS)2
TABLE II.
By definition,
Single-heater runs.
which is
out but not stretch the bulked yarn. The measurement is most conveniently made on an Instron tester,
although it can
(12.7-cm) initial
4
One must be very careful here. At this point the yarn
possesses a great deal of latent crimp, as testified to ir. [4].
Familant
also commented on
matter.
[3] has
this
for
287
reason
that
two individual
For
double-heater run,
take the
we can
corre-
Double-heater polyester
runs.
immediately above
was
by perchloroethylene
Factors
extraction.
,
in
over
imposed first
heater, according
the
through
temperatures.
through 200°C
on
its way to
higher
288
operations is to engage V2 (see Fig. 1). then engage the covery from that stretching (&dquo; elastic recovery&dquo;).
spindle (with the heater turned on), and finally- Photography of yarn under simulated running tension
actually only a fraction of a second later-engage vi. reductions shows absolutely no length recovery. The
As long as vi is not engaged, the twist can run all the implication is, then, that there was no significant prior
way back to the supply package, and the machine is stretching.
pulling in whatever length is required to accommodate
the twist contraction (determined by the spindle speed, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
among other things) and thermal shrinkage over the
We are indebted to J. W. Whitworth and E. Norton
first heater. Once vi is engaged, however, the machine
of
Spartanburg, S. C.
quickly comes to a new steady-state, and the twist does for Milliken Research Corporation,
of FRL for the
to
Dr.
Skelton
work,
J.
experimental
not extend beyond vi. As long as vi is not engaged, the
K.
R.
Fox
and M. M.
Drs.
and
to
work,
photographic
machine is operating in a positive overfeed condition
in the sense that the yarn speed at roll Il is greater Platt of FRL for encouraging discussions.
than that
at
V2-
(whether
Literature Cited
vi
1.
47,
256-266 (1977).
Familant, H. M., Dependence of Latent Crimp on
Wind-Up Tension in the False-Twist Texturing
Process, Textile Research J. 47, 448-449 (1977).
4. Gupta, V. B. and Natarajan, M., Latent Crimp in
3.
False-Twist-Textured
Yarn
1. No
extra
that
2. I)enier measurements on yarn made before and
after single-heater runs show no sign of a significant
reduction of denier, although, to be sure, the accuracy
of the measurement is not suflicient to detect a small
amount of stretching. One would have to measure the
denier of individual filaments. The tensile properties
of yarns after single-heater processing are consistent
with their having been slightly shrunk rather than substantially extended-i.c., they show a somewhat reduced tenacity, and modulus and somewhat increased
elongation.
Polyethylene Terephthalate
Polyester
(1969).
1979.