Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART TWO
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VSAT Design Proposal
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VSAT Design Proposal
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
VSAT networks provide users with simple equipment that requires minimal
installation and repair. They are easy to operate and simple to troubleshoot. VSAT
installations do not require staff with extensive expertise.
Application of VSAT
The LAN Proposed Design must be converted into VSAT for the improvement of
communication services.
The security assurance will be oriented for other company’s identification and
location.
The file sharing become more efficient because of it is for large geographic area.
This can be used for remote/rural area communications.
Also for far-flung offices of a company with the help of voice and data
communications.
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VSAT Design Proposal
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VSAT Design Proposal
This VSAT will be used in ATM for Banking and credit authorizations to be
easily communicated for customer services and demands. It can be useful in Inventory
Management of a branch to branch company or a sister’s companies by using a rural
telephony for it will help to easily referring and transactions occurrence. For having a
remote location connectivity using VSAT, you can easily control your company’s
communication for other company.
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VSAT Design Proposal
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Antenna = Equipment that sends and/or receives signals from a satellite.
• Bandwidth = The range of frequencies utilized for the transmission of a signal or
group of inter-related signals expressed in Hertz (Hz).
• Baseband = A video or audio signal transmitted at its original frequency.
• Beamwidth = The angular coverage of an antenna beam. Earth station beams are
usually specified at the half-power (or -3 dB) point. Satellite beams are based on
the area to be covered.
• C-Band = Frequencies of approximately 4 to 6 GHz for satellite downlink and
uplink transmission, respectively.
• Demodulator = Equipment that converts the RF signal from the carrier into
baseband signals (video, audio, or data) for further processing or amplification.
• F/D = Ratio of antenna focal length to antenna diameter. A higher ration means a
shallower dish.
• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access = Refers to the use of multiple
carriers within the same transponder where each uplink has an assigned frequency
slot and bandwidth.
• Hertz (Hz) One cycle per second.
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VSAT Design Proposal
• Hub = The central earth station satellite ransmission facility that is the focal point
for communicating to remote locations within a satellite communications
• IP = Internet Protocol.
• kHz (Kilohertz) = One thousand cycles per second.
• MHz (Megahertz) One million cycles per second.
• Modem (Modulator/Demodulator) = Equipment that converts between
digital data and audio tones for transmission and reception over analog channels.
• Modulator = Equipment that converts audio, video, or data signals (baseband)
into an RF signal.
• Protocol = Formal set of rules governing the format, timing, sequence, and error
control of messages on a data network.
• RF (Radio Frequency) = frequency range from 10 kHz to 100 GHz used for
transmitting data, audio, or video.
• RFT (Radio Frequency Terminal) = Equipment including an antenna, U/C, D/C,
HPA, and LNA which provides the up and down conversion of signals in a
satellite-based network.
• SAC (Satellite Access Controller) = Skystar equipment that contains the satellite
transmission facility components and data network components.
• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) = Refers to a form of multiple access
where a single carrier is time shared by many users. Signals from earth stations
reaching the satellite consecutively are processed in time segments without
overlapping.
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VSAT Design Proposal
CHAPTER TWO
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VSAT Design Proposal
• MESH = VSATs are linked together without going through a large hub. In
this network architecture, each of the VSATs has the ability to communicate
directly with any of the other VSATs. Since the traffic can go to or from any
VSAT, this architecture is referred to as a MESH network. It will still be
necessary to have network control and the duties of the hub can either be
handled by one of the VSATs or the master control station functions can be
shared amongst the VSATs.
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VSAT Design Proposal
The OSI model is the basic model describing the data movement through a
network. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model describes how
information from a software application in one computer moves through a network
medium to a software application in another computer. The OSI reference model is
conceptual model composed of seven layers, each specifying particular network
functions. The OSI models divides the tasks involved with moving information between
networked computers into seven smaller, more manageable task groups. A task or group
is then assigned to each of the seven OSI layers.
The following list details the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model:
Protocol
Routing Protocols are network-layer protocols that are responsible for path and traffic
switching. Finally, network protocols are the various upper-layer protocols that exist in a
given protocol suite.
Consider a Router for example. A Router is a device, which works in the Network
Layer of the OSI Model. Its main function is to route packets that arrive at its ports.
Router takes a routing decision for each of the packet that arrives as its port, on the basis
of Routing Tables.
Routing Tables are somewhat similar to the Time Table we follow while
attending our course in college. Depending on the subject scheduled in the Time Table
for a particular day, we decide whether to attend the lecture or nor. In a similar way the
Router looks at the destination address (which is the IP address) of the packet that is to be
routed.
TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model superseded the OSI model. This is the model that is currently most
widely used. The various layers in the TCP/IP model are:
5>Application
4>Transport
3>Internet work
2>Data Link
1>Physical
Note that the Session and Application Layer present in the OSI Model are absent in the
TCP/IP Model.
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VSAT Design Proposal
CHAPTER THREE
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VSAT Design Proposal
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
The primary purpose of the research was to establish the status of VSAT usage in
PCA. The methods used included internet research to obtain background information on
the facilities and departments situation in the PCA followed by data collection and finally
quantitative and qualitative analysis. Reading reference books for the additional
information and gather further data on usage patterns were also conducted.
For the purposes of the research a distinction was made between users and
customers. Users were defined as recreational companies making use of VSAT in some
way. Customers were defined as the end user and, for the purposes of this research, each
department and facilities has a limited capability for every transaction.
SOURCES OF DATA
INTERNET EXPLORER
SCRIBD.COM (http://www.scribd/iallepla/search/pdf files/19873094-
vsat-technology.pdf/.com.ph, http://www.scribd/iallepla/search/pdf files/
23735649-VSAT-Communication-System.pdf/.com.ph,
http://www.scribd/iallepla/search/pdf files/ 18599319-VSAT-
Handbook.pdf /.com.ph )
BOOKS
VSAT Joe Montana IT 488 Fall 2003 George Mason University
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VSAT Design Proposal
CHAPTER FOUR
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VSAT Design Proposal
OPERATION MODE
Telecommunication satellite can be seen as a sort of air relay. His principal role
was to regenerate signals received from earth or others satellites and to retransmit it,
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VSAT Design Proposal
amplified in frequency to receiver. Satellite permit also to diffuse signals received from
earth to many others stations. In the same way, it can be gather some information from
stations and retransmit it to particular station. Further, it’s possible to connect satellites
this is permitted to use little earth stations during transmission. Satellite solutions
advantage is the little dependence of earth stations with terrestrial infrastructures existing
trough the world. Thus, terrestrial station can be mobile. Emission power of VSAT is
low, and it’s not possible for two VSAT stations to interact directly. It’s necessary to
transit all communications through the main station which called Hub.
Hub station’s parabola has a large diameter with high gain. It has two principals role:
Amplify and relay the signals which are transmitted by VSAT stations.
Manage access to communication support.
Frequency of Operation
Ext C-Band
Tx: 6.725 GHz-7.025GHz, Rx: 4.5GHz –4.8GHz
Shares frequencies with terrestrial transmission systems
Typical antenna sizes are 1.8m/2.4m
Ku-Band
Tx: 14.0GHz-14.5GHz; Rx: 10.95-11.7GHz, 11.7-12.2GHz, 12.25-12.75GHz
With heavy rain, fog or clouds, signal strength falls
Typical antenna sizes are 1.2m/1.8m
Cheaper end equipment
VSAT ARCHITECTURE
The basic architecture of a VSAT network is usually a point to multipoint or star
topology. The network is composed of a central hub, remote VSAT stations and space
segment on satellite transponder. Additional architecture options include meshed and
mixed topologies.
VSAT station equipment is composed of two elements:
OutDoor Unit (ODU) which is a parabolic antenna equipped with radio frequency
receiver and transmitter.
InDoor Links (IDU) is connected to ODU by a simple cable (maximum 60 m).
The role of IDU is to transform the signal received from the antenna so that it is
usable by a computer. In the same way, it translates signals coming from the
computer so that it can be relayed by the antenna to the satellite.
VSAT TECNOLOGIES
TDM/TDMA
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VSAT Design Proposal
TDM/TDMA Technology
Out Routes:
Outroute access based on Synchronous TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
Data to multiple VSATs multiplexed in synchronous time slots sent as a single
packet
Remote VSATs receive complete packet,but pickup only slots which contain data
addressed to them
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VSAT Design Proposal
SCPC/DAMA Technology
Best suited for continuous stream of information
Suitable for voice and video conferencing
Typical data rates are as low as 8Kbps for voice, upto 64Kbps for data and
384Kbps for video
Antenna size - 3.8 mtrs (Ext-C) / 2.4m (Ku)
RF capacity chosen depending on speed and number of carriers being uplinked
(typical sizes 5W, 10W,20W)
End user equipment is expensive
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VSAT Design Proposal
STAR ARCHITECTURE
ADVANTAGE
Small uplink EIRP of VSAT (which can be a hand-held telephone unit)
compensated for by large G/T of the Hub earth station
Small downlink G/T of user terminal compensated for by large EIRP of Hub earth
station
Can be very efficient when user occupancy is low on a per-unit-time basis
DISASVANTAGE
VSAT terminals cannot communicate directly with each other; they have to go
through the hub
VSAT-to-VSAT communications are necessarily double-hop
GEO STAR networks requiring double-hops may not meet user requirements
from a delay perspective
MESH TOPOLOGY
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VSAT Design Proposal
The transmission between two VSATs is direct thru a one hop transmission thru
satellite.
The Network control centre assists in setting up the communication but is not part
of the traffic path.
One hop transmission is suited for voice and video application because of less
delay.
In this network architecture, each of the VSATs has the ability to communicate
directly with any of the other VSATs.
Since the traffic can go to or from any VSAT, this architecture is referred to as a
MESH network.
It will still be necessary to have network control and the duties of the hub can
either be handled by one of the VSATs or the master control station functions can
be shared amongst the VSATs.
MESH ARCHITECTURE
MESH ADVANTAGES
Users can communicate directly with each other without being routed via a Hub
earth station
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VSAT Design Proposal
APPLICATION APPLICATION
PRESENTATION PRESENTATION
SESSION SESSION
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
NETWORK NETWORK
LINK LINK
PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
In this example, User One and User Two are conducting a two-way
communications session with each other. Each user interacts with their local device (e.g.
a computer keyboard/visual display unit) at the Application Layer of the ISO-OSI stack.
Their transaction is then routed via the various layers, with suitable conversions, etc.,
until the content is ready to be transmitted via the physical layer (where the satellite link
is).
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VSAT Design Proposal
EARTH STATIONS
DESCRIPTION
• The Low Noise Converter (LNC) takes the received RF signal and, after
amplification, mixes it down to IF for passing over the inter facility link (IFL) to
the IDU.
• In the IDU, the demodulator extracts the information signal from the carrier and
passes it at base band to the Base Band Processor.
• The data terminal equipment then provides the application layer for the user to
interact with the information input. On the transmit operation, the user inputs
data via the terminal equipment to the baseband processor and from there to the
modulator.
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VSAT Design Proposal
• The modulator places the information on a carrier at IF and this is sent via the
inter facility link to the High Power Converter (HPC) for up conversion to RF,
amplification, and transmission via the antenna to the satellite.
HUB STATION
Advantages
• Availability: VSAT services can be deployed anywhere having a clear view of the
Clarke Belt
• Diversity: VSAT provides a wireless link completely independent of the local
terrestrial/wireline infrastructure - especially important for backup or disaster
recovery services
• Deployability: VSAT services can be deployed in hours or even minutes (with
auto-acquisition antennas)
• Homogeneity: VSAT enables customers to get the same speeds and service level
agreements at all locations across their entire network regardless of location
• Acceleration: Most modern VSAT systems use onboard acceleration of protocols
such as TCP ("spoofing" of acknowledgement packets) and HTTP (pre-fetching
of recognized HTTP objects); this delivers high-quality Internet performance
regardless of latency (see below)
• Multicast: Most current VSAT systems use a broadcast download scheme (such
as DVB-S) which enables them to deliver the same content to tens or thousands of
locations simultaneously at no additional cost
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VSAT Design Proposal
• Security: Corporate-grade VSAT networks are private layer-2 networks over the
air
Disadvantages
• Latency: Since they relay signals off a satellite in geosynchronous orbit 36,000
km (22,300 miles) above the Earth, VSAT links are subject to a minimum latency
of approximately 500 milliseconds round-trip. This makes them a poor choice for
"chatty" protocols or applications such as online gaming
• Encryption: The acceleration schemes used by most VSAT systems rely upon the
ability to see a packet's source/destination and contents; packets encrypted via
VPN defeat this acceleration and perform slower than other network traffic
• Environmental concerns: VSATs are subject to signal attenuation due to weather
("Rain Fade"); the effect is typically far less than that experienced by one-way TV
systems (such as DirecTV, DISH Network or British Sky Broadcasting) that use
smaller dishes, but is still a function of antenna size and transmitter power and
frequency band
• Installation: VSAT services require an outdoor antenna installation with a clear
view of the sky (southern sky if the location is in the northern hemisphere or
northern sky if the location is in the southern hemisphere); this makes installation
in skyscraper urban environments or locations where a customer does not have
"roof rights" problematic
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VSAT Design Proposal
CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATION
The effect has been strong competition in some sectors but with low
investment in local infrastructure. To achieve its policy vision of increased
affordable access to the PCA, the issues need to be addressed are enforce
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VSAT Design Proposal
CONCLUSION
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VSAT Design Proposal
After all the information, data and facts I have been searched, I therefore conclude
that all of the detail that is included was based on my knowledge and my research. To
identify its reliability, I come up to set this VSAT networking as understanding the
concept and the purpose of upgrading the previous LAN design proposal into VSAT.
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