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Reservoir
Dam
Service Intake
Bottom outlet
Spill structure
Diversion structure
Service road
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1.3.Storage Components
The reservoir volume is sub divided in to the following parts, when seen in its vertical section.
1.4.Reservoirs
Functions of reservoirs in Hydraulic Engineering
Balancing water demand and supply
Storage of water for further usage
Provision of storage: flood storage, sedimentation storage, for industrial sewerage,
nature protection
Classification of storage based on use:
Use and drinking water storage
Storage for irrigation
Storage for hydropower
Storage for low flow augmentation
Storage for cooling water
Flood storage
Artificial lakes, e.g. for recreation, fish protection, nature protection
Single or multiple purpose reservoirs
Classification based on storage or balancing period:
Day, week, month, year storage
Classification based on art of storage:
Surface storage
Subsurface storage (Caverns, Ground water)
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Reservoir parameters
The most important reservoir parameters are reservoir volume (storage) S (m3), the reservoir area
A (m2) which can be related to the elevation or water level in the reservoirs. These parameters
can be computed with the help of topographic maps or surveying. The reservoir surface area can be
computed using plani-metery related to a given contour height.
Based on the derived elevation-area curve and depth, elevation-volume can be computed using
various methods:
I. Average area or trapezoidal method
A Ai 1i
Si hi
2
II. Simpsons 1/3 rule method
A 4 Am Ai 1i
Si hi
Where Am= mean area between Ai & Ai+1
6
III. Simpsons 3/8 rule method
h 3
9
9
3
Si i A1 A2 A3 A4
3 8
8
8
8
Where h: depth magnitude between interpolation points
A1, A2, A3 and A4: are planar areas at interpolation points.
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1.5.Classification of Dams
Dams are numerous types and there are various ways of classifications.
Classification Based on Purpose
a) Storage Dams
i) Flood control
ii) Water supply: domestic, municipal, industrial, irrigation
iii) Hydroelectric power
iv) Recreation storage
v) Pollution control
b) Stage control Dams
i) Diversion
ii) Navigation
iii) Check
c) Barrier Dams
i) Levees and dykes
ii) Coffer dams
d) Multipurpose Dams
Classification based on Hydraulic design
a) Overflow dams
b) Non overflow dams
c) Composite dams
Classification According to Material of construction
a) Embankment Dams
b) Concrete Dams
a) Embankment Dams
They are constructed of earth fill/earth fill. Upstream and upstream faces are similar and moderate
angles, giving a wide section and a high construction volume relative to height.
b) Concrete Dams
They are constructed of mass concrete. Face slopes are dissimilar, general steep downstream and
near vertical upstream slopes, and dams have relatively slender profile dependent on the type.
Other type such as timber, steel, etc dams in some cases may be constructed.
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Dam
Embankment
Concrete
Gravity
Arch
Massive
buttress
Arch-Gravity
Rockfill
Earth fill
Combination
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Good for narrow valleys. Except arc or cupola, also suitable for wide valleys.
Smaller construction fill volume (compared to embankments)
Construction can takes place irrespective of weather condition
Smaller free board (1-1.5m)
Can be constructed as overflow dam, i.e. can accommodate spillway, hence cost for
separate spillway reduced.
Outlet pipe work, valves and other ancillary works can be provided within the body
of the dam
Disadvantages:
Sensitive to settlement, demanding sound rock foundation
Sensitive by earth quake
Depending on the dam type, its construction is demanding (technical personnel,
machine requirement, form work)
Difficult heightening (simplification by pre-stressing)
Bad interference in to natural landscape
Completed unit costs are much higher than for embankment fills, which seldom
balanced by the much lower volumes of concrete required in a dam of certain
height.
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3.
4.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
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The valley width at the dam site is required to be narrow and wide in the storage part. Figure 1.8
shows the various forms of valley shapes.
Slope: upstream of the dam site, the possible small slope and downstream of the dam site the
possible large slope (by hydropower scheme)
In the collection of relevant topographical information, the following may be followed:
General Plan:
-
Obtain a general plan of the catchment and project area from relevant sources (e.g.
EMA)
Carry out limited survey to include additional information in this plan (aerial
reconnaissance, physical survey, walkovers)
It must include: the dam site, spillway site, irrigable area/power house site,
catchment are of the stream, locality to be supplied with potable water (if any) Scale
may vary from 1:1000-1:10,000
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Availability of aggregate
Reservoir Site
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Earth quake
Information on seismic activity of the area should be obtained
Here it is assumed that, adequate knowledge of the relevant engineering geology, soil
mechanics and geotechnical parameters are acquired.
Water Resources Data
Data regarding the following are required for water resources planning and reservoir design:
Miscellaneous Data
-
Materials data: soil, gravel and stone (for aggregate and riprap) are needed in good
quantity and quality for dam construction (possible borrow sites for these materials
should be identified), the borrow area should be within the reasonable distance from
the site. Selection of suitable borrow area is identified by:
Thickness of the top organic soil which has to be discarded
Content of organic matter in the rest of the soil
Quantity of oversized cobbles which would have to be removed
from the soil
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Rock for aggregate and riprap has to pass the standard tests of specific gravity,
absorption, abrasion, soundness, etc.
Erosion in the catchment area- identify sources of erosion
Transport-Existing facilities and rates
Local labor-availability and rates
Information at the desk study stage
Notes on site reconnaissance
Which are generally valid for site investigation for civil engineering purposes.
1.8.3. Investigations
The purpose of site or material investigation in the context of dam engineering is to determine the
suitability of the selected site for dam construction and reservoir storage as well as to describe the
geotechnical parameters necessary for the design and construction of the structures.
For such purposes, thus, general site exploration and investigations, in addition to the above data
collection, involve the following:
Field investigation
In situ tests/ Field tests
Laboratory tests
(See details of these soil mechanics and foundation engineering courses)
Dam type
Water Resources & Irrigation Engineering Department
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Required storage
Finance
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Type
Embankment
Earth fill
Rock fill
Concrete
Gravity
Buttress
Arch/Cupola
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