Image

Frequency Domain Filtering
Frequency filtering is based on the Fourier Transform. The operator

usually takes an image and a filter function in the Fourier domain.
This image is then multiplied with the filter function in a pixel-bypixel fashion:
Where F(k,l) is the input image in the Fourier domain, H (k,l) the
filter function and G(k,l) is the filtered image. To obtain the resulting
image in the spatial domain,
G ( k , l ) has to be re-transformed using the inverse Fourier
Transform. Since the multiplication in the Fourier space is identical
to convolution in the spatial domain, all frequency filters can in
theory be implemented as a spatial filter. However, in practice, the
Fourier domain filter function can only be approximated by the
filtering kernel in spatial domain.
I
Frequency Domain Bandpass Filters
A bandpass attenuates very low and very high frequencies, but

retains a middle range band of frequencies. Bandpass filtering can
be used to enhance edges (suppressing low frequencies) while
reducing the noise at the same time (attenuating high frequencies).
We obtain the filter function of a bandpass by multiplying the filter
functions of a low pass and of a high pass in the frequency domain,
where the cutoff frequency of the low pass is higher than that of the
high pass. Therefore, in theory, one can derive a bandpass filter
function if the low pass filter function is available. Bandpass filtering
is attractive, but there is always a trade-off between blurring and
noise: low pass reduces noise, but accentuates blurring, high pass
reduces blurring but accentuates noise.
1. Ideal Bandpass Filter
The ideal bandpass filter passes only frequencies within the pass
band and gives an output in the spatial domain that is in most cases
blurred and/or ringed. It is the easiest bandpass filter to simulate
but its vertical edges and sharp corners are not realizable in the
physical world. An ideal bandpass filter with a frequency range of
[DL,DH] is defined as follows:
The following example demonstrates the effect of applying an ideal

bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies of 80 and 180 to a grey scale
512512 image.
Original Image
Filtered Image
Frequency Spectrum
of Image
Frequency domain filter

function
As expected, the ideal filter has the effect of ringing and blurring on
the original image. The associated Matlab code is given below:
clear all;
close all;
clc
ima=imread('lena.bmp');
ima = double(ima);
figure (1)
imshow(ima,[]);
imafft = fftshift(fft2(fftshift(ima)));
% Fourier Spectrum of Image
imafft2 = fft2(ima);
imafft3 = fftshift(imafft2);
s = size(ima);
ma=max(max((imafft)));
maxr = 0.5*sqrt(s(1)^2+s(2)^2);
cutoff1 = maxr*80;
cutoff2 = maxr*180;
c=1;
for i = 1 : s(1)
for j = 1 : s(2)
r = sqrt((i-1-s(1)/2)^2+(j-1-s(2)/2)^2);
if( r < 80)
z(i,j) = 0;
else
if( r > 180)
z(i,j) = 0;
else
z(i,j) =255;
end
end
end
end
% Plots
figure (2)
imafft=imafft.*z/255;
ima_out = fftshift(ifft2(fftshift(imafft)));
ima_out =ima_out-ima;
fftshow(ima_out,'abs');
figure (3)
fftshow(imafft3,'log');
figure (4)
fftshow(z,'log');
2. Butterworth Bandpass Filter
This filter can be derived mathematically by multiplying the transfer
functions of a a low andhigh pass filter. The low pass filter will have
the higher cut off frequency.
Where Dl and DH are the cut frequencies of the low and high pass
filters respectively; n is the order of the filter and D(u,v) is the
distance from the origin.
The Butterworth filter has a smooth transfer function without any
discontinuity or clear cut off frequency. The range of frequencies
that the filter allows is largely dependent on the order of the filter. In
the selection of n there has to be a compromise between the
demands
of
the
frequency
domain
(sharp
cutoff)
and
the
spatial domain (rapid decay). The example presented in this section

demonstrates the effect of applying a fourth order Butterworth filter
with cut off frequencies 80 and 180 to a 512512 grey scale image.
Original Image
Filtered Image
Frequency Spectrum
of Image

function
The result shows that the ringing and blurring effect that was
observed with the ideal bandpass filter does not exist for
the Butterworth filter. The Matlab code is presented below:
clear all;
close all;
clc
micro = imread('lena.bmp');
micro = double(micro);
[nx ny] = size(micro);
u = micro;
micro = uint8(u);
imwrite(micro,'lena1.bmp');
fftu = fft2(u,2*nx-1,2*ny-1);
fftu = fftshift(fftu);
figure(1)
imshow(micro,[]);
figure(2)
fftshow(fftu,'log')
% Initialize filter.
filter1 = ones(2*nx-1,2*ny-1);
n = 4;
for i = 1:2*nx-1
for j=1:2*ny-1
dist = ((i-(nx+1))^2 + (j-(ny+1))^2)^.5;
% Use Butterworth filter.
filter1(i,j)= 1/(1 + (dist/180)^(2*n));
filter2(i,j) = 1/(1 + (dist/80)^(2*n));
filter3(i,j)= 1.0 - filter2(i,j);
filter3(i,j) = filter1(i,j).*filter3(i,j);
end
end
% Update image with passed frequencies.
fil_micro = fftu + filter3.*fftu;
figure(3)
fftshow(filter3,'log')
fil_micro = ifftshift(fil_micro);
fil_micro = ifft2(fil_micro,2*nx-1,2*ny-1);
fil_micro = real(fil_micro(1:nx,1:ny));
fil_micro = uint8(fil_micro);
figure(4)
imshow(fil_micro,[])
3. Gaussian Bandpass Filter
The Gaussian filter out-performs the previously discussed filter types
because when a Gaussian is transformed between the frequency
and spatial domains, it remains a Gaussian; and therefore does not
incur the ringing effect in the spatial domain of the filtered image.
Again the derivation of a Gaussian bandpass filter starts from the
low pass filter.
Where DL ,DH are the cut frequencies of the low and high pass
filters respectively; D(u,v) is the distance from the origin. The
example below shows that the Gaussian bandpass filter is the best
among the three discussed filters
Original Image
Filtered Image
Frequency Spectrum
of Image
The Matlab code is presented below:

clear all;
close all;
clc
u = micro;
micro = uint8(u);
figure(1)
imshow(micro,[]);
figure(2)
fftshow(fftu,'log')

function
n = 4;
for i = 1:2*nx-1
for j=1:2*ny-1
dist = ((i-(nx+1))^2 + (j-(ny+1))^2)^.5;
% Use Gaussian filter.
filter1(i,j) = exp(-dist^2/(2*180^2));
filter3(i,j) = 1.0 - filter2(i,j);
filter3(i,j) = filter1(i,j).*filter3(i,j);
end
end
figure(3)
figure(4)
II
Frequency Domain low pass Filters

A filter that attenuates high frequencies while passing the low
frequencies.
Low
frequencies
represent
the
gray-level
appearance of an image over smooth areas.

1. Ideal low pass Filter
1 if D(u , v) D0
H (u, v)
0 if D(u , v) D0
D(u,v) is the distance from the origin, D0 is the cutoff frequency. The
following example demonstrates the effect of applying an ideal
lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 80 a grey scale 512512 image.
Original Image
Filtered Image
Frequency Spectrum
of Image
The associated Matlab code is given below:

clear all;
close all;
clc
ima = double(ima);
figure (1)
imshow(ima,[]);
s = size(ima);
[M N]=size(ima);
maxr = 0.5*sqrt(s(1)^2+s(2)^2);
cutoff1 = maxr*80;
Imf=fft2(ima);
D0=80

function
for i=1:M
for j=1:N
D=sqrt(i^2+j^2);
if D<D0
H(i,j)=1;
else
H(i,j)=0;
end
G(i,j)=Imf(i,j)*H(i,j);
end
end
F=ifft2(G);
% Plots
figure (2)
imafft=imafft.*G/255;
imshow(F,[]);
figure (3)
figure (4)
fftshow(G,'log');
H (u , v)
2.
1
1 [ D(u , v) / D0 ]2 n
Butterworth lowpass Filter
D(u,v) is the distance from the origin, D 0 is the cutoff frequency. n is

the order of the filter. The following example demonstrates the
effect of applying an ideal lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 80
a grey scale 512512 image.
Original Image
Filtered Image
Frequency Spectrum
of Image

clear all;
close all;
clc
u = micro;
micro = uint8(u);
figure(1)
imshow(micro,[]);
figure(2)
fftshow(fftu,'log')

function
n = 2;
for i = 1:2*nx-1
for j=1:2*ny-1
dist = ((i-(nx+1))^2 + (j-(ny+1))^2)^.5;.
filter1(i,j)= 1/(1 + (dist/80)^(2*n));
filter3(i,j) = filter1(i,j);
end
end
figure(3)
figure(4)
H (u , v) e D
3.
( u , v ) / 2 D02
Gaussian lowpass Filter
Original Image
Filtered Image
Frequency Spectrum
of Image

clear all;
close all;
clc
u = micro;
micro = uint8(u);
figure(1)
imshow(micro,[]);
figure(2)
fftshow(fftu,'log')

function
n = 4;
for i = 1:2*nx-1
for j=1:2*ny-1
dist = ((i-(nx+1))^2 + (j-(ny+1))^2)^.5;
% Use Gaussian filter.
end
end
figure(3)
figure(4)
III
Frequency Domain high pass Filters

A filter that attenuates low frequencies while passing the high
frequencies. High frequencies represents the details such as
edges and noise.
1. Ideal highpass Filter
0
1
H (u , v )
if D (u, v) D0
if D(u , v) D0
Original Image
Filtered Image
Frequency Spectrum
of Image

clear all;
close all;
clc
ima = double(ima);
figure (1)
imshow(ima,[]);
s = size(ima);
maxr = 0.5*sqrt(s(1)^2+s(2)^2);
cutoff1 = maxr*0;
cutoff2 = maxr*80;
c=1;
for i = 1 : s(1)

function
for j = 1 : s(2)
r = sqrt((i-1-s(1)/2)^2+(j-1-s(2)/2)^2);
if(r>=80)
z(i,j) = 1;
else
z(i,j) = 0;
end
end
end
figure (2)
imafft=imafft.*z/255;
F=ifft2(imafft);
imshow(F);
ima_out =ima_out-ima;
figure (3)
figure (4)
fftshow(z,'log');
2. Butterworth highpass Filter
H (u, v)
1
1 [ D0 / D(u , v)]2 n
D(u,v) is the distance from the origin, D 0 is the cutoff frequency. n is

the order of the filter. The following example demonstrates the
effect of applying an ideal lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 80
a grey scale 512512 image.
Original Image
Frequency Spectrum
of Image
The associated
Matlab code is given below:
clear all;
close all;
clc
Filtered Image

function
u = micro;
micro = uint8(u);
figure(1)
imshow(micro,[]);
figure(2)
fftshow(fftu,'log')
n = 2;
for i = 1:2*nx-1
for j=1:2*ny-1
dist = ((i-(nx+1))^2 + (j-(ny+1))^2)^.5;
% Use Butterworth filter.
filter1(i,j)= 1/(1 + (80/dist)^(2*n));
end
end
figure(3)
figure(4)
3. Gaussian highpass Filter
H (u , v) 1 e D
( u , v ) / 2 D02
Original Image
Filtered Image
Frequency Spectrum
of Image

clear all;
close all;
clc
u = micro;
micro = uint8(u);
figure(1)
imshow(micro,[]);
figure(2)
fftshow(fftu,'log')

function
n = 4;
for i = 1:2*nx-1
for j=1:2*ny-1
dist = ((i-(nx+1))^2 + (j-(ny+1))^2)^.5;
filter2(i,j) = 1-exp(-dist^2/(2*80^2));
filter3(i,j) = 1.0 - filter2(i,j);
end
end
figure(3)
figure(4)

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Frequency Domain Filtering

Frequency filtering is based on the Fourier Transform. The operator

Frequency Domain Bandpass Filters

A bandpass attenuates very low and very high frequencies, but

The following example demonstrates the effect of applying an ideal

Frequency domain filter

spatial domain (rapid decay). The example presented in this section

Frequency domain filter

The Matlab code is presented below:

Frequency domain filter

Frequency Domain low pass Filters

appearance of an image over smooth areas.

The associated Matlab code is given below:

Frequency domain filter

Butterworth lowpass Filter

D(u,v) is the distance from the origin, D 0 is the cutoff frequency. n is

The associated Matlab code is given below:

Frequency domain filter

Gaussian lowpass Filter

The associated Matlab code is given below:

Frequency domain filter

Frequency Domain high pass Filters

The associated Matlab code is given below:

Frequency domain filter

D(u,v) is the distance from the origin, D 0 is the cutoff frequency. n is

Frequency domain filter

The associated Matlab code is given below:

Frequency domain filter

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