Types of fluid flow:

Laminar: motion is due to the movement of laminations of fluid with respect to

adjacent laminations .The particles move in a definite path called streamlines and
the velocity of a particle at a particular position is constant with respect to time.
Turbulent: in this case, the particles move in irregular paths and streamlines are
broken. The velocity of a particle at a position fluctuates about a mean velocity
(temporal mean velocity) with respect to time.

Reynolds number: <2100-laminar; >2100-turblent

Transient period: the time between the start of motion of fluid and the time when
it reaches steady state .

Newton.s law of viscosity:

kinematic viscosity: viscosity divided by the density

Viscosity of gases:

(Based on kinetic theory of gases,

holds good at low densities)

Universally accepted:

Viscosity of fluids:

Non-Newtonian fluids:
bBhingam plastics: they require a minimum threshold stress for the strart of the
fluid flow.ex: aqueous slurry of fine powdered coal
dilatants fluids: their viscosity increases with increase in shear stress
pseudoplastics: their viscosity decreases with increase in shear stress
SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCES

GENERAL RULES:

Identify the nonvanishing velocity component and the spatial variable on which it
depends.Write a momentum balance of the form of Eq. 2.1-1 over a thin shell perpendicular
to the relevant spatial variable.Let the thickness of the shell approach zero and make use of the
definition of the firstderivative to obtain the corresponding differential equation for the
momentum flux.Integrate this equation to get the momentum-flux distribution.Insert Newton's
law of viscosity and obtain a differential equation for the velocity.Integrate this equation to get
the velocity distribution.Use the velocity distribution to get other quantities, such as the
maximum velocity,average velocity, or force on solid surfaces.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

obtained by neglecting such disturbances, particularly if W and L are large compared to

the film thickness 6. For small flow rates we expect that the viscous forces will prevent
continued acceleration of the liquid down the wall, so that v, will become independent
of z in a short distance down the plate. Therefore it seems reasonable to postulate that
v, = v,(x), v, = 0, and v, = 0, and further that p = p(x). From Table B.l it is seen that the
only nonvanishing components of I are then T,, = T,, = -p(dv,/dx).
We now select as the "system" a thin shell perpendicular to the x direction (see Fig.
2.2-2). Then we set up a z-momentum balance over this shell, which is a region of thickness
Ax, bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = L, and extending a distance Win the y direction.
The various contributions to the momentum balance are then obtained with the
help of the quantities in the "z-component" columns of Tables 1.2-1 and 1.7-1

FLOW IN A CIRCULAR TUBE: