Sebastian Mosley

APUSH A1
11/15/2015
Period 4 Review 1800-1848
The U.S. struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of economic, territorial, political,
and demographic changes. We went through 4 political parties, 2 wars, a religious revival resulting in
new religions and reform movements, we achieved Manifest Destiny through diplomatic and military
means, and became industrialized through the 1st Industrial Revolution. The following categories are not
concrete and ideas found within certain categories could fit into others. This is just for those who struggle
with the big picture.
Politics
1. Create a t-chart and list the goals, leaders, and geographic support for the Federalists and
Democratic Republicans of the 1790s through 1816.

Goals

Leaders

Geographic
Support

Federalists

DemocraticRepublicans

-strong centralized power in govt

-loose interpretation of the constitution
-Alien and Sedition Acts (these Acts
deported foreigners as well as making it
harder for new immigrants to vote)
-wished to keep a Bill of Rights out of
the Constitution.
-wanted to reimburse revolutionary war
debts
-increase tariffs to promote
manufacturing
-institute an internal excise tax

-opposed the Constitution by

Hamilton.
-denounced many of Hamilton's
measures such as the national bank as
unconstitutional.
-demanded states rights
-stood for the primacy of the yeoman
farmers.
-strict construction of the
Constitution
-favored the French Revolution
-strongly opposed Great Britain
-called for stronger state
governments than the Federalist
Party was proposing.

This party was similar to the present day

Republican Party as they were, wealthy
and pro industry.
-John Adams
-Alexander Hamilton
-John Jay
-Rufus King
-John Marshall
-Timothy Pickering
-Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.
All had agitated for a new and more
effective constitution in 1787.
-Federalists were from the Northeast and
were typically richer and more involved
in manufacturing and trade.

-Thomas Jefferson
-James Madison
-James Monroe
All were primary leaders in the
Democratic Republican party.

-Democratic Republican Party was

strongest in Southern America and
weakest in the northeast

2. List the 3 ways in which Jefferson exemplified his switch from a strict interpretation to a loose
interpretation.
Thomas Jefferson believed in a strict construction of the Constitution. He believed people should
follow exactly what was stated and allowed in the document. When it came to the national bank,
he believed in a strict interpretation, as well. On the contrary, he believed in a loose interpretation
of the Louisiana Purchase.
(needs more information)

3. John Marshall kept the Federalists beliefs going well after the Federalists died. List the
IMPORTANCE of the following court cases:
a. Marbury vs. Madison: The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the
constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches. The case resulted from a
petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, Marbury petitioned the Supreme
Court to force the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to deliver the documents. The
petition was denied.
b. McCulloch vs. Maryland was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court. This case
established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants
to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order
to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid
constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government .
c. Gibbons vs. Ogden was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court held that the
power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of
the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation. The case
was argued by some of America's most admired and capable attorneys at the time. Exiled
Irish patriot Thomas Addis Emmet and Thomas J. Oakley argued for Ogden, while US
Attorney General William Wirt and Daniel Webster argued for Gibbons.
d. Worcester vs. Georgia was a case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the
conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited
non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license
from the state was unconstitutional. It is considered to have built the foundations of the
doctrine of tribal sovereignty in the United States.
4. Describe Jeffersons Embargo Act and why New England protested more than the other parts of
the U.S.
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general Embargo that made any and all exports from the United
States illegal. It was sponsored by President Thomas Jefferson and enacted by Congress. The goal
was to force Britain and France to respect American rights during the Napoleonic Wars. They
were engaged in a major war; the U.S. wanted to remain neutral and trade with both sides, but

neither side wanted the other to have the American supplies. The American goal was to use
economic coercion to avoid war, and punish Britain. The policy was highly unpopular with
shipping interests, and historians have judged it a failure. It was repealed as Jefferson left office
in 1809. The embargo successfully curbed American commerce abroad. In 1807, the year the
embargo was passed, the total exports for the United States reached $108 million. One year later,
that number had declined to just over $22 million. New England was hit hardest by the embargo
since it was a region heavily involved in international commerce. Other commercial cities, such
as New York and Philadelphia, also suffered from the embargo. Overall, American trade declined
by up to 75 percent for exports and 50 percent for imports. The embargo had less of an impact in
the middle states and the South, where loyalty was greater to Jefferson's Democratic-Republican
Party. In addition, the southern economy was based more upon agricultural production than the
shipping industry.
5. Why did the Embargo hurt the South and Midwest more than New England?
The embargo backfired, shutting down New England's trade and leaving the South and West with
piles of unsold goods. Still convinced in his policies, Jefferson passed harsh laws to enforce the
embargo. When secession talk started brewing in New England, the home of the anti-Jeffersonian
Federalists, Jefferson realized that enough was enough. On March 1, 1809, the Embargo Act was
repealed, to be replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act.
6. Describe the evolution of the Orders in Council, Continental System, Embargo, Macons Bill No.
2, then the War of 1812.
Orders in Council: Issued by England, closed European ports under French control to foreign
shipping.
Continental System: Foreign Policy of Napoleon of France in his struggling against great Britain
during Napoleon wars
Embargo Act: 1807 banned trade to any foreign country. Jefferson thought it would damage
French and British economies
Macon Bill No. 2: ended the embargo act got tricked by Napoleon and pitted against Britain
gravitating toward the side of the French
War of 182: War between the U.S. and G.B. caused by American outrage over the impressment
of American sailors by the British.
7. Describe the causes of the War of 1812 and its effect.
The War of 1812 was a military conflict, lasting for over 2 years, fought by the United States
against the United Kingdom, its North American colonies, and its Native American allies. Seen
by the United States and Canada as a war in its own right, it is frequently seen in Europe as a
theatre of the Napoleonic Wars, as it was caused by issues related to that war (especially the
Continental System). The war resolved many issues which remained from the American
Revolutionary War but involved no boundary changes. The United States declared war on June
18, 1812, for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by the British war with
France, the impressment of US merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support for Native
American tribes against European American expansion, outrage over insults to national honor
after humiliations on the high seas, and possible US interest in annexing British territory in
modern-day Canada.

8. Describe the Hartford Convention and why it led to the death of the Federalists.
The Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 January 5, 1815
in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the Federalist Party met to discuss their
grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the
federal government's increasing power. The convention discussed removing the three-fifths
compromise which gave slave states more power in Congress and requiring a two-thirds super
majority in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and laws restricting
trade. The Federalists also discussed their grievances with the Louisiana Purchase and the
Embargo of 1807. However, weeks after the convention's end, news of Major General Andrew
Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast, discrediting and
disgracing the Federalists, resulting in their elimination as a major national political force.
9. Describe the Era of Good Feelings and when they ended.
The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the political history of the United States that
reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of
the Napoleonic Wars. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the bitter
partisan disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party
System. President James Monroe strove to downplay partisan affiliation in making his
nominations, with the ultimate goal of national unity and eliminating parties altogether from
national politics. The period is so closely associated with Monroe's presidency (18171825) and
his administrative goals that his name and the era are virtually synonymous.
10. Define Henry Clays American System.
The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy
during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander
Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote
American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals,
and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture." Congressman
Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the American
System.
11. How did the Missouri Compromise calm tensions that would later arise and lead to war?
The Missouri Compromise was a United States federal act devised by Henry Clay. It regulated
slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana
Territory, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. The compromise was
agreed to by both the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress and
passed as a law in 1820, under the presidency of James Monroe.
12. Define the Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent
in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states
in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

13. Describe the Nullification Crisis. Include both sides and the big idea. Long answer.
The Nullification Crisis of 1832 centered around Southern protests against the series of
protective tariffs that had been introduced to tax all foreign goods in order to boost the sales of
US products and protect manufacturers in the North from cheap British goods. The South, being
predominantly agricultural, and reliant on the North and foreign countries for manufactured
goods, saw the protective tariffs as severely damaging to their economy. Vice President John C.
Calhoun drafted the South Carolina Exposition, a document that declared the tariffs were
unconstitutional that caused the Nullification Crisis bringing the sectional interests of the North
and the South into open conflict for the first time.
The South saw these protective tariffs as severely damaging to their economy. The Southern
states contended that their livelihoods were being harmed firstly by having to pay higher prices
on goods the South did not produce, and secondly because increased taxes on British imports
made it difficult for Britain to pay for the cotton they imported from the South. The South
Carolina legislature asked Vice President John C. Calhoun to prepare a report on the tariff
situation. His 35,000 word draft, written anonymously, would become his "Exposition and
Protest" otherwise known as the South Carolina Exposition that contended the tariffs were
unconstitutional based on a Doctrine (principle) of Nullification. John C. Calhoun believed the
1828 Tariff of Abominations would bring "poverty and utter desolation to the South.
The Nullification Crisis was further prompted by Calhoun. In his South Carolina Exposition John
C. Calhoun expressed the arguments that the 1828 Tariff of Abominations was unconstitutional
because: It favored manufacturing over agriculture and commerce. Tariff power could only be
used to generate revenue, not to provide protection from foreign competition for U.S. industries.
The protective system was unjust and unequal in operation.
The people of a state, or several states, had the power to veto any act of the federal government
which violated the Constitution. The power of veto was the essence of the Doctrine of
Nullification.
The Nullification Crisis finally ended when the South Carolina state convention reassembled and
formally rescinded the Ordinance of Nullification nullifying the tariff acts.

14. List the specific reasons why Andrew Jackson would be considered a tyrant.
Andrew Jackson: Hero and Villain, Democrat and Tyrant. Jackson was a tyrant because he vetoed
more bills than all previous presidents put together. He failed to enforce a Supreme Court
decision regarding Indian Removal. He worked to require states like South Carolina to obey the
laws passed by Congress. He destroyed the Second Bank of the United States.

15. Create a t-chart and list the goals, leaders, and geographic support for the Whigs & Democrats of
the 1830s through the 1850s.

Goals

Leaders

Geographic Support

Whigs

Democrats

-formed in opposition to the

policies of President Andrew
Jackson
-supported the supremacy of
Congress over the Presidency
-favored a program of
modernized banking
-economic protectionism to
stimulate manufacturing

-stood for the 'sovereignty of the

people'
-constitutional conventions
-majority rule as a general
principle of governing

Voiced a moralistic opposition

to the Jacksonian Indian
removal policies
The Whig Party nominated for
president such national political
luminaries as Daniel Webster
and their preeminent leader,
Henry Clay of Kentucky. The
Whig Party also nominated for
president war-hero generals
William Henry Harrison,
Zachary Taylor, and Winfield
Scott. In its two decades of
existence, the Whig Party had
two of its candidates, William
Henry Harrison and Zachary
Taylor, elected President. Both
died in office. John Tyler
succeeded to the Presidency
after Harrison's death in 1841,
but he was expelled from the
party. Millard Fillmore, who
became President after Taylor's
death in 1850, was the last
president under the Whig label.
It appealed to entrepreneurs and
planters, but had few
subsistence farmers or unskilled
workers.

-The major leader of the

Democratic Party during this
time was Andrew Jackson.
-President James Madison
became convinced that the
nation needed a national bank.
-Franklin Pierce was also
another prominent leader.

(needs more
information)

16. Describe the following 3 leaders: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun
Henry Clay was an American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the
United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three non-consecutive terms as Speaker of
the House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State. Ran for president 3 times and failed each
time.
Daniel Webster was a leading American senator and statesman during the era of the Second Party
System. He was the outstanding spokesman for American nationalism with powerful oratory that made
him a key Whig leader. He spoke for conservatives, and led the opposition to Democrat Andrew Jackson
and his Democratic Party. He was a spokesman for modernization, banking, and industry, but not for the
common people who composed the base of his opponents in Jacksonian Democracy.
John Caldwell Calhoun was an American politician and political theorist during the first half of the 19th
century. Hailing from South Carolina, Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist, modernizer, and
proponent of a strong national government and protective tariffs. After 1830, his views evolved and he
became a greater proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade; as he saw
these means as the only way to preserve the Union. He is best known for his intense and original defense
of slavery as a positive good, his distrust of majoritarianism, and for pointing the South toward secession
from the Union.
Social
17. Statement: Many white Americans in the South asserted their regional identity through the
institution of slavery and insisted that the federal government protect it.
18. What year was the international slave trade abolished in the U.S.? 1807
19. Define the 2nd Great Awakening. Include years, Charles G. Finney, and the Burned Over District.
The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the
United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820,
membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement.
It was past its peak by the late 1850s. The Second Great Awakening reflected Romanticism characterized
by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the super-natural. It rejected the skeptical rationalism and
deism of the Enlightenment. Charles Grandison Finney was an American
Congregationalist/Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States.
He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. Finney was best known as an innovative revivalist
during the period 18251835 in upstate New York and Manhattan, an opponent of Old School
Presbyterian theology, an advocate of Christian perfectionism, and a religious writer. The burned-over
district refers to the western and central regions of New York in the early 19th century, where religious
revivals and the formation of new religious movements of the Second Great Awakening took place.
20. Statement: The 2nd Great Awakening had many effects. They include new religions, reform
movements, and utopian communities.
21. Define Seneca Falls Convention and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a
convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in
Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 1920, 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's
rights movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the Seneca Falls Convention held
in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's

rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States. Stanton was president of the
National Woman Suffrage Association from 1892 until 1900.
22. Describe the differences between the following abolitionists (include what they wrote): Frederick
Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, & the Grimke Sisters.
Frederick Douglass was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and
statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for
his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writings. He stood as a living counter-example to
slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American
citizens. Even many Northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once
been a slave. Douglass wrote several autobiographies. He described his experiences as a slave in his 1845
autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, which became a
bestseller and influential in supporting abolition, as did the second, My Bondage and My Freedom. After
the Civil War, Douglass remained an active campaigner against slavery and wrote his last autobiography,
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. First published in 1881 and revised in 1892, three years before his
death, it covered events during and after the Civil War. Douglass also actively supported women's
suffrage, and held several public offices. Without his approval, Douglass became the first African
American nominated for Vice President of the United States as the running mate and Vice Presidential
nominee of Victoria Woodhull, on the radical and visionary Equal Rights Party ticket.
William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social
reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded
with Isaac Knapp in 1831 and published in Massachusetts until slavery was abolished by Constitutional
amendment after the American Civil War. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery
Society. He promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. In the 1870s, Garrison
became a prominent voice for the woman suffrage movement.
Grimk sisters, were 19th-century Southern American writers, orators, educators, and Quakers
who were the first American women advocates of abolition and women's rights. Throughout their lives,
they traveled to the North, lecturing about their firsthand experiences with slavery on their family's
plantation. Among the first American women to act publicly in social reform movements, they were
ridiculed for their abolitionist activity. They became early activists in the women's rights movement.
23. Define the American Colonization Society.
The American Colonization Society was an attempt to satisfy two groups in America. Ironically,
these groups were on opposite ends of the spectrum involving slavery in the early 1800s, as well
as the primary vehicle to support the colonization of free African Americans because their
presence served as "a perpetual excitement" to the enslaved blacks. All of the early organizers of
the Society were slave owners, who hoped thereby to strengthen the institution of slavery,
according to the annual reports of the Society. It helped to found the colony of Liberia in 182122
as a place for free-born blacks.

24. Describe the Temperance Movement.

The Temperance movement in the United States was a movement to curb the consumption of
alcohol and had a large influence on American politics and society in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, various factors contributed
to an epidemic of alcoholism that went hand-in-hand with spousal abuse, family neglect, and
chronic unemployment. Americans used to drinking lightly alcoholic beverages like cider "from
the crack of dawn to the crack of dawn" began ingesting far more alcohol as they drank more of
strong, cheap beverages like rum and whiskey. Popular pressure for cheap and plentiful alcohol
led to relaxed ordinances on alcohol sales.
25. Define the Mormon religion.
Mormonism is the predominant religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of
Restorationist Christianity. This movement was founded by Joseph Smith in Upstate New York in
the 1820s. During the 1830s and 1840s, Mormonism distinguished itself from traditional
Protestantism.
26. Define the Oneida and Brook Farm utopian societies. Page 354
The Oneida are a Native American tribe. They are one of the five founding nations of the
Iroquois Confederacy in the area of upstate New York, particularly near the Great Lakes. The
Iroquois call themselves Haudenosaunee reference to their communal lifestyle and the
construction style of their dwellings. Brook Farm, was a utopian experiment in communal living
in the United States in the 1840s. It was inspired by the ideals of Transcendentalism, a religious
and cultural philosophy based in New England. Founded as a joint stock company, it promised its
participants a portion of the profits from the farm in exchange for performing an equal share of
the work. Brook Farmers believed that by sharing the workload, ample time would be available
for leisure activities and intellectual pursuits.
Culture
27. Statement: A new national culture emerges after the War of 1812. It blended American ideas with
European forms.
28. Define the Hudson River School and John James Audubon.
The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group
of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. John James
Audubon was an American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter. He was notable for his
extensive studies documenting all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations that
depicted the birds in their natural habitats. His major work, a color-plate book entitled The Birds
of America, is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed. Audubon
identified 25 new species.
29. Statement: American Indians, African Americans, women, and religious followers developed
cultures reflecting their interests and experiences.
30. Statement: African Americans remained at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

Technology, Economy, & Migration

31. When did the 1st Industrial Revolution come to the U.S.?
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from
about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand
production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes,
improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of
machine tools and the rise of the factory system. It also included the change from wood and other
bio-fuels to coal. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of
employment, value of output and capital invested; the textile industry was also the first to use
modern production methods.
32. Statement: The I.R. gave opportunities to women and unskilled workers as the United States
moved from an agricultural economy to a market economy.
33. Describe the contributions of the following to the Industrial Revolution:
a. Samuel Slater was an early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the
American Industrial Revolution" and the "Father of the American Factory System." In the
UK he was called "Slater the Traitor" because he brought British textile technology to
America, modifying it for United States use. He learned textile machinery as an
apprentice to a pioneer in the British industry. Immigrating to the United States at the age
of 21, he designed the first textile mills, and later went into business for himself,
developing a family business with his sons. A wealthy man, he eventually owned thirteen
spinning mills, and had developed tenant farms and company towns around his textile
mills, such as Slatersville, Rhode Island.
b. Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was
one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the
Antebellum South. Whitney's invention made upland short cotton into a profitable crop,
which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery in the United States. Despite the
social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost many profits in legal battles
over patent infringement for the cotton gin. Thereafter, he turned his attention into
securing contracts with the government in the manufacture of muskets for the newly
formed United States Army. He continued making arms and inventing until his death in
1825
c. Steel plow benefited farmers because it allowed them to cut furrows in thick sticky
Midwest soil. John Deere was an inventor, and a blacksmith. In 1837 he was working
with steel and decided he was going to make a steel plow for farmers.
d. Lowell System was a labor and production model employed in the United States,
particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in
the early 19th century. Made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning
mule, and water frame in England around the time of the American Revolution, the textile
industry was among the earliest mechanized industries, and models of production and
labor sources were first explored here. Before industrialization, textile production was
typically done at home, and early industrial systems such as Samuel Slater's Rhode Island
System maintained housing for families, with only spinning done in the factory. Weaving
was "put out" to surrounding villagers. The Waltham-Lowell System saw all stages of
textile production done under one roof, with employees living in company housing, and
away from home and family.

34. Describe the effects of Eli Whitneys cotton gin on the South and Norths manufacturing ability.
Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of
the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.
Whitney's invention made upland short cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the
economic foundation of slavery in the United States. Despite the social and economic impact of
his invention, Whitney lost many profits in legal battles over patent infringement for the cotton
gin. Thereafter, he turned his attention into securing contracts with the government in the
manufacture of muskets for the newly formed United States Army. He continued making arms
and inventing until his death in 1825
35. Statement: Despite the attempts to make a unified national economy (American System), the
North and Midwest were more closely linked together. The South, in turn, created a unique
culture and was not affected by European migration. They also continued to rely on exports to
Europe and imports from Europe. (See Nullification Crisis)
36. As a result of the I.R., immigrants came to the U.S. Describe who and the push/pull factors of
why they came.
(need more information)

37. Describe how the Erie Canal helped link the Northeast and Old Northwest.
(need more information)

38. Pick 1 other invention (not already defined) and define it.

(need more information)

39. The Market Revolution widened the gap b/w rich and poor and caused a separation between the
home and workplace (men going to work). Define the cult of domesticity.
The cult of domesticity is a view about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should
stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. There were four words they
believed that women should be: More religious than men.
Geography & Expansion
40. After the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. wanted to dominate the North American continent.
Describe the following land gains:
a. Adams-Onis Treaty also known as the Transcontinental Treaty was a treaty between the
United States and Spain in 1819 that yielded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary
between the U.S. and New Spain.
b. Annexing of Texas: The Annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 18451848. During his tenure, U.S. President James K.
Polk oversaw the greatest territorial expansion of the United States to date.

c. Webster-Ashburton Treaty, signed August 9, 1842, was a treaty resolving several

border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies. Signed
under John Tyler's presidency, it resolved the Aroostook War, a nonviolent dispute over
the location of the MaineNew Brunswick border. It established the border between Lake
Superior and the Lake of the Woods, originally defined in the Treaty of Paris (1783),
reaffirmed the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to
the Rocky Mountains defined in the Treaty of 1818, defined seven crimes subject to
extradition, called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, and agreed to shared
use of the Great Lakes.
d. Mexican Cession is a historical name for the region of the modern day southwestern
United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
but had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the
Republic, though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified
Texas's southern and western boundary. The Mexican Cession (529,000 sq. miles) was
the third largest acquisition of territory in US history. The largest was the Louisiana
Purchase, with some 820,000 sq. miles, followed by the acquisition of Alaska (about
586,000 sq. miles)
41. U.S. expansion led to conflict with Native Americans. Define the following:
a. Battle of Tippecanoe was fought on November 7, 1811, United States forces led by
Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and Native American warriors
associated with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa
were leaders of a confederacy of Native Americans from various tribes that opposed US

expansion into Native territory. As tensions and violence increased, Governor Harrison
marched with an army of about 1,000 men to disperse the confederacy's headquarters at
Prophetstown, near the confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers.
b. Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of
Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian
tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for
their ancestral homelands.
42. Describe the causes and effects of the Mexican-American War.
The Annexation of Texas by the U.S. angered the Mexican Government. Mexico never
acknowledged Texas as independent and felt the U.S. had no right to take its territory. Mexico
also did not acknowledge the Treaty of Velasco which set the southern border of Texas as the Rio
Grande.