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INTRODUCTION
Many studies of petrographic analysis have produced a
detailed understanding of sandstone diagenesis. The main
objective of sandstone diagenesis study is not only for
predicting reservoir quality but also for better understanding
of certain diagenetic (secondary/authigenic) minerals which
have greatly effect on the formation evaluation and reservoir
damage if improper type of fluid was used during well
completion and or production (Pittman, 1982; Schaible et.al,
1986; Davies, 1988)
The following analytical techniques i.e. thin section
petrography, Scanning Electron Microscopy, equipped with
EDAX and X-Ray Diffraction are of particular importance for
quantifying and determining the development of secondary
minerals within sandstones pore system.
The objective of this paper is to illustrate some diagenetic
processes resulting in a variety of secondary minerals that is
susceptible to formation evaluation and formation damage.
The samples that are being used for case studies have been
taken from sandstone reservoirs in some areas containing
prolific hydrocarbon in western Indonesia.
SANDSTONE
MINERALS
DIAGENESIS
AND
SECONDARY
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1)
2)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank our colleagues for supporting this
study.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Almon, W.R. & Davies, D.K., 1981. Formation damage and
the crystal chemistry of clays, Clays and the Resource
Geologist, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short
Course, F.J.Longstaffe ed., Calgary, p.81-103.
Crowe, C.W., 1985. Evaluation of agents for preventing
precipitation of Ferric hydroxide from Spent Treating Acids,
JPT (April), p.691-695.
Krueger, R.F., 1986. An Overview of Formation damage and
well productivity in oil-field operations, JPT (February),
p.131-152.
Davies, D.K., 1988. Sandstone Reservoirs, with emphasis on
Clays, Stimulation and Formation evaluation, a three days
course.
Pittman, E.D., 1982. Problems Related to Clay Minerals in
Reservoir Sandstones. In Oil Field Development Techniques,
AAPG Memoir No.28, p. 237 - 244.
Prasetyo, H., and Wicaksono, B., 1996. The Relationship
Between Diagenetic Minerals and Formation Damage of
Clastic Reservoirs in Some Areas in Indonesia. One day
Seminar and Workshop on Formation Damage Paper,
LEMIGAS, Jakarta.
Prasetyo, H., 1997. Applied Microscopic Analysis for
Petroleum Industry. Makalah Ceramah Ilmiah dan Diskusi,
Jurusan Geologi, Fakultas Teknologi Mineral, UPN
Veteran Yogyakarta.
Table-1
Secondary Mineral Types in Studied Area
C L A YS
CARBONATES
OTHERS
Kaolinite Illite Illite / Smectite Chlorite Calcite
Fe Siderite Pyrite Zeolites
Smectite
Dolomite
N.Sumatra Basin
XX
C.Sumatra Basin
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
Kutei Basin
XX
Barito Basin
Note:
XX = significant
XX
XX
XX
XX
X
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
X = less-significant
Figure-1
Studied Area Location Map Related To Indonesia Basins
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X
XX
XX
X
XX
EFFECT OF AUTHIGENIC
PORE CLAYS ON
POROSITY AND
PERMEABILITY
GRAIN
PORE LINING
CHLORITE
GRAIN
GRAIN
GRAIN
Figure-2
Figure-03
Pore filling kaolinite (red arrows) reduce porosity and can be create fines migration problem, blue is porosity.
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Figure-4
Pore lining siderite (patchy brown) which significantly effect on reservoir quality development,
well-log character and reservoir sensitivity / damage, blue is porosity .
Figure-5 :
Pore lining chlorite (red arrows) which significantly effect on reducing permeability,
well-log character and reservoir sensitivity / damage .
Figure-7
The presence of pyrite (black) that significantly influences
on both resistivity and density logs reading.
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Figure-6
Illite pore bridging (red arrows) which is significantly
reduce permeability and influences on gamma-ray log
reading.
Figure-9 A
Extensively precipitation of both pore lining (high birefringence rims on grains left photo)
and pore bridging (right photo) smectite that is significantly reduced permeability.
Figure-09 B
Grains coated by authigenic smectite (left) and zeolite cemented (white yellowish light brown right photo)
pore-space followed by smectite rims.
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Komposisi
Litologi
Saturasi dari
tekanan
kapiler
Saturasi
dari
log
resistivitas
Water Volume
HC Volume
Figure-10
Low resistivity pay zone due to the presence of iron bearing / conductive minerals
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