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Michael E. Auer
Basic Concepts
Michael E.Auer
02.05.2012
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Chapter Content
Michael E.Auer
Introduction
Locus Diagrams
02.05.2012
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Chapter Content
Michael E.Auer
Introduction
Locus Diagrams
02.05.2012
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This course:
Fundamentals of
Electro-Magnetism !!!
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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microprocessor
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ac power network
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Scientific progress,
but same fundamental laws
Example Lighting
Michael E.Auer
Light bulb
Fluorescent lamp
Incandescence is
the emission of light
from a hot object
due to its
temperature.
Fluoresce means to
emit radiation in
consequence to
incident radiation of a
shorter wavelength
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Chapter Content
Michael E.Auer
Introduction
Locus Diagrams
02.05.2012
AEE01
Complex Numbers
Is useful to represent sinusoids as complex numbers.
z = x + jy
Rectangular coordinates
z = z = z e j
Polar coordinates
j = 1
Re(z ) = x
Im( z ) = y
Relations based
on Eulers Identity
e j = cos j sin
Michael E.Auer
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Relations for
Complex
Numbers
Michael E.Auer
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Phasor Domain
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V0
V0
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Frequency Domain
Time domain
i = I m cos ( t + )
= iR = RI m cos ( t + )
Phasor Domain
V = RI m
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Phasor Domain
Michael E.Auer
02.05.2012
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Phasor Domain
Differential
Equations
Algebraic
Equations
complex !
Transformation
Solution of the
Differential
Equations
Solution of the
Algebraic
Equations
Solution
Solution
Retransformation
Michael E.Auer
02.05.2012
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Basic Approach
Transform the circuit to the phasor or frequency domain.
Solve the problem using circuit techniques (nodal analysis, mesh
analysis, superposition, etc.).
Transform the resulting phasor to the time domain.
1.
2.
3.
Time to Freq
Michael E.Auer
Solve
Equations in
Freq Domain
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Freq to Time
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Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Transformation Table
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Chapter Content
Michael E.Auer
Introduction
Locus Diagrams
02.05.2012
AEE01
Voltage Division
v1 = ii R1
and
v 2 = ii R2
v i = v1 + v 2 = ii (R1 + R2 )
and
vi
ii =
R1 + R2
R1
v1 = v i
R1 + R2
Michael E.Auer
02.05.2012
R2
v2 = vi
R1 + R2
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Current Division
ii = i1 + i2
where
vi
i1 =
R1
vi
and i2 =
R2
R1 R2
v i = ii
= ii
= ii (R1 || R2 )
1
1
R1 + R2
+
R1 R2
1
R2
i1 = ii
R1 + R2
Michael E.Auer
02.05.2012
and
R1
i2 = ii
R1 + R2
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Thvenin
Norton
Michael E.Auer
02.05.2012
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vo vi vo
= G1 (v o vi )+ GS v o
+
i1 =
RS
R1
i1 = G1 (v o v i )
open circuit
G1 ( +1)
R1RS
( +1)RS
vi
=
vi
vo =
G1 ( +1) + GS
R1RS ( +1)RS + R1
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02.05.2012
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( +1)RS
(50 +1)1 k
vi =
v i = 0.718v i
vo =
( +1)RS + R1
(50 +1)1 k +1 k
and
v th = 0.718v i
Michael E.Auer
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i x = i1 i1 + G S v x
= G1v x + G1v x + G S v x
= [G1 ( + 1) + G S ]v x
R1
1
vx
= RS
=
Rth =
+1
G1 ( + 1) + G S
ix
Rth = RS
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R1
20 k
= 1 k
= 1 k 392 = 282
50 + 1
+1
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in = i1 + i1
= G1v i + G1vi
= G1 ( +1)v i
=
v i ( +1)
R1
short circuit
Short circuit at the output causes
zero current to flow through RS.
Rth is equal to Rth found earlier.
50 +1
vi
vi =
= (2.55 mS)v i
in =
20 k
392
Michael E.Auer
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Check of Results: Note that vth = inRth and this can be used to check
the calculations: inRth=(2.55 mS)vi(282 ) = 0.719vi, accurate within
round-off error.
While the two circuits are identical in terms of voltages and currents at the
output terminals, there is one difference between the two circuits. With no load
connected, the Norton circuit still dissipates power!
Michael E.Auer
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Rth , vth , in
Michael E.Auer
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An equivalent circuit is one whose v-i characteristics are identical with the
original circuit.
It is the process of replacing a voltage source vS in series with a resistor R
by a current source iS in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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The source
transformation is not
possible when R = 0
for voltage source
and R = for current
source.
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Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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6V is discarded
by short-circuit
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2A is discarded by
open-circuit
20
10 V
10V is discarded by
open-circuit
20
v1
0.1v1
v2
2A
0.1v2
(b)
(a)
Michael E.Auer
Dependant source
keep unchanged !!!
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Chapter Content
Michael E.Auer
Introduction
Locus Diagrams
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Introduction
Things we need to know in solving any resistive circuit
with current and voltage sources only:
Number of equations
Ohms Law
n-1
b (n-1)
mesh = independend loop
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2.
3.
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(R1+ R3) i1 - i2 R3 = V1
- R3 i1 + (R2 + R3)i2 = -V2
Note:
i1 and i2 are mesh current (imaginative, not measurable directly)
I1, I2 and I3 are branch current (real, measurable directly)
I1 = i1; I2 = i2; I3 = i1 - i2
Michael E.Auer
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R3 i1 V1
( R1 + R3 )
( R2 + R3 ) i2 V2
R3
Impedance matrix
Excitation
Mesh currents
General rules:
1. Main diagonal: ring resistance of mesh n
2. Other elements: connection resistance between meshes n and m
Sign depends on direction of mesh currents!
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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dependent source
ideal voltage source
Michael E.Auer
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Mesh Analysis
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Apply KCL at
node 1 and 2
v1
G3
G1
Michael E.Auer
v2
(G1+ G3) v1 - v2 G3 = 1A
- G3 v1 + (G2 + G3)v2 = - 4A
G2
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G3 v1 1A
(G1 + G3 )
(G2 + G3 ) v2 2A
G3
Admittance matrix
Excitation
Node voltages
General rules:
1. Main diagonal: sum of connected admittances at node n
2. Other elements: connection admittances between nodes n and m
Sign: negative!
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Chapter Content
Michael E.Auer
Introduction
Locus Diagrams
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Michael E.Auer
02.05.2012
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R-C-Circuit Locus
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Ua
1
=
T ( j ) =
U e 1 + j
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mit
=
g
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Michael E.Auer
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Equivalent
Networks
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In other words, both circuits are described by the same pair of equations:
Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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Michael E.Auer
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v = 0
v = vq
i = iq
v = R i
v=L
di
dt
i=C
i = iq
Given Network
i-v-Duality
Dual Network
u = 0 i = 0
dv
dt
i = G u
i = C
du
dt
u = L
di
dt
v' = Z 0 i
und
i =
v
Z0
For example Z0 = 1
u = uq
Michael E.Auer
R
Z 02
C =
L
Z 02
L = C Z 02
iq =
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vq
Z0
vq' = Z 0 iq
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Chapter Content
Michael E.Auer
Introduction
Locus Diagrams
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Michael E.Auer
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Tolerance Modeling
Pnom(1 - ) P Pnom(1 + )
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Numeric Precision
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Worst-case analysis
Parameters are manipulated to produce the worst-case min and max
values of desired quantities.
This can lead to over design since the worst-case combination of
parameters is rare.
It may be less expensive to discard a rare failure than to design for 100%
yield.
Monte-Carlo analysis
Parameters are randomly varied to generate a set of statistics for desired
outputs.
The design can be optimized so that failures due to parameter variation
are less frequent than failures due to other mechanisms.
In this way, the design difficulty is better managed than a worst-case
approach.
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02.05.2012
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Unknowns:
nom
O
Michael E.Auer
min
O
, V
max
O
, V
, I
nom
I
, I
min
I
, I
max
I
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nom
O
R1nom
=V
R1nom + R2nom
18k
= 15V
= 5V
18k + 36k
nom
I
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Michael E.Auer
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VO (V)
Average
4.96
Nominal
5.00
Standard Deviation
0.30
Maximum
5.70
W/C Maximum
5.87
Minimum
4.37
W/C Minimum
4.20
Michael E.Auer
02.05.2012
AEE01