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R. T.SARATH BABU,2D.KRISHNAIAH
1
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SIETK College, Puttur, Chittoor Dist, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SIETK College, Puttur, Chittoor Dist, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
ABSTRACT
This project aim is to study of heat transfer rate in two pass square channel experiments. The experiments were carried
out on a horizontally oriented two pass smooth square channel with turn in sharp 1800. The smooth square channel size
was 2 cm. Calculations were performed by using CFD software gambit2.3.16&fluent6.3.26. The predictions results
of heat transfer rate of the turbulent flow of air inside the two pass in square channel with using four different Reynolds
numbers (10000, 20000, 40000 & 60000) and three different turbulence models were used namely the k-, k- and
RSM models were compared against with experiment results obtained.
Keywords-CFD,Gambit, Fluent, turbulent models, Heat transfer rate.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Gas turbines play an important role in power industry, and are now widely used in aircraft propulsion, land based power
generation, and other industrial applications. It is well recognized that one way to increase power output and
thermodynamic efficiency of gas turbine engine is to increase turbine inlet temperature. However with the increase of
the turbine inlet temperature, the heat load transfer to the blade is increased. The blade can only survive if effective
cooling methods are used to remove the heat load from turbine blades. Figure.1 depicts the typical cooling technology
for internal and external zone.
The problems arising with predicting accurate heat transfer rates to two pass channel are due to a number of factors.
They are before turn; turn in 1800 and after turn in square channel. If using the turbulent flow in the two pass channel of
energy losses in the heat transfer rate, that affecting the thermal efficiency of gas turbine. That should be calculated by
using the CFD software.
The numerical analysis was performed using the commercially available CFD suite, FLUENT, of which the geometry
was created in its pre-processor, GAMBIT. FLUENT was used to resolve the flow field and heat transfer to the square
channel. The data from the experimental simulations were used as boundary conditions for the numerical model. The
results generated from this model were then put under investigation by comparing it to the experimental data.
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II.
INTRODUCTION TO CFD
2.1 Definition
Computational Fluid Dynamics or CFD is the analysis of systems involving fluid flow, heat transfer and associated
phenomena such as chemical reactions by means of computer-based simulation. The technique is very powerful and spans
a wide range of industrial and non-industrial application areas. Some examples are:
Aerodynamics of aircraft and vehicles: lift and drag
Hydrodynamics of ships
Power plant: combustion in IC engines and gas turbines
Turbo machinery: flows inside rotating passages, diffusers etc.
Electrical and electronic engineering: cooling of equipment including microcircuits.
Chemical process engineering: mixing and separation, polymer molding
External and internal environment of buildings: wind loading and heating/ ventilation.
Marine engineering: distribution of pollutants and effluents.
Hydrology and oceanography: flows in rivers, estuaries, oceans
Meteorology: weather prediction
Biomedical engineering: blood flows through arteries and veins.
2.2 History of CFD
Computers have been used to solve fluid flow problems for many years. Numerous programs have been written to
solve either specific problems, or specific classes of problems. From the mid-1970's, the complex mathematics required to
generalize the algorithms began to be understood, and general purpose CFD solvers were developed. These began to
appear in the early 1980's and required what were then very powerful computers, as well as an in-depth knowledge of
fluid dynamics, and large amounts of time to set up simulations. Consequently, CFD was a tool used almost exclusively in
research.
2.3 CFD codes
CFD codes contain three main elements:
i.
A pre-processor
ii.
A solver and
iii.
A post-processor
U j 0
(Eq. 1)
t
x j
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U j
t
U iU j ij ui u j S M
x j
xi x j
(Eq. 2)
Where, is the molecular stress tensor (including both normal and shear components of the stress).
The continuity equation has not been altered but the momentum and scalar transport equations contain turbulent flux
terms additional to the molecular diffusive fluxes. These are the Reynolds stresses, ui u j . These terms arise from the
non-linear convective term in the un-averaged equations. They reflect the fact that convective transport due to turbulent
velocity fluctuations will act to enhance mixing over and above that caused by thermal fluctuations at the molecular level.
At high Reynolds numbers, turbulent velocity fluctuations occur over a length scale much larger than the mean free path
of thermal fluctuations, so that the turbulent fluxes are much larger than the molecular fluxes.
The Reynolds averaged energy equation is:
htot p
U j htot
t
t x j
x j
u j h
U ui u j S E
x
x i ij
j
j
(Eq. 3)
The zero equation uses an algebraic equation to calculate the viscous contribution from turbulent eddies. A constant
turbulent eddy viscosity is calculated for the entire flow domain.
The turbulence viscosity is modeled as the product of a turbulent velocity scale, U t , and a turbulence length scale, l t , as
proposed by Prandtl and Kolmogorov,
t f U t lt
(Eq. 4)
Where, f is a proportionality constant. The velocity scale is taken to be the maximum velocity in the fluid domain. The
length scale is derived using the formula:
1
lt VD3 / 7
(Eq. 5)
Where, V D is the fluid domain volume. This model has little physical foundation and is not recommended.
3.3 Two Equation Turbulence Models
Two-equation models are much more sophisticated than the zero equation models. Both the velocity and length scale are
solved using separate transport equations (hence the term two-equation'). The k- and k- two-equation models use the
gradient diffusion hypothesis to relate the Reynolds stresses to the mean velocity gradients and the turbulent viscosity.
3.3.1 k- model
k is the turbulence kinetic energy and is defined as the variance of the fluctuations in velocity. It has dimensions of (L 2
T-2); for example, m2/s2. is the turbulence eddy dissipation (the rate at which the velocity fluctuations dissipate), and has
dimensions of k per unit time (L2 T-3); for example, m2/s3.
The k- model introduces two new variables into the system of equations. The continuity equation is then:
U j 0
t x j
(Eq. 6)
U i
U iU j '
t
x j
xi x j
U i U j
eff
SM
xi
xj
(Eq. 7)
Where, S M is the sum of body forces, eff is the effective viscosity accounting for turbulence, and is the modified
pressure.
The k- model, like the zero equation model, is based on the eddy viscosity concept, so that:
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eff t
(Eq. 8)
Where, t is the turbulence viscosity. The k- model assumes that the turbulence viscosity is linked to the turbulence
kinetic energy and dissipation via the relation:
t C
k2
(Eq. 9)
Where, C is a constant.
The values of k and come directly from the differential transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy and
turbulence dissipation rate:
k
U j k t
t
x j
x j
k
U j t
t
x j
x j
C 1 Pk C 2 C 1 Pb (Eq. 11)
x j k
Pkb and Pb represent the influence of the buoyancy forces, which are described below. Pk is the turbulence production due
to viscous forces, which is modeled using:
U i U j
Pk t
x
xi
j
U i 2 U k
x
3 x k
j
U k
3 t
k
x k
(Eq. 12)
The 3 t term in Equation 17 is based on the frozen stress assumption. This prevents the values of k and
becoming too large through shocks, a situation that becomes progressively worse as the mesh is refined at shocks. In
order to avoid the build-up of turbulent kinetic energy in stagnation regions, two production limiters are available.
k- model
One of the advantages of the k- formulation is the near wall treatment for low-Reynolds number computations.
The model does not involve the complex non-linear damping functions required for the k- model and is therefore more
accurate and more robust. A low-Reynolds k- model would typically require a near wall resolution of y 0.2 , while a
3.3.2
low-Reynolds number k- model would require at least y 2 . In industrial flows, even y 2 cannot be guaranteed in
most applications and for this reason, a new near wall treatment was developed for the k models. It allows for smooth
shift from a low-Reynolds number form to a wall function formulation.
The k- model assumes that the turbulence viscosity is linked to the turbulence kinetic energy and turbulent frequency
via the relation:
(Eq. 13)
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V.
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5.3.1. Experimentation
Experiment is conducted to find out net heat transfer rate for square channel, dimensions of pattern 2mmX2mm (before
turn and after turn). Experiment conducted for various Reynolds number ranges from 10000-60000. For the verification of
experimental set up experiment conducted for square smooth channel. To start the experiment we provide constant
different Reynolds numbers. Measuring the pressure drop across the test section and orifice, we calculate the mass flow
rate and total heat transfer rate for channel.
5.2.2.System Variables
Inlet temperature of Air: 23oC
Reynolds number: 10000-60000
Prandtl number: 0.7
Hydraulic diameter: 2cm
Aspect ratio: 1
Operating pressure: 101325 N/m2
5.2.3.Data Reduction
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the flow analysis for two pass smooth square channels used in turn of 180degree bend. The procedure of normalizing the parameters is discussed in following section. The Reynolds number based
on the channel hydraulic diameter is given by
Re = v Dh /
Re= vDh/
Where,
density
vcharacteristic velocity (such as inflow)
L characteristic length (such as the length of an object in your flow)
viscosity
The average heat transfer coefficients are evaluated from the measured temperatures and heat inputs. With heat added
uniformly to fluid (Qair) and the temperature difference of wall and fluid (TwTb), average heat transfer coefficient will
be evaluated from the experimental data via the following equations:
Qconv = h A (Tw-Tb)
Thus
h=Qconv / A (Tw-Tb)
Average Nusselt number is written as:
Nu=hDh / K
In order to measure Nusselt number, the pressure difference between inlet and outlet must be obtained for smooth channel
is given by Nu number as normalized by the corresponding values for fully developed turbulent flow heat transfer based
on the inlet channel conditions. The fully developed channel Nu number was determined using the Dittus-Boelter
correlation.
Nu= 0.023 X Re 0.8 X Pr0.4
5.3.Geometry Setup and Boundary Conditions
The two pass smooth square channel experiments, as shown in Fig. were constructed with GAMBIT Design Modeler, a
pre-processor of the FLUENT code. For this project FLUENT6.3.26 code has been selected and the main parameters of
the materials are given in Table.1
Property
Aluminum(solid)
Air(fluid)
Density(kg/m3)
2719
1.225
Cp (Specific Heat)(j/kg-k)
871
1006.43
Thermal Conductivity(w/m-k)
202.399
0.0242
Viscosity(kg/m-s)
1.7894001e-05
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5.4. Results
Figure shows representative cross-sectional plots of Pressuredistribution for the simulation by using k-, k-
and Reynolds stress turbulence models and heat transfer rate for the measurement. Predicted results obtained by using the
two pass smooth square channel of different Reynolds numbers (10000,20000,40000&60000) of air are generally in good
agreement with the experimental data by using different Reynolds number. The following table shows the models and
settings are used in these simulations.
These flow is based on pressure and finite volume method is implicit , iterations taken 400 times, here below
diagram are shows of the following temperature distribution for Reynolds number s and for each compared with three
turbulence models.
For these reasons below figures are show inlet (before turn)of channel is greater flow rate than outlet(after turn) of
channel . Here below results for Reynolds numbers (10000-60000) is each one camper to three turbulence models (K-,k, RSM model)
Table 1. CFD conditions of setting
Model
Settings
Space
2D
Time
Wall Treatment
Heat Transfer
Enabled
Viscous
K- model
RSM model
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As below the graphs shows the comparisons turbulence models like k-, k- and RSM models values are
compared with the experimental values.
Table 2.K- model values
Reynolds
Number
Velocity
Heat transfer
rate in input
Heat transfer
rate in output
10000
7.3
33299.93
33308.91
8.972656
20000
14.6
66599.91
66680.19
80.27344
40000
29.2
133200
132958.8
241.1875
60000
43.8
199800
199489.8
310.1406
Reynolds
Number
Velocity
10000
7.3
33300.81
33323.8
22.98438
20000
14.6
66600.73
66601.23
0.5
40000
29.2
133200.1
132886.2
313.9063
60000
43.8
199801.6
199513.7
287.9063
Reynolds
Number
Velocity
10000
7.3
33299.98
33290.23
9.742188
20000
14.6
66599.95
66559.12
40.83594
40000
29.2
133200
132953.6
246.4531
60000
43.8
199800
199474.6
325.4063
k-
k-w
Rsm
experimental
10000
255.09
158.29
67.079
31.18
20000
552.82
3.44
275.48
243.01
40000
1659.77
2155.64
1697.55
1477.35
60000
2135.95
1982.79
2241.06
2174.39
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Fig. 10: Total heat transfer rate v/s Reynolds number graph for smooth channel
Fig.11: Total heat transfer rate v/s velocity graph for smooth channel
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this study different Reynolds (10000, 20000, 40000& 60000) turbulence models values are compared with
experimental values successfully. In these observations K-,K- model values are not satisfied, but RSM model is very
convenient values very convenient compared to other two models.
When increasing the Reynolds number better heat transfer rates are obtained. So the velocity is increasing heat
transfer rate is increased, this is conclusions of this paper . CFD is very useful to analyzing the heat transfer rate better
than experimental analysis and more economical. And also very less time to study the problem
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In this investigation shows the flow separation inner wall of square channel at 1800 sharp turns. For these reasons above
figures are shows inlet (before turn) of channel is greater flow rate than outlet (after turn) of channel. Here below results
for Reynolds numbers (10000-60000) is each one camper to three turbulence models (K-,K-& RSM model)
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