CROPS

Pakistan has experienced a good production of various agricultural crops like Wheat,
Rice and Cotton in the recent past, but despite of this the farmers were generally not
happy. What do you think could be the reasons of farmers frustration? Suggest
possible solution of such situation. (2001)

Short Notes: Production of organic rice (2006)

How do you visualize the present sugar crisis in the country? Elaborate various
aspects causing this scenario. Also write down the production technology of sugar
cane. (2006)

Short Notes: Soil reclamation (2008)

Short Notes: Mango malformation (2008)

Short Notes: Crop rotation (2009)

Short Notes: Organic crop production (2010)

GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology are considered to be the sciences of 21st

century. What is the current status of their role in agricultural research in Pakistan
and what could be their possible contribution in future in this context?
Comment. (2001)

Differentiate: Genotype and phenotype (2002)

Short Notes: Application of genetics for improvement of crops (2002)

Have Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology made any breakthrough in crop

production so far? Elaborate the scope of modern techniques in enhancing the
agricultural productivity within shortest possible time. (2004)

Short Notes: Genetic Diversity (2004)

Differentiate: Synapses and Synopsis (2005)

Differentiate: Linkage and crossing over (2006)

Genetic resources possess sufficient genetic blood to double the crop productivity.
Narrate their appropriate utilization for maximizing the agricultural production
through conventional breeding techniques and modern approaches of crop
improvement. (2006)

Differentiate: Quantitative Genetic Traits and Qualitative Genetic Traits (2007)

Short Notes: Genetically Modified Organisms (2007)

Differentiate: Homozygous and Heterozygous (2007)

What are the Genetic consequences of self-fertilization and of cross-fertilization in

crops? (2007)

Describe the impact of environmental changes on the physiology of plants in general

and vegetables and fruits in particular. What are important biotechnological
techniques to cater need for breeding resistant plants against these
changes? (2008)

Short Notes: Genetic engineering (2009)

Define biotechnology and discuss in detail the role of biotechnology in crop

improvement. (2009)

Short Notes: genetic resources and their conservation (2010)

Narrate the modern techniques of genetics regarding crop involvement. Discuss the
prospects of new technologies to have the possibilities of another green
revolution. (2010)

What is modern concept of genetics, gene and gene information? How knowledge of
genetics can be used for improving per hectare yield of crops? (2012)

What is hybrid vigour? Explain the procedure of developing a hybrid corn. (2013)

BIOTIC STRESS

Discuss biotic stresses affecting crop production and discuss perspective of

integrated pest Management with special reference of Pakistan. (2003)

How genetic manipulation of field crops can improve the tolerance of the plants to a
biotic stress? (2005)

Discuss the biotic stresses affecting crop production and illustrate the role of IPM to
overcome these. (2006)

Biotic stresses are the matter of great concern in agricultural crop production . Give a
comprehensive approach of various pathways to protect the crops from these
threats. (2010)

PLANTS AND FRUITS

Differentiate: Determinate and Indeterminate plant species (2002)

Differentiate: C3 and C4 plants (2004). (2010)

Differentiate: Pomes and stone fruits (2004)

Differentiate: True fruits and False fruits (2005)

Differentiate: Halophytes and xerophytes (2006)

Differentiate: Monoecious Plants and Dioecious (2007)

Differentiate: Parasite and Predator (2012)

PLANT PROPAGATION

What are prerequisites for successful plant propagation? Discuss different modes of
reproduction and factors influencing success in vegetable propagation? (2003)

Discuss in detail different techniques used for the asexual propagation of fruit
plants. (2009)

BIOLOGICAL N FIXATION

What is biological Nitrogen fixation? Explain the factors affecting the biological Nfixation? (2001)(2013)

Short Notes: Factors affecting biological nitrogen fixation (2009)

Differentiate: biological nitrogen fixation and nitrification (2010)

What is the ultimate source of nitrogen in soil? Explain in detail how it is fixed and
made available to the plants.(2014)

LAW OF INHERITANCE

What are the basic laws of Inheritance? Comment how these laws have helped in the
process of crop improvement in agriculture?(2001)

Discuss the impact of land reforms and law of inheritance on the agriculture in
Pakistan. Are you in favor of more land reforms or support Corporate farming? Give
reasons. (2011)

FORESTRY AND RANGE MANAGEMENT

Enumerate the scope of range management in Pakistan and discuss its role in the
development of dairy sector in the country. (2009)

Short Notes: Range management in Pakistan (2010)

Discuss the role of forests in environment and climate change perspective. What are
the reasons of deforestation in Pakistan? Suggest measures to improve the
situation. (2011)

Describe forestry and range management. Illustrate measures to overcome problems

of deforestation in Pakistan (2012)

LAND REFORMS

Land Degradation has become a serious threat to the environments and economic
sustainability in various parts of the world. Industrial development is also necessary
to bring Pakistan at par with other countries in the region and it should not depend
solely on agricultural produces for prosperity. How can you present a case of land
degradation due to industrial development, land reforms and agricultural operations
in Pakistan? Also discuss the remedies of possible causes of land
degradation. (2008)

Discuss the impact of land reforms and law of inheritance on the agriculture in
Pakistan. Are you in favor of more land reforms or support Corporate farming? Give
reasons. (2011)

Differentiate: Land reform and land tenure (2012)

Short Notes : Land tenure system in Pakistan. (2013)

PEST CONTROL

Describe the principle of Insect Pest Control in agriculture crops. (2001)

Discuss methods of pest control and pathogen effect on plant physiological

functions. (2002)

Differentiate: Biological and chemical control of crop pests (2006)

Short Notes: Biological Control of Pest (2007)

Describe different methods of pest control in crops with main emphasis on biological
control of insect-pests? (2009)

Why indiscriminate use of pesticides is being discourage? Suggest steps for

implementation of pesticides laws in the country. (2011)

Define insect pest management. How can you suggest IPM strategy to control insect
pests of cotton crop? (2012)

HORTICULTURE

Horticulture industry is an emerging industry in Pakistan; how do you comment on

it?(2001)

Briefly discuss the major problems and possible solutions for increasing productivity
of horticultural crops. (2002)

Horticultural crops have not been properly exploited according to their potential. How
these can play better role that the major crops in agriculture of the country? (2004)

Short Notes: Modern concept of horticultural industry (2005)

Short Notes: potential of horticulture sector as an industry (2010)

Short Notes:Status of Horticulture in Pakistan. (2010)

POPULATION

Short Notes: Population problems of rural Pakistan (2001)

SOIL

Short Notes: Role of Organic matter in soil (2001)(2013)

Short Notes: Soil erosion and conservation (2001)

Short Notes: Soil texture and structure and their management (2002)

Differentiate: Soil texture & soil structure (2003), (2012)

Discuss the role of soil in relation to crop production. What is the significance of
different phases of soil in plant nutrition? (2003)

Differentiate: Saline soils and sodic soils (2004)

What are soil texture and soil structure? How the soil texture and structure affects
the plant growth. Discuss in detail. (2005)

Short Notes: Role of organic matter in soil productivity (2005), (2006)

Discuss the important physical properties of soils that are of major interest to crop
producers. (2007)

Short Notes: Soil reclamation (2008)

Short Notes: Soil erosion (2009)

Discuss the causes of soil salinity and water-logging in irrigated agriculture. Suggest
appropriate recommendations to reclaim saline sodic soils. (2010)

Define Soil Erosion. Suggest ways and means to be adopted for soil conservation in
the rainfed areas of Punjab (2012)

How does soil productivity differ from soil fertility? What are the factors responsible
for degradation of soil productivity? Suggest practical measures to improve it.(2014)

SEED

Short Notes: Hybrid seed production (2006)

Differentiate: basic seed and certified seed(2004), (2010), (2012)

LIVE STOCK

Short Notes: Live stock as a component of agriculture. (2001)(2004)

Livestock sector has not properly been exploited as per its potential. What measures
should be taken to meet the local demands of milk and meat and also for a better
export?(2006)

Government of Punjab and Government of Pakistan is emphasizing on the valuable

role of Livestock in bringing about revolution in dairy products. What is your opinion
on this statement in the present scenario of scientific zeal being pursued in the
Agricultural and Animal Sciences University? Also elaborate by suggesting some
means on the shortcomings in achieving this goal. (2008)

Short Notes: Challenges in livestock management (2010)

What is the scope of modern dairy farming in Pakistan? How mean and milk
requirements of the people could be fulfilled? Suggest a viable and comprehensive
plan of work. (2011)

Short Notes: Live stock as a component of agriculturein Pakistan.(2013)

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES

In terms of research and newer technologies in current and future agriculture in

Pakistan, how do you comment on the statement? The basic texture of research
consists of dreams into which the trends of reasoning, measurement and calculations
are woven. (2002)

How research can play role in achieving food security? Discuss in detail. (2005)

Short Notes: Role of Agricultural research in food security (2003), (2007)

Short Notes: Importance of statistics in agricultural research (2007)

Agricultural research has significantly enhanced the productivity of all field crops in
Pakistan except the oilseeds. Narrate the main shortfalls and discuss the role of
various institutions/agencies working on these lines. (2010)

IPM TECHNOLOGY

Describe various components of IPM Technology and discuss the usefulness of this
approach with reference with to fore coming WTO regime. (2004)

What are different economic decision levels in IPM? Describe the role of IPM in
sustainable agriculture. (2005)

Discuss the biotic stresses affecting crop production and illustrate the role of IPM to
overcome these. (2006)

WATER

What are the functions of water in soil and plants? How water stress affect the plant
growth and development? (2002)

Short Notes: Crop water use efficiency (2004)

GROWTH

Define growth. Enlist and briefly describe the factors affecting it. (2002)

What aspects of light affect plant growth and development and how they can be
managed under field conditions? (2007)

Short Notes : Genetic factors of crop growth. (2014)

AGRICULTURE

Short Notes: Components of agriculture integrated system (2002)

Short Notes: Role of agriculture in the national economy. (2002)

Importance of Agriculture in economy of Pakistan cant be underestimated. How do

you comment on the statement? (2003)

What are critical issues in agriculture? Write down their solutions for agricultural
development in Pakistan. (2005)

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Short Notes: Foot and Mouth disease (2004), (2010)

Differentiate: Metastasis and Myiasis (2005)

Short Notes: Major disease of wheat crop in Pakistan (2005)

Short Notes: Rust diseases of wheat (2006)

Why it is necessary to understand the life cycle of both the host and pathogen as
well as the disease cycle itself in order to determine appropriate disease control
method? (2007)

Discuss the role of environmental factors in the development of infectious diseases in

plants and suggest measures to control these diseases. (2009)

Differentiate: gram blight and gram wilt(2004), (2010)

Differentiate: Pathogen and Disease (2012)

ECOLOGY

Short Notes: Wind erosion (2005)(2014)

Short Notes: Green house effect (2006)(2014)

Short Notes: Conservation of Biodiversity (2007)

Short Notes: Biosafety issues (2007)

Discuss environmental pollution. What are the major causes of environmental

pollution in Pakistan? (2014)

PAKISTAN

Short Notes: Population problems of rural Pakistan (2001)

Horticulture industry is an emerging industry in Pakistan; how do you comment on

it? (2001)

Pakistan has experienced a good production of various agricultural crops like Wheat,
Rice and Cotton in the recent past, but despite of this the farmers were generally not
happy. What do you think could be the reasons of farmers frustration? Suggest
possible solution of such situation. (2001)

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology are considered to be the sciences of 21st

century. What is the current status of their role in agricultural research in Pakistan
and what could be their possible contribution in future in this context?
Comment. (2001)

In terms of research and newer technologies in current and future agriculture in

Pakistan, how do you comment on the statement? The basic texture of research
consists of dreams into which the trends of reasoning, measurement and calculations
are woven. (2002)

Discuss biotic stresses affecting crop production and discuss perspective of

integrated pest Management with special reference of Pakistan. (2003)

Importance of Agriculture in economy of Pakistan cant be underestimated. How do

you comment on the statement? (2003)

Short Notes: Challenges in animal production in Pakistan (2005)

Short Notes: Major disease of wheat crop in Pakistan (2005)

What are critical issues in agriculture? Write down their solutions for agricultural
development in Pakistan. (2005)

Write a comprehensive note on the nutrient management for sustainable crop

production in various zones of Pakistan. (2006)

What are the reasons for low per unit yield of most of the crops in Pakistan as
compared to other countries? Suggest measures for enhancement of per unit yield in
Pakistan. (2007)

Pakistan ranks as one of those countries that have the highest proportion of irrigated
cropped area in the world, but water is becoming a limiting factor for different crops
in different seasons. What measures have been taken by the Government of Pakistan
under President's Vision of Pakistan program to solve the problems of water
scarcity? (2008)

How can an efficient sustainable agricultural system ensure food security and safety?
Can you forecast the ability of this system to contribute to the economic
development and poverty alleviation in Pakistan? (2008)

Government of Punjab and Government of Pakistan is emphasizing on the valuable

role of Livestock in bringing about revolution in dairy products. What is your opinion
on this statement in the present scenario of scientific zeal being pursued in the
Agricultural and Animal Sciences University? Also elaborate by suggesting some
means on the shortcomings in achieving this goal. (2008)

Year 2007 is seventh year of 21st Century. An array of challenges was identified
regarding improving farm production and incomes at the beginning of this century.
Can you discuss those challenges and how has Pakistan been able to cope
with? (2008)

Importance of Agricultural Marketing and Research in Pakistan can not be ignored,

despite all efforts to stabilize the markets of agricultural produces; there are still
many gaps in efficient and substantial system for prices of these produces. Discuss in
detail the present system and ways of its improvement in future keeping in view
Globalization and WTO.(2008)

What are surplus export agricultural commodities access for these commodities?
Discuss Governmental policies in enhancement of their production and export
facilities. (2008)

Discuss in detail the situation of development in agriculture sector in Pakistan and

describe strategies to boost agricultural production in the country. (2009)

Short Notes: Prospects of meat industry in Pakistan(2009)

Enumerate the scope of range management in Pakistan and discuss its role in the
development of dairy sector in the country. (2009)

Agricultural research has significantly enhanced the productivity of all field crops in
Pakistan except the oilseeds. Narrate the main shortfalls and discuss the role of
various institutions/agencies working on these lines. (2010)

Discuss the role of forests in environment and climate change perspective. What are
the reasons of deforestation in Pakistan? Suggest measures to improve the
situation. (2011)

What is the scope of modern dairy farming in Pakistan? How mean and milk
requirements of the people could be fulfilled? Suggest a viable and comprehensive
plan of work. (2011)

Explain the reason of low crop yields in Pakistan as compared with neighboring
countries. Why Pakistan could not achieve self sufficiency in edible oil, pulses and
sugar? Suggest measures to improve the situation. (2011)

Describe the canal irrigatin system of Pakistan. What are the main causes of
shortage of irrigation water for rabi crops? Give suggestions to prove the availability
of water during peak period of requirement. (2011)

Describe forestry and range management. Illustrate measures to overcome problems

of deforestation in Pakistan (2012)

Write a detailed note on prospects of Farm Mechanization in Pakistan. (2013)

What are the sources of irrigation water in Pakistan? Explain different methods of
irrigation to agricultural crops. (2013)

What are major insects, pests and diseases of cotton crop in Pakistan? Suggest and
explain an economical strategy to be
adopted by the farmers to minimize the losses due to these menaces. (2013)

Short Notes : Water logging and salinity in Pakistan. (2013)

What are the major factors responsible of low yield of vegetables in Pakistan? What
measures are necessary to increase their production?(2014)

Describe in detail the benefits and drawbacks of fertilizer and pesticide use in
Pakistan.(2014)

MISCELLANEOUS

Discuss measures to bridge the gaps persisting between national average yield of
major crops and their potential yield. (2003)

Improvement in price control mechanism of agricultural commodities and their

marketing system can break the stagnation in agriculture sector. Identify the main

bottlenecks and suggest the appropriate strategies to overcome the shortfalls of the
existing systems. (2004)

Huge import bill of edible oil is a big burden on the national economy for the last
quarter century. What necessary measures would you suggest to boost oilseed crop
production and to avert this serious crisis? (2004)

Support price of agricultural commodities generally favours to enhance crop

production in the country. Despite this, we are lagging behind in average yields than
the technologically advanced countries. Discuss the reasons and suggest strategies
to prevail this situation. (2006)

Price control mechanism of some major agricultural commodities has failed in the
country in the near past. Identify the main bottlenecks and suggest necessary
measures to strengthen the existing marketing system. (2010)

What is agricultural mechanization? How can you reduce use of irrigation water
through advanced irrigation techniques? (2012)

Describe major management and breeding problems in: (2012)

1. Fruits
2. Vegetables

Expalin the process of protein synthesis in plant cell. (2013)

What are genetically modified organism (GM) and GM foods? Why are GM foods
produced Mention the sound scientific basis for considering it safe for human
health. (2014)

Differentiate: Transpiration and Evapotranspiration (2002)

Differentiate: Alley cropping and strip planting (2002)

Differentiate: Photosynthesis and Phototropism (2002)

Differentiate: Respiration and photorespiration (2003)

Differentiate: Tissue culture & Mutation breeding (2003)

Differentiate: Apoplasmic & Symplasmic ion movement (2003)

Differentiate: Thin layer chromatography vs. Gas chromatography (2003)

Differentiate: Macro nutrients and micro nutrients (2004)

Differentiate: Pathogenesis and Parthenogenesis (2004)

Differentiate: Epigeal germination and Hypogial germination (2005)

Differentiate: Eluviation and Illuviation (2005)

Differentiate: Oviparous insects and Viviparous Insects (2005)

Differentiate: HPLC and TLC (2005)

Differentiate: Vertical resistance and horizontal resistance against plant

pathogens (2004), (2006)

Differentiate: Sericulture and silviculture (2006), (2010)

Differentiate: Double cross and Double fertilization (2007)

Differentiate: Photosynthesis and Phototropism (2007)

Differentiate: Autotrophic and Auxotrophic (2007)

Differentiate: Respiration and transpiration (2010)

Differentiate: Organic farming and tunnel cultivation (2012)

Short Notes: Conducting tissues of carbohydrates, water and minerals. (2002)

Short Notes: Photoperiodism (2002), (2003), (2005), (2006)

Short Notes: Alliloparatism (2003), (2004),

Short Notes: Integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS) (2003)

Short Notes: Impact of WTO on agriculture in developing countries. (2003)

Short Notes: Role of Biofertilizers in Agriculture (2003)

Short Notes: Hybrid vigour (2004)

Short Notes: Principles of crop management (2005)

Short Notes: Thermoperiodism (2002), (2006)

Short Notes: Saline agriculture (2006)

Short Notes: Tunnel Farming (2008)

Short Notes: Compost (2008)

Short Notes: Herbicide resistance (2008)

Short Notes: Effective microorganisms (EM) technology (2009)

Short Notes: Agro Forestry (2013)

Short Notes:Organic framing(2014)

Short Notes:Hidden hunger in crop plants(2014)

Short Notes:Selective and non selective herbicides.(2014)