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Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 13, 155-162, March 2015 / Copyright 2015 Japan Concrete Institute
Technical report
doi:10.3151/jact.13.155
Abstract
There has been no such engineering method until now to enable water curing in the vertical surfaces of concrete after the
removal of formworks. The Aqua curtain wet curing system has been developed with the purpose of supplying the sufficient water on vertical surfaces of concrete. Aqua curtain prevents rusting of reinforcing bars by making the surface of
concrete denser. In this way, Aqua Curtain also contributes to realize more resistant and long-life concrete structures. In
other words, implementation of this system leads to improve the endurance and economy of concrete structures by reducing the consumption of resources.
1. Introduction
In the fabrication of concrete constructions, curing is
one of the most important processes. In order to obtain
the desired concrete performance and to ensure durability, in terms of strength and mass change ratio, it is
important to hydrate the cement properly. Therefore, it
is crucial to maintain the moisture level required for the
period of hydration.
To guarantee this, the authors have developed a
novel wet curing system, called Aqua Curtain (AC),
which enables the supply of curing water from the
outside to the interior of vertical surfaces of concrete
structures after the removal of the formworks (Furukawa et al. 2011, 2012).
This paper reviews the Japanese specifications
relevant to the curing process and provides an overview
of the AC system. In addition, we present the findings
of a quantitative test conducted to ascertain the effects
of the curing method. Finally, examples of systems
application to actual structures are described.
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S. Shiraiwa, K. Fukudome, A. Saito and T. Hayashi / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 13, 155-162, 2015
Curing
Wet curing
Membrane
curing
Curing sheet
(Airtight section)
Suction equipment
Air discharge
Port
Decompression section
Port
Port
Suction fan
N
H
BB
M
F
N+E
BB+E
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0
Lower
10
15
20
25
Curing water
Water supply hose
Bubble wrap sheet
Atmospheric pressure
100.0
Upper
Concrete
Curing sheet
Water supply
equipment
Water supply
pump
Unwoven fabric
Suction port
Flow of
water and air
Suction pipe
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S. Shiraiwa, K. Fukudome, A. Saito and T. Hayashi / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 13, 155-162, 2015
Coarse
aggregate G
1073
1073
1001
Admixtures
2.86
2.97
2.92
Symbol
Ponded in water
W
A1
Wet curing
A2
A3
Sheathing curing
(Kind of
Membrane
Curing)
Method of curing
Curing for the study of concrete performance standards
-Remove the formwork after 2 days of material aging and then conduct the standard water curing
(20C).
-After completing curing (28 days), conduct air curing.
Verification of the AC curing effects
-Remove the formwork after 3 days of material aging (15 h for BT) and then conduct AC curing.
-Curing period (N, BB: 1/2/3 weeks, BT: 1/2/3 months)
-After completing curing, conduct air curing.
JSCE curing period for actual structures (Recommended by JSCE*)
-After the curing period described in the specifications, remove the formwork and conduct air curing.
-Curing period (N: 5 days, BB, BT: 7 days)
-After completing curing, conduct air curing.
Curing with a shortened curing period (60% of the JSCE curing period)
-Shorten the curing period to 60% of the specifications and conduct curing.
P
-Curing period (N: 3 days, BB: 4.2 days, BT: 15 h)
-After completing curing, conduct air curing.
*JSCE: JAPAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
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S. Shiraiwa, K. Fukudome, A. Saito and T. Hayashi / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 13, 155-162, 2015
0.12
d(D)/dlogD
0.10
0.14
A1
A2
A3
0.12
Pore volumeml/g
Cement:N
0.08
0.06
0.04
Cement : N
Diameter 50 nm <nm
Diameter 10 nm <nm
Total pore volume
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
W
0
Pore sizelog(D)nm
A1
A2
A3
0.14
A1
A2
A3
0.12
Pore volumeml/g
d(D)/dlogD
0.10
Curing conditions
0.12
Cement:BB
0.08
0.06
0.04
Cement: BB
Diameter 50 nm <nm
Diameter 10 nm <nm
Total pore volume
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
W
0.00
0
A1
Pore sizelog(D)nm
0.14
0.12
Pore volumeml/g
Cement:BBT
P
A1
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
A2
A3
Curing conditions
0.12
d(D)/dlogD
Diameter 50 nm <nm
Diameter 10 nm <nm
Total pore volume
Cemnet: BBT
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
W
0.00
0
Pore sizelog(D)nm
A1
Curing conditions
A2
A3
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S. Shiraiwa, K. Fukudome, A. Saito and T. Hayashi / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 13, 155-162, 2015
40
35
30
Diameter 50 nm <nm
Diameter 10 nm <nm
25
20
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Pore volume(ml/g)
0.10
0.12
0.14
45
110
100
90
80
W
A1
70
60
0
S
A2
P
A3
Fig. 8 elationship between freeze-thaw cycles and relative dynamic modulus of elasticity.
Dynamic modulus of elasticity
(kN/mm2)
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
W
A1
32
30
0
S
A2
P
A3
160
Masschange
change ratio(%)
Mass
ratio(%)
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
W
A1
S
A2
P
A3
-5.0
0
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S. Shiraiwa, K. Fukudome, A. Saito and T. Hayashi / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 13, 155-162, 2015
0.030
0.025
A2
A3
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
0
10
15
20
Curing Period(days)
25
30
A1
0.020
40
N
BB
BT
35
30
25
20
15
10
A1
A2
A3
Curing Condition
S. Shiraiwa, K. Fukudome, A. Saito and T. Hayashi / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 13, 155-162, 2015
[Multi-frames]
This frames are installed for
every span for the purpose of
preventing the unlikely
dropping of the curing sheet.
[Suction equipment]
Curing
Air discharge
Water
161
[Curing sheet]
200~250 /unit
Carriage
Suction fan
Suction pipe
Suction port
these results. Strains due to drying shrinkage of concrete cured by AC were smaller than those of concrete
cured under plastic sheet cover (Shiraiwa et al. 2011).
5. Conclusions
In this study, the effects of AC wet curing on improving
concrete durability were ascertained. The findings from
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S. Shiraiwa, K. Fukudome, A. Saito and T. Hayashi / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 13, 155-162, 2015
40
20
Day
0
-20
20
40
60
-40
80
100
71
-60
-80
-100
127
56
-120
-140
-160
-180
Finish curing
with AC
wrap sheet
AC
-200
Fig. 17 Strain of drying shrinkage measurement results for wall of the vertical shaft.