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ChristmastreeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Christmastree
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AChristmastreeisadecoratedtree,usuallyanevergreenconifersuchasspruce,
pine,orfiroranartificialtreeofsimilarappearance,associatedwiththecelebrationof
Christmas.ThecustomoftheChristmastreedevelopedinearlymodernGermany
(whereitistodaycalledWeihnachtsbaumorChristbaum)withpredecessorsthatcan
betracedtothe16thandpossibly15thcentury,inwhichdevoutChristiansbrought
decoratedtreesintotheirhomes.[1][2]ItacquiredpopularitybeyondGermanyduring
thesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,atfirstamongtheupperclasses.[3]
Thetreewastraditionallydecoratedwithediblessuchasapples,nuts,orotherfoods.
Inthe18thcentury,itbegantobeilluminatedbycandleswhichwereultimately
replacedbyChristmaslightsaftertheadventofelectrification.Today,thereareawide
varietyoftraditionalornaments,suchasgarland,tinsel,andcandycanes.Anangelor
starmightbeplacedatthetopofthetreetorepresentthearchangelGabrielortheStar
ofBethlehemfromtheNativity.[4][5]
TheChristmastreehasalsobeenknownasthe"Yuletree",especiallyindiscussions
ofitsfolkloricorigins.[6][7][8]

GladejulbyViggoJohansen(1891)

Contents
1 History
1.1 Possiblepredecessors
1.1.1 Georgia
1.1.2 Poland
1.1.3 ScandinaviaandGermany
1.1.4 EstoniaandLatvia

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1.1.4 EstoniaandLatvia
1.2 18thtoearly20thcenturies
1.2.1 Germany
1.2.2 AdoptionbyEuropeannobility
1.2.3 Britain
1.2.4 NorthAmerica
1.3 1935topresent
1.3.1 PublicChristmastrees
2 Customsandtraditions
2.1 Settingupandtakingdown
2.2 Decoration
3 Production
3.1 Naturaltrees
3.2 Artificialtrees
4 Environmentalissues
5 Religiousissues
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Externallinks

History
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Possiblepredecessors

ChristmastreeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

YoungwomandecoratestheChristmastree,paintingby
MarcelRieder(18621942)from1898

WhileitisclearthatthemodernChristmastreeoriginatedduringtheRenaissanceof
earlymodernGermany,thereareanumberofspeculativetheoriesastoitsultimate
origin.Its16thcenturyoriginsaresometimesassociatedwithProtestantChristianreformerMartinLutherwho
issaidtohavefirstaddedlightedcandlestoanevergreentree.[1][9][10]
ItisfrequentlytracedtothesymbolismoftreesinpreChristianwinterrites,inparticularthroughthestoryof
Donar'sOakandthepopularizedstoryofSaintBonifaceandtheconversionoftheGermanpagans,inwhich
SaintBonifacecutsdownanoaktreethattheGermanpagansworshipped,andreplacesitwithanevergreen
tree,tellingthemabouthowitstriangularshaperemindshumanityoftheTrinityandhowitpointsto
heaven.[11][12]
AccordingtotheEncyclopdiaBritannica,"Theuseofevergreentrees,wreaths,andgarlandstosymbolize
eternallifewasacustomoftheancientEgyptians,Chinese,andHebrews.Treeworshipwascommonamong
thepaganEuropeansandsurvivedtheirconversiontoChristianityintheScandinaviancustomsofdecorating
thehouseandbarnwithevergreensattheNewYeartoscareawaythedevilandofsettingupatreeforthe
birdsduringChristmastime."[13]

FromNorthernAntiquities,
anEnglishtranslationofthe
ProseEddafrom1847.
PaintedbyOlufOlufsen
Bagge.

Alternatively,itisidentifiedwiththe"treeofparadise"ofmedievalmysteryplaysthatweregivenon24
December,thecommemorationandnamedayofAdamandEveinvariouscountries.Insuchplays,atree
decoratedwithapples(torepresenttheforbiddenfruit)andwafers(torepresenttheEucharistandredemption)
wasusedasasettingfortheplay.LiketheChristmascrib,theParadisetreewaslaterplacedinhomes.Theappleswerereplacedbyround
objectssuchasshinyredballs.[7][8][14][15][16][17]
Georgia

TheGeorgianshavetheirowntraditionalChristmastreecalledChichilaki,madefromdrieduphazelnutorwalnutbranchesthatareshapedto
formasmallconiferoustree.Thesepalecoloredornamentsdifferinheightfrom20cm(7.9in)to3meters(9.8feet).Chichilakisaremost
commonintheGuriaandSamegreloregionsofGeorgianeartheBlackSea,buttheycanalsobefoundinsomestoresaroundthecapitalof
Tbilisi.GeorgiansbelievethatChichilakiresemblesthefamousbeardofSt.BasiltheGreat,whoisthoughttovisitpeopleduringChristmas
similartotheSantaClaustradition.
Poland
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Therewasanoldpagancustomofsuspendingattheceilingabranchoffir,spruceorpinecalledPodaniczkaassociatedwithKoliada.The
branchesweredecoratedwithapples,nuts,cookies,coloredpaper,starsmadeofstraw,ribbonsandcoloredwafers.Somepeoplebelievedthat
thetreehadmagicalpowersthatwerelinkedwithharvestingandsuccessinthenextyear.
Inthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcentury,thesetraditionswerealmostcompletelyreplacedbytheGermancustomofdecoratingthe
Christmastree.
ScandinaviaandGermany
InNorsemythology,theoakwassacredtothethundergod,Thor.Thor'sOakwasasacredtreeofthe
GermanicChattitribe.Accordingtolegend,theChristianisationoftheheathentribesbySaintBonifacewas
markedbytheoak'sbeingreplacedbythefir(whosetriangularshapesymbolizestheTrinity)asa"sacred"
tree.[18]
EstoniaandLatvia
CustomsoferectingdecoratedtreesinwintertimecanbetracedtoChristmascelebrationsinRenaissanceera
guildsinNorthernGermanyandLivonia.ThefirstevidenceofdecoratedtreesassociatedwithChristmasDay
aretreesinguildhallsdecoratedwithsweetstobeenjoyedbytheapprenticesandchildren.InLivonia(present
dayLatviaandEstonia),in1441,1442,1510and1514,theBrotherhoodofBlackheadserectedatreeforthe
holidaysintheirguildhousesinRigaandReval(nowTallinn).Onthelastnightofthecelebrationsleadingup
totheholidays,thetreewastakentotheTownHallSquarewherethemembersofthebrotherhooddanced
Chichilaki,aGeorgian
aroundit.[19]ABremenguildchronicleof1570reportsthatasmalltreedecoratedwith"apples,nuts,dates,
Christmastreevariety.
pretzelsandpaperflowers"waserectedintheguildhouseforthebenefitoftheguildmembers'children,who
collectedthedaintiesonChristmasDay.[3]In1584,thepastorandchroniclerBalthasarRussowinhisChronica
derProvinzLyfflandt(1584)wroteofanestablishedtraditionofsettingupadecoratedspruceatthemarketsquarewheretheyoungmen"went
withaflockofmaidensandwomen,firstsanganddancedthereandthensetthetreeaflame".
AftertheProtestantReformation,suchtreesareseeninthehousesofupperclassProtestantfamiliesasacounterparttotheCatholicChristmas
cribs.ThistransitionfromtheguildhalltothebourgeoisfamilyhomesintheProtestantpartsofGermanyultimatelygivesrisetothemodern
traditionasitdevelopedinthe18thand19thcenturies.

18thtoearly20thcenturies
Germany
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Bytheearly18thcentury,thecustomhadbecomecommonintownsoftheupperRhineland,butithadnotyetspreadtoruralareas.Wax
candles,expensiveitemsatthetime,arefoundinattestationsfromthelate18thcentury.
AlongthelowerRhine,anareaofRomanCatholicmajority,theChristmastreewaslargelyregardedasaProtestantcustom.Asaresult,it
remainedconfinedtotheupperRhinelandforarelativelylongperiodoftime.Thecustomdideventuallygainwideracceptancebeginning
around1815bywayofPrussianofficialswhoemigratedtherefollowingtheCongressofVienna.
Inthe19thcentury,theChristmastreewastakentobeanexpressionofGermancultureandofGemtlichkeit,especiallyamongemigrants
overseas.[20]
AdecisivefactorinwinninggeneralpopularitywastheGermanarmy'sdecisiontoplaceChristmastrees
initsbarracksandmilitaryhospitalsduringtheFrancoPrussianWar.Onlyatthestartofthe20thcentury
didChristmastreesappearinsidechurches,thistimeinanewbrightlylitform.[21]
AdoptionbyEuropeannobility
Intheearly19thcentury,thecustombecamepopularamongthenobilityandspreadtoroyalcourtsasfar
asRussia.PrincessHenriettaofNassauWeilburgintroducedtheChristmastreetoViennain1816,andthe
customspreadacrossAustriainthefollowingyears.InFrance,thefirstChristmastreewasintroducedin
1840bytheduchessed'Orlans.InDenmarkaDanishnewspaperclaimsthatthefirstattestedChristmas
treewaslitin1808bycountessWilhemineofHolsteinborg.Itwastheagingcountesswhotoldthestory
ofthefirstDanishChristmastreetotheDanishwriterHansChristianAndersenin1865.Hehadpublished
afairytalecalledTheFirTreein1844,recountingthefateofafirtreebeingusedasaChristmastree.[22]
Britain

GirlwithChristmastree,painting
1892byFranzSkarbina(1849
1910)

Althoughthetraditionofdecoratingthehomewithevergreenswaslongestablished,thecustomof
decoratinganentiresmalltreewasunknowninBritainuntilsometwocenturiesago.Atthetimeofthe
personalunionwithHanover,GeorgeIII'sGermanbornwife,CharlotteofMecklenburgStrelitz,
introducedaChristmastreeatapartyshegaveforchildrenin1800.[23]Thecustomdidnotatfirstspreadmuchbeyondtheroyalfamily.[24]
QueenVictoriaasachildwasfamiliarwithitandatreewasplacedinherroomeveryChristmas.InherjournalforChristmasEve1832,the
delighted13yearoldprincesswrote:

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"Afterdinner...wethenwentintothedrawingroomnearthediningroom...Thereweretwolargeroundtablesonwhichwere
placedtwotreeshungwithlightsandsugarornaments.Allthepresentsbeingplacedroundthetrees..."[25]
AfterVictoria'smarriagetoherGermancousinPrinceAlbert,by1841thecustombecameevenmorewidespread[26]aswealthiermiddleclass
familiesfollowedthefashion.In1842anewspaperadvertforChristmastreesmakescleartheirsmartcachet,Germanoriginsandassociation
withchildrenandgiftgiving.[27]Anillustratedbook,TheChristmasTree,describingtheiruseandorigins
indetail,wasonsaleinDecember1844.[28]In1847,PrinceAlbertwrote:"Imustnowseekinthechildren
anechoofwhatErnest[hisbrother]andIwereintheoldtime,ofwhatwefeltandthoughtandtheir
delightintheChristmastreesisnotlessthanoursusedtobe".[29]Aboosttothetrendwasgivenin
1848[30]whenTheIllustratedLondonNews,[31]inareportpickedupbyotherpapers,[32]describedthe
treesinWindsorCastleindetailandshowedthemaintree,surroundedbytheroyalfamily,onitscover.In
fewerthantenyearstheiruseinbetteroffhomeswaswidespread.By1856anorthernprovincial
newspapercontainedanadvertalludingcasuallytothem,[33]aswellasreportingtheaccidentaldeathofa
womanwhosedresscaughtfireasshelitthetapersonaChristmastree.[34]Theyhadnotyetspreaddown
thesocialscalethough,asareportfromBerlinin1858contraststhesituationtherewhere"Everyfamily
hasitsown"withthatofBritain,whereChristmastreeswerestillthepreserveofthewealthyorthe
"romantic".[35]
Theiruseatpublicentertainments,charitybazaarsandinhospitalsmadethemincreasinglyfamiliar
however,andin1906acharitywassetupspecificallytoensureevenpoorchildreninLondonslums'who
hadneverseenaChristmastree'wouldenjoyonethatyear.[36]AntiGermansentimentafterWorldWarI
AlittleChristmastreeonthe
brieflyreducedtheirpopularity[37]buttheeffectwasshortlived[38]andbythemid1920stheuseof
table,paintingbyLudwigBlume
Christmastreeshadspreadtoallclasses.[39]In1933arestrictionontheimportationofforeigntreesledto
Siebertin1888
the'rapidgrowthofanewindustry'asthegrowingofChristmastreeswithinBritainbecamecommercially
viableduetothesizeofdemand.[40]By2013thenumberoftreesgrowninBritainfortheChristmas
marketwasapproximately8million[41]andtheirdisplayinhomes,shopsandpublicspacesanormalpartoftheChristmasseason.
NorthAmerica

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ThetraditionwasintroducedtoCanadainthewinterof1781byBrunswicksoldiersstationedintheProvinceofQuebectogarrisonthecolony
againstAmericanattack.GeneralFriedrichAdolfRiedeselandhiswife,theBaronessvonRiedesel,heldaChristmaspartyatSorel,delighting
theirguestswithafirtreedecoratedwithcandlesandfruits.[42]
AwoodcutoftheBritishRoyalfamilywiththeirChristmastreeatWindsorCastle,initiallypublishedinTheIllustratedLondonNews
December1848,wascopiedintheUnitedStatesatChristmas1850,inGodey'sLady'sBook.Godey'scopieditexactly,exceptfortheremoval
oftheQueen'stiaraandPrinceAlbert'smoustache,toremaketheengravingintoanAmericanscene.[43]TherepublishedGodey'simage
becamethefirstwidelycirculatedpictureofadecoratedevergreenChristmastreeinAmerica.Art
historianKaralAnnMarlingcalledPrinceAlbertandQueenVictoria,shornoftheirroyaltrappings,"the
firstinfluentialAmericanChristmastree".[44]FolkculturehistorianAlfredLewisShoemakerstates,"Inall
ofAmericatherewasnomoreimportantmediuminspreadingtheChristmastreeinthedecade185060
thanGodey'sLady'sBook".Theimagewasreprintedin1860,andbythe1870s,puttingupaChristmas
treehadbecomecommoninAmerica.[43]
SeveralcitiesintheUnitedStateswithGermanconnectionslayclaimtothatcountry'sfirstChristmastree:
WindsorLocks,Connecticut,claimsthataHessiansoldierputupaChristmastreein1777while
Christmastreepainting1877by
imprisonedattheNodenReedHouse,[45]whilethe"FirstChristmasTreeinAmerica"isalsoclaimedby
H.J.Overbeek
Easton,Pennsylvania,whereGermansettlerspurportedlyerectedaChristmastreein1816.Inhisdiary,
MatthewZahmofLancaster,Pennsylvania,recordedtheuseofaChristmastreein1821,leading
LancastertoalsolayclaimtothefirstChristmastreeinAmerica.[46]OtheraccountscreditCharlesFollen,
aGermanimmigranttoBoston,forbeingthefirsttointroducetoAmericathecustomofdecoratinga
Christmastree.[47]AugustImgard,aGermanimmigrantlivinginWooster,Ohio,isthefirsttopopularize
thepracticeofdecoratingatreewithcandycanes.In1847,Imgardcutabluesprucetreefromawoods
outsidetown,hadtheWoostervillagetinsmithconstructastar,andplacedthetreeinhishouse,decorating
itwithpaperornamentsandcandycanes.GermanimmigrantCharlesMinnegerodeacceptedapositionas
aprofessorofhumanitiesattheCollegeofWilliam&MaryinWilliamsburg,Virginia,in1842,wherehe
taughtLatinandGreek.EnteringintothesociallifeoftheVirginiaTidewater,Minnigerodeintroducedthe
GermancustomofdecoratinganevergreentreeatChristmasatthehomeoflawprofessorSt.George
TheChristmasTree1911by
Tucker,therebybecominganotherofmanyinfluencesthatpromptedAmericanstoadoptthepracticeat
AlbertChevallierTayler
aboutthattime.[48]An1853articleonChristmascustomsinPennsylvaniadefinesthemasmostly"German
inorigin",includingtheChristmastree,whichis"plantedinaflowerpotfilledwithearth,anditsbranches
arecoveredwithpresents,chieflyofconfectionary,fortheyoungermembersofthefamily."Thearticledistinguishesbetweencustomsin
differentstateshowever,claimingthatinNewEnglandgenerally"Christmasisnotmuchcelebrated",whereasinPennsylvaniaandNewYork
itis.[49]
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ThelyricssungintheUnitedStatestotheGermantuneOTannenbaumbegin"OChristmastree",givingrisetothemistakenideathatthe
GermanwordTannenbaum(firtree)means"Christmastree",theGermanwordforwhichisinsteadWeihnachtsbaum.

Christmasinthe
Netherlands,c.
1899

TheQueen's
Christmastreeat
WindsorCastle
publishedinThe
Illustrated
LondonNews,
1848

18thtoearly20thcenturies

Illustrationfor
Harper's
Bazaar,
published1
January1870.

AnItalianAmerican
familyonChristmas
1924

WhenJohnsonwasVicePresidentoftheEdisonElectricLightCompany,apredecessorofConEdison,he
createdthefirstknownelectricallyilluminatedChristmastreeathishomeinNewYorkCityin1882.
EdwardH.JohnsonbecametheFatherofElectricChristmasTreeLights.[50]

Christmastreedepictedas
ChristmascardbyPrang&Co.
(Boston)1880

TheChristmastreebyWinslow
Homer,1858

1935topresent
InRussia,theChristmastreewasbannedshortlyaftertheOctoberRevolutionbutthenreinstatedasaNewyearspruce(,
Novogodnyayayolka)in1935.ItbecameafullyseculariconoftheNewYearholiday,forexample,thecrowningstarwasregardednotasa
symbolofBethlehemStar,butastheRedstar.Decorations,suchasfigurinesofairplanes,bicycles,spacerockets,cosmonauts,andcharacters
ofRussianfairytales,wereproduced.ThistraditionpersistsafterthefalloftheUSSR,withtheNewYearholidayoutweighingtheChristmas
(7January)forawidemajorityofRussianpeople.[51]

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TheTVspecialACharlieBrownChristmas(1965)wasinfluentialonthepopculturesurroundingtheChristmastree.AluminumChristmas
treeswerepopularduringtheearly1960sintheUS.TheyweresatirizedintheCharlieBrownshowandcametobeseenassymbolizingthe
commercializationofChristmas.ThetermCharlieBrownChristmastree,describinganypoorlookingormalformedlittletree,alsoderives
fromthe1965TVspecial,basedontheappearanceofCharlieBrown'sChristmastree.[52]

ChristmasTreein
thecozyroomat
theWisconsin
Governor's
mansion.

PublicChristmastrees

Christmasteawith
ChristmasTreeat
anespressoshop
inEugene,Oregon

1935topresent

ASovietera(1960s)
NewYeartree
decorationdepictinga
cosmonaut

ChristmasTreesin
church

AChristmastreefrom1951,ina
homeinNewYorkstate.

Sincetheearly20thcentury,ithasbecomecommoninmanycities,towns,anddepartmentstorestoput
uppublicChristmastreesoutdoors,suchastheMacy'sGreatTreeinAtlanta(since1948),the
RockefellerCenterChristmasTreeinNewYorkCity,andthelargeChristmastreeatVictoriaSquareinAdelaide.

Theuseoffireretardantallowsmanyindoorpublicareastoplacerealtreesandbecompliantwithcode.Licensedapplicantsoffireretardant
solutionspraythetree,tagthetree,andprovideacertificateforinspection.Realtreesarepopularwithhighendvisualmerchandisingdisplays
aroundtheworld.LeadingglobalretailerslikeAppleoftenplacerealtreesintheirwindowdisplay.In2009Appleplaced2Fraserfirforevery
storeintheworld.
TheUnitedStates'NationalChristmasTreehasbeenliteachyearsince1923ontheSouthLawnoftheWhiteHouse.Today,thelightingof
theNationalChristmasTreeispartofwhathasbecomeamajorholidayeventattheWhiteHouse.PresidentJimmyCarterlitonlythe
crowningstaratopthetreein1979inhonoroftheAmericansbeingheldhostageinIran.[53]Thesamewastruein1980,exceptthatthetree
wasfullylitfor417seconds,onesecondforeachdaythehostageshadbeenincaptivity.[53]

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Duringmostofthe1970sand1980s,thelargestdecoratedChristmastreeintheworldwasputupeveryyearonthepropertyoftheNational
EnquirerinLantana,Florida.ThistraditiongrewintooneofthemostspectacularandcelebratedeventsinthehistoryofsouthernFlorida,but
wasdiscontinuedonthedeathofthepaper'sfounderinthelate1980s.[54]
Insomecities,aFestivalofTreesisorganizedaroundthedecorationanddisplayofmultipletreesascharityevents.
ThegivingofChristmastreeshasalsooftenbeenassociatedwiththeendofhostilities.AfterthesigningoftheArmisticein1918thecityof
Manchestersentatree,and500tobuychocolateandcakes,forthechildrenofthemuchbombardedtownofLilleinnorthernFrance.[55]In
somecasesthetreesrepresentspecialcommemorativegifts,suchasinTrafalgarSquareinLondon,wheretheCityofOslo,Norwaypresentsa
treetothepeopleofLondonasatokenofappreciationfortheBritishsupportofNorwegianresistanceduringtheSecondWorldWarin
Boston,wherethetreeisagiftfromtheprovinceofNovaScotia,inthanksforrapiddeploymentofsuppliesandrescuerstothe1917
ammunitionshipexplosionthatleveledthecityofHalifaxandinNewcastleuponTyne,wherethemaincivicChristmastreeisanannualgift
fromthecityofBergen,inthanksforthepartplayedbysoldiersfrom
NewcastleinliberatingBergenfromNazioccupation.[56]Norwayalso
annuallygiftsaChristmastreetoWashington,D.C.asasymbolof
friendshipbetweenNorwayandtheUSandasanexpressionofgratitude
fromNorwayforthehelpreceivedfromtheUSduringWorldWarII.[57]

Anearlyexampleofa
publicChristmas
celebrationtreeforthe
unemployedinPrague.

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PublicChristmastrees

Christmastreein TrafalgarSquare
Salernoold
Christmastree
town,Italy,
2008.

RockefellerCenter
ChristmasTree

Christmastree
onthe
Rmerbergin
Frankfurt
(2008)

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inLisbon
(2005),at
75metres
(246feet)the
tallest
Christmastree
inEurope.

Boston's
Christmas
Tree.

Anrbol
navideo
luminosoin
Madrid(2011)

Christmastree Christmastree Christmastreein

ChristmastreesinOcean
inWarsaw
inSouthCoast StockholmatNK Terminal,HarbourCity,Hong
Plaza,
shoppingmall
Kong
California

Customsandtraditions
Settingupandtakingdown
BothsettingupandtakingdownaChristmastreeareassociatedwithspecificdates.Traditionally,Christmastreeswerenotbroughtinand
decorateduntilChristmasEve(24December)or,inthetraditionscelebratingChristmasEveratherthanthefirstdayofChristmas,23
December,andthenremovedthedayafterTwelfthNight(5January)tohaveatreeupbeforeorafterthesedateswasevenconsideredbad
luck.
Inmanyareas,ithasbecomecustomarytosetupone'sChristmastreeatthebeginningoftheAdventseason.[58]SomefamiliesintheU.S.and
CanadawillputupaChristmastreeaweekpriortoAmericanThanksgiving(thefourthThursdayofNovember),andChristmasdecorations
canshowupevenearlierinretailstores,oftenthedayafterHalloween(31October).InCanadamanyfamilieswaituntilafterRemembrance
Day,astoshowrespecttofallensoldiers.SomehouseholdsdonotputupthetreeuntilthesecondweekofDecember,andleaveitupuntil6
January(Epiphany).InGermany,traditionallythetreeisputupon24Decemberandtakendownon7January,thoughmanystartoneortwo
weeksearlier,andinRomanCatholichomesthetreemaybekeptuntilFebruary2(Candlemas).

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InItalyandArgentina,alongwithmanycountriesinLatinAmerica,theChristmastreeisputupon8December(ImmaculateConceptionday)
andleftupuntil6January.InAustralia,theChristmastreeisusuallyputupon1December,whichoccursabouta2weeksbeforetheschool
summerholidaysexceptforSouthAustralia,wheremostpeopleputuptheirtreeaftertheAdelaideChristmasPageantinlateNovember.
SometraditionssuggestthatChristmastreesmaybekeptupuntilnolaterthan2February,thefeastofthePresentationofJesusattheTemple
(Candlemas),whentheChristmasseasoneffectivelycloses.[59]SuperstitionssaythatitisabadsignifChristmasgreeneryisnotremovedby
CandlemasEve.[60]

Decoration
Christmasornamentsaredecorations(usuallymadeofglass,metal,wood,orceramics)thatareusedtodecorateaChristmastree.Thefirst
decoratedtreeswereadornedwithapples,whitecandycanesandpastriesintheshapesofstars,heartsandflowers.Glassbaubleswerefirst
madeinLauscha,Germany,garlandsofglassbeadsandtinfiguresthatcouldbehungontrees.Thepopularityofthesedecorationsgrewinto
theproductionofglassfiguresmadebyhighlyskilledartisanswithclaymolds.
Theornamentswerehandpaintedandtoppedwithacapandhook.[61]Tinselandseveraltypesof
garlandorribbonarecommonlyusedtodecorateaChristmastree.Silveredsaranbasedtinselwas
introducedlater.DelicatemoldblownandpaintedcoloredglassChristmasornamentswereaspecialty
oftheglassfactoriesintheThuringianForest,especiallyinLauschainthelate19thcentury,andhave
sincebecomealargeindustry,completewithfamousnamedesigners.Baublesareanothercommon
decoration,consistingofsmallhollowglassorplasticspherescoatedwithathinmetalliclayertomake
themreflective,withafurthercoatingofathinpigmentedpolymerinordertoprovidecoloration.
Lightingwithelectriclights(fairylights)iscommonlydone.Atreetopper,sometimesanangelbut
morefrequentlyastar,completesthedecoration.
Individuals'decorationstypicallyincludeamixoffamilytraditionsandpersonaltastesevenasmall
unattractiveornament,ifpasseddownfromaparentorgrandparent,maycometocarryconsiderable
emotionalvalueandbegivenaplaceofprideonthetree.Conversely,treesdecoratedbyprofessional
designersfordepartmentstoresandotherinstitutionswillusuallyhavea"theme"asetofpredominant
colors,multipleinstancesofeachtypeofornament,andlargerdecorationsthatmaybemore
complicatedtosetupcorrectly.SomechurchesdecoratewithChrismontrees,whichusehandmade
ornamentsdepictingvariousChrismonsymbols.

AcandleonaChristmastree

Manypeoplealsodecorateoutdoortreeswithfoodthatbirdsandotherwildlifewillenjoy,suchas
garlandsmadefromunsaltedpopcornorcranberries,orangehalves,andseedcoveredsuetcakes.

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Becausecandleswereusedtolighttreesuntilelectricbulbscameabout,amat(UK)orskirt(US)wasoftenplacedonthefloorbelowthetree
tocollectwaxdrippingsandalsoanyneedlesthatfell.Evenwhendriplesscandles,electriclightsandartificialtreeshavebeenused,askirtis
stillusuallyusedasadecorativefeature:amongotherthings,ithidestheChristmastreestand,whichmaybeunsightlyyetanimportantsafety
featureofhometrees.[62]Whatbeganasordinaryclothhasnowoftenbecomemuchmoreornate,some
havingembroideryorbeingputtogetherlikeaquilt.
Anativityscene,modeltrain,orChristmasvillagemaybeplacedonthematorskirt.AsChristmas
presentsarrive,theyaregenerallyplacedunderneaththetreeonthetreeskirt(dependingontradition,
allChristmasgifts,orthosetoolargetobehungonthetree,asin"presentsonthetree"ofthesong"I'll
BeHomeforChristmas").
Generally,thedifferencebetweenamatandskirtissimplythatamatisplacedundertheChristmas
treestand,whileaskirtisplacedoverit,havingaholeinthemiddleforthetrunk,withaslotcuttothe
outsideedgesothatitcanbeplacedaroundthetree(beneaththebranches)easily.Aplainmatoffabric
orplasticmayalsobeplacedunderthestandandskirttoprotectthefloorfromscratchesorwater.
AChristmastreestandisanobjectdesignedtosupportacut,naturalChristmastreeoranartificial
Christmastree.Christmastreestandsappearedasearlyas1876andhavehadvariousdesignsoverthe
years.Thosestandsdesignedfornaturaltreeshaveawaterreservoirtohydratethelivetree.Artificial
Christmastreesusuallyhaveaplasticormetalstand,withthreelegsshapinglikeaY.

WhitehouseChristmastree

Inthe1940sand1950sflockingwasverypopularontheWestCoastoftheUnitedStates.Therewere
homeflockingkitsthatcouldbeusedwithvacuumcleaners.Inthe1980ssometreesweresprayedwith
fluffywhiteflockingtosimulatesnow.Typicallyitwouldbesprayedalloverthetreefromthesides,
whichproducedalookdifferentfromrealsnow,whichsettlesinclumpsatopbranches.Flockingcan
bedonewithaprofessionalsprayeratatreelot(oranartificialtree'smanufacturer),orathomefroma
spraycan.ThistraditionseemstobemostpopularonthewestcoastandsouthernpartsoftheUnited
States.Becauseflockcontainsflameretardants,aflockedtreecanbeplacedinapublicbuildingin
accordancewithlocalfiresafetycodes.
ChristmasornamentsattheChristmas
market,Strasbourg

Inthelate1800sand,mostprobably,longbefore,homemadewhiteChristmastreesweremadeby
wrappingstripsofcottonbattingaroundleaflessbranchescreatingtheappearanceofasnowladentree.
Thisfamilytraditioneliminatedkillingandcareofalivetreeandneedledropinthehousewhile
providingabeautifulwayofdisplayingornaments.AfterChristmas,thecottonbattingwasunwrappedandstoredwiththeChristmaspresents
andthebrancheswereburntordiscarded.Itisthoughtthesehomemadewhitetreesatleast,inpart,inspiredflockingpopularizedby
Hollywoodfilmsinthelate1930s.
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Decorations

AtransparentChristmasbauble

Agoldenbaubledecoratinga
Christmastree

Atoybear
Christmas
decoration.

Fabergeggas
aChristmas
decoration.

Christmasbaubles

Christmas
decorations

Asnowmanshaped
decorationpaintedasa
baseball

Red
ornamented
Christmas
bauble

Christmas
baubles

Production
Eachyear,33to36millionChristmastreesareproducedinAmerica,and50to60millionareproducedinEurope.In1998,therewereabout
15,000growersinAmerica(athirdofthem"chooseandcut"farms).Inthatsameyear,itwasestimatedthatAmericansspent$1.5billionon
Christmastrees.[63]

Naturaltrees
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Themostcommonlyusedspeciesarefir(Abies),whichhavethebenefitofnotsheddingtheirneedleswhentheydryout,aswellasretaining
goodfoliagecolorandscentbutspeciesinothergeneraarealsoused.
InnorthernEuropemostcommonlyusedare:
NorwaysprucePiceaabies(theoriginaltree,generallythecheapest)
SilverfirAbiesalba
NordmannfirAbiesnordmanniana
NoblefirAbiesprocera
SerbiansprucePiceaomorika
ScotspinePinussylvestris
StonepinePinuspinea(assmalltabletoptrees)
SwisspinePinuscembra
InNorthAmerica,CentralAmericaandSouthAmericamostcommonlyusedare:
DouglasfirPseudotsugamenziesii
BalsamfirAbiesbalsamea
FraserFirAbiesfraseri
GrandfirAbiesgrandis
GuatemalanfirAbiesguatemalensis
NoblefirAbiesprocera
RedfirAbiesmagnifica
WhitefirAbiesconcolor
PinyonpinePinusedulis
JeffreypinePinusjeffreyi
ScotspinePinussylvestris
StonepinePinuspinea(assmalltabletoptrees)
NorfolkIslandpineAraucariaheterophylla

UndecoratedChristmastreesforsale

Severalotherspeciesareusedtoalesserextent.Lesstraditionalconifersaresometimesused,suchasgiantsequoia,Leylandcypress,
Montereycypressandeasternjuniper.VarioustypesofsprucetreearealsousedforChristmastrees(includingthebluespruceand,less
commonly,thewhitespruce)butspruces(unlikefirs)begintolosetheirneedlesrapidlyuponbeingcut,andspruceneedlesareoftensharp,
makingdecoratinguncomfortable.VirginiapineisstillavailableonsometreefarmsinthesoutheasternUnitedStates,howeveritswintercolor
isfaded.Thelongneedledeasternwhitepineisalsousedthere,thoughitisanunpopularChristmastreeinmostpartsofthecountry,owing
alsotoitsfadedwintercolorationandlimpbranches,makingdecoratingdifficultwithallbutthelightestornaments.NorfolkIslandpineis
sometimesused,particularlyinOceania,andinAustralia,somespeciesofthegeneraCasuarinaandAllocasuarinaarealsooccasionallyused
asChristmastrees.But,byfar,themostcommontreeistheMontereypine.AdenanthossericeusorAlbanywoollybushiscommonlysoldin
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southernAustraliaasapottedlivingChristmastree.Hemlockspeciesaregenerallyconsidered
unsuitableasChristmastreesduetotheirpoorneedleretentionandinabilitytosupporttheweightof
lightsandornaments.
Sometrees,frequentlyreferredtoas"livingChristmastrees",aresoldlivewithrootsandsoil,often
fromaplantnursery,tobestoredatnurseriesinplantersorplantedlateroutdoorsandenjoyed(and
oftendecorated)foryearsordecades.Othersareproducedinacontainerandsometimesastopiaryfora
porchorpatio.However,whendoneimproperly,thecombinationofrootlosscausedbydigging,and
theindoorenvironmentofhightemperatureandlowhumidityisverydetrimentaltothetree'shealth
additionally,thewarmthofanindoorclimatewillbringthetreeoutofitsnaturalwinterdormancy,
leavingitlittleprotectionwhenputbackoutsideintoacoldoutdoorclimate.OftenChristmastreesare
alargeattractionforlivinganimals,includingmiceandspiders.Thus,thesurvivalrateofthesetreesis
low.[64]However,whendoneproperly,replantingprovideshighersurvivalrates.[65]
Europeantraditionpreferstheopenaspectofnaturallygrown,unshearedtrees,whileinNorthAmerica
(outsidewesternareaswheretreesareoftenwildharvestedonpubliclands)[66]thereisapreferencefor
closeshearedtreeswithdenserfoliage,butlessspacetohangdecorations.

Fatherandsonwiththeirdog
collectingatreeintheforest,painting
byFranzKrger(17971857)

Inthepast,Christmastreeswereoftenharvestedfromwildforests,butnowalmostallare
commerciallygrownontreefarms.AlmostallChristmastreesintheUnitedStatesaregrownon
Christmastreefarmswheretheyarecutafterabouttenyearsofgrowthandnewtreesplanted.
AccordingtotheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture'sagriculturecensusfor2007,21,537farms
wereproducingconifersforthecutChristmastreemarketinAmerica,5,717.09squarekilometres
(1,412,724acres)wereplantedinChristmastrees.[67]
ThelifecycleofaChristmastreefromtheseedtoa2metre(7ft)treetakes,dependingonspeciesand
treatmentincultivation,between8and12years.First,theseedisextractedfromconesharvestedfrom
oldertrees.TheseseedsarethenusuallygrowninnurseriesandthensoldtoChristmastreefarmsatan
ageof34years.Theremainingdevelopmentofthetreegreatlydependsontheclimate,soilquality,as
wellasthecultivationandhowthetreesaretendedbytheChristmastreefarmer.[68]

Artificialtrees

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree

TreesonsaleataChristmasmarketin
Vienna,paintingbyCarlWenzel
Zajicek(1908)

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ThefirstartificialChristmastreesweredevelopedinGermanyduringthe19thcentury,[69][70]thoughearlierexamplesexist.[71]These"trees"
weremadeusinggoosefeathersthatweredyedgreen.,[69]asoneresponsebyGermanstocontinueddeforestation.[70]FeatherChristmastrees
rangedwidelyinsize,fromasmall2inch(51mm)treetoalarge98inch(2,500mm)treesoldindepartmentstoresduringthe1920s.[72]
Often,thetreebranchesweretippedwithartificialredberrieswhichactedascandleholders.[73]
Overtheyears,otherstylesofartificialChristmastreeshaveevolvedandbecomepopular.In1930,the
U.S.basedAddisBrushCompanycreatedthefirstartificialChristmastreemadefrombrush
bristles.[74]AnothertypeofartificialtreeisthealuminumChristmastree,[70]firstmanufacturedin
Chicagoin1958,[75]andlaterinManitowoc,Wisconsin,wherethemajorityofthetreeswere
produced.[76]MostmodernartificialChristmastreesaremadefromplasticrecycledfromused
packagingmaterials,suchaspolyvinylchloride(PVC).[70]Approximately10%ofartificialChristmas
treesareusingvirginsuspensionPVCresindespitebeingplasticmostartificialtreesarenotrecyclable
orbiodegradable.[77]
Othertrendshavedevelopedintheearly2000saswell.OpticalfiberChristmastreescomeintwo
majorvarietiesoneresemblesatraditionalChristmastree.[78]OneDallasbasedcompanyoffers
"holographicmylar"treesinmanyhues.[71]Treeshapedobjectsmadefromsuchmaterialsas
cardboard,[79]glass,[80]ceramicorothermaterialscanbefoundinuseastabletopdecorations.Upside
downartificialChristmastreesbecamepopularforashorttimeandwereoriginallyintroducedasa
marketinggimmicktheyallowedconsumerstogetclosertoornamentsforsaleinretailstoresand
openedupfloorspaceformoreproducts.[81]Artificialtreesbecameincreasinglypopularduringthelate
20thcentury.[70]UsersofartificialChristmastreesassertthattheyaremoreconvenient,and,because
theyarereusable,muchcheaperthantheirnaturalalternative.[70]Theyarealsoconsideredmuch
safer[82]asnaturaltreescanbeasignificantfirehazard.Between2001and2007artificialChristmas
treesalesintheU.S.jumpedfrom7.3millionto17.4million.[83]

AgrowerinWaterloo,NovaScotia,
prunesbalsamfirtreesinOctober.
Thetreemustexperiencethreefrosts
tostabilizetheneedlesbeforecutting.

AnartificialChristmastree

Artificialtrees

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Atree
Christma
White
withfibre streeand Christma
optic
presents
stree
lights
Athens,
Greece

Spanish
artificial
Christmas
tree

A
AnartificialAluminum
chrismon
Christmastree
tree(St.
Alban's
Anglican
Cathedral,
Oviedo,
Florida)

Artificial
tree

Environmentalissues
Thedebateabouttheenvironmentalimpactofartificialtreesisongoing.Generally,naturaltreegrowers
contendthatartificialtreesaremoreenvironmentallyharmfulthantheirnaturalcounterparts.[83]
However,tradegroupssuchastheAmericanChristmasTreeAssociation,continuetorefutethat
artificialtreesaremoreharmfultotheenvironment,andmaintainthatthePVCusedinChristmastrees
hasexcellentrecyclableproperties.[84]

AlightedartificialChristmastree
withornaments

Livetreesaretypicallygrownasacropandreplantedinrotationaftercutting,oftenprovidingsuitablehabitatforwildlife.Alternately,live
treescanbedonatedtolivestockfarmersofsuchanimalslikegoatswhofindthatsuchtreesuncontaminatedbychemicaladditivesare
excellentfodder.[85]InsomecasesmanagementofChristmastreecropscanresultinpoorhabitatsinceitsometimesinvolvesheavyinputof
pesticides.Concernshavebeenraisedaboutpeoplecuttingdownoldandrareconifers,suchastheKeteleeriaevelyniana,forChristmastrees.
Realorcuttreesareusedonlyforashorttime,butcanberecycledandusedasmulch,wildlifehabitat,orusedtopreventerosion.[86][87][88]
Realtreesarecarbonneutral,theyemitnomorecarbondioxidebybeingcutdownanddisposedofthantheyabsorbwhilegrowing.[89]
However,emissionscanoccurfromfarmingactivitiesandtransportation.Anindependentlifecycleassessmentstudy,conductedbyafirmof
expertsinsustainabledevelopment,statesthatanaturaltreewillgenerate3.1kg(6.8lb)ofgreenhousegaseseveryyear(basedonpurchasing
5km(3.1miles)fromhome)whereastheartificialtreewillproduce48.3kg(106lb)overitslifetime.[90]SomepeopleuselivingChristmasor
pottedtreesforseveralseasons,providingalongerlifecycleforeachtree.LivingChristmastreescanbepurchasedorrentedfromlocal
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marketgrowers.Rentalsarepickedupaftertheholidays,while
purchasedtreescanbeplantedbytheownerafteruseor
donatedtolocaltreeadoptionorurbanreforestationservices.[91]

Poinsettiaflowersarrangedintothe
conicalshapeofa"Christmastree",
toppedwitha"StarofBethlehem",in
SanDiego(2005)

MostartificialtreesaremadeofrecycledPVCrigidsheets
usingtinstabilizerintherecentyears.Inthepast,leadwas
oftenusedasastabilizerinPVC,butisnowbannedbyChinese
laws.TheuseofleadstabilizerinChineseimportedtreeshas
beenanissueofconcernamongpoliticiansandscientistsover
recentyears.A2004studyfoundthatwhileingeneralartificial
Christmastreerecyclingpoint(point
treesposelittlehealthriskfromleadcontamination,theredo
recyclagedesapins)inParis,22
exist"worstcasescenarios"wheremajorhealthriskstoyoung
January2010
childrenexist.[92]A2008UnitedStatesEnvironmental
ProtectionAgencyreportfoundthatasthePVCinartificial
Christmastreesageditbegantodegrade.[93]Thereportdeterminedthatofthe50millionartificialtrees
intheUnitedStatesapproximately20millionwere9ormoreyearsold,thepointwheredangerouslead
contaminationlevelsarereached.[93]Aprofessionalstudyonthelifecycleassessmentofbothrealand
artificialChristmastreesrevealedthatonemustuseanartificialChristmastreeatleast20yearsto
leaveanenvironmentalfootprintassmallasthenaturalChristmastree.[90]

Religiousissues
TheChristmastreewasfirstusedbyGermanLutheransinthe16thCentury,withrecordsindicatingthataChristmastreewasplacedinthe
CathedralofStrassburgin1539,undertheleadershipoftheProtestantReformer,MartinBucer.[94][95]IntheUnitedStates,these"German
LutheransbroughtthedecoratedChristmastreewiththemtheMoraviansputlightedcandlesonthosetrees."[96][97]Whendecoratingthe
Christmastree,manyindividualsplaceastaratthetopofthetreesymbolizingtheStarofBethlehem,afactrecordedbyTheSchoolJournalin
1897.[4][98]ProfessorDavidAlbertJonesofOxfordUniversitywritesthatinthe19thcentury,itbecamepopularforpeopletoalsouseanangel
totoptheChristmastreeinordertosymbolizetheangelsmentionedintheaccountsoftheNativityofJesus.[5]
UndertheMarxistLeninistdoctrineofstateatheismintheSovietUnion,afteritsfoundationin1917,Christmascelebrationsalongwith
otherreligiousholidayswereprohibitedasaresultoftheSovietantireligiouscampaign.[99][100][101]TheLeagueofMilitantAtheists
encouragedschoolpupilstocampaignagainstChristmastraditions,amongthembeingtheChristmastree,aswellasotherChristianholidays,

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includingEastertheLeagueestablishedanantireligiousholidaytobethe31stofeachmonthasareplacement.[102]WiththeChristmastree
beingprohibitedinaccordancewithSovietantireligiouslegislation,peoplesupplantedtheformerChristmascustomwithNewYear's
trees.[101][103]In1935thetreewasbroughtbackasNewYeartreeandbecameasecular,notareligiousholiday.
PopeJohnPaulIIintroducedtheChristmastreecustomtotheVaticanin1982.Althoughatfirstdisapprovedofbysomeasoutofplaceatthe
centreoftheRomanCatholicChurch,theVaticanChristmasTreehasbecomeanintegralpartoftheVaticanChristmascelebrations,[104]and
in2005PopeBenedictXVIspokeofitaspartofthenormalChristmasdecorationsinCatholichomes.[105]In2004,PopeJohnPaulcalledthe
ChristmastreeasymbolofChrist.Thisveryancientcustom,hesaid,exaltsthevalueoflife,asinwinterwhatisevergreenbecomesasignof
undyinglife,anditremindsChristiansofthe"treeoflife"ofGenesis2:9(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?
book=Genesis&verse=2:9&src=!),animageofChrist,thesupremegiftofGodtohumanity.[106]Inthepreviousyearhesaid:"Besidethecrib,
theChristmastree,withitstwinklinglights,remindsusthatwiththebirthofJesusthetreeoflifehasblossomedanewinthedesertof
humanity.Thecribandthetree:precioussymbols,whichhanddownintimethetruemeaningof
Christmas."[107]TheCatholicChurch'sofficialBookofBlessingshasaservicefortheblessingof
theChristmastreeinahome.[108]LikewisetheProtestantEpiscopalChurchinTheAnglican
FamilyPrayerBook,whichhastheimprimaturofTheRt.Rev.CatherineS.Roskamofthe
AnglicanCommunion,haslonghadaritualtitledBlessingofaChristmasTree,aswellasBlessing
ofaCrche,foruseinthechurchandthehome.[109]
In2006,theSeattleTacomaInternationalAirportremovedallofitsChristmastreesinthemiddle
ofthenightratherthanallowarabbitoputupamenorahnearthelargesttreedisplay.[110]
Officialsfearedthatonedisplaywouldopenthedoorforotherreligiousdisplays,[110]and,in2007,
theyoptedtodisplayagroveofbirchesinpolyethyleneterephthalatesnowratherthanreligious
symbolsorChristmastrees.[110]In2005,thecityofBostonrenamedthesprucetreeusedto
decoratetheBostonCommona"HolidayTree"ratherthana"ChristmasTree".[111]Thename
changedrewapoorresponsefromthepublicanditwasreversedafterthecitywasthreatenedwith
severallawsuits.[112]AttheBilbaoairport2005displayedaChristmastreeandaSantaClausand
ChristmaselfalongsidetheBasqueOlentzero,asawayofsyncretisingtraditionsinNorthern
Spain.
Chrismontreesareavarietydevelopedin1957byaLutheranlaywomaninVirginia,asa
specificallyreligiousversionappropriateforachurch'sChristmascelebrations,althoughmost
ChristianchurchescontinuetodisplaythetraditionalChristmastreeintheirsanctuariesduring
Christmastide.[113]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree

A1931editionoftheSovietmagazine
Bezbozhnik,distributedbytheLeagueof
MilitantAtheists,depictinganOrthodox
Christianpriestbeingforbiddentocut
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Seealso

ChristmastreeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

downatreeforChristmas

Eiresione
Festiveecology
Festivuspole
Hanukkahbush
Christmastreecontroversies
Christmastraditions
LegendoftheChristmasSpider
NewYeartree
StarofBethlehem
Treeworship
Weihnachten
Yulelog
Badnjak
SantaClaus

References
1. "HistoryofChristmasTrees".History.Retrieved15December2012.
2. ChristmastreeswerehunginSt.George'sChurch,Slestatsince1521:Selestat.frOfficedelaCulturedeSlestatThehistoryoftheChristmastree
since1521(http://www.selestat.fr/spip_noel/IMG/pdf/histoire_des_decorations_de_l_arbre_de_noel.pdf)
3. IngeborgWeberKellermann(1978).DasWeihnachtsfest.EineKulturundSozialgeschichtederWeihnachtszeit[Christmas:Aculturalandsocial
historyofChristmastide](inGerman).Bucher.p.22.ISBN3765802735."MankannalssicherannehmendadieLuzienbruchegemeinsammitdem
WeinachtsbauminLaufedes19.JahrhundertsausDeutschlandberdiegesellschaftlicheOberschichtderHerrenhfenachSchwedengekommensind.
(English:Onecanassumewithcertaintythattraditionsoflighting,togetherwiththeChristmastree,crossedfromtheupperclassestothemanorhouses,
fromGermanytoSwedeninthe19thcentury.)"
4. Mandryk,DeeAnn(25October2005).CanadianChristmasTraditions.JamesLorimer&Company.p.67.ISBN9781554390984."Theeightpointed
starbecameapopularmanufacturedChristmasornamentaroundthe1840sandmanypeopleplaceastaronthetopoftheirChristmastreetorepresent
theStarofBethlehem."
5. Jones,DavidAlbert(27October2011).Angels.OxfordUniversityPress.p.24.ISBN9780191614910."Thesameambiguityisseeninthatmost
familiarofangels,theangelontopoftheChristmastree.Thisdecoration,popularizedinthenineteenthcentury,recallstheplaceoftheangelsinthe
Christmasstory(Luke2.918)."
6. DanielJ.Foley(1999).TheChristmasTree.Omnigraphics.p.45.ISBN9781558882867.
7. GregDues(2008).AdventandChristmas.Bayard.pp.1315.ISBN9781585957224.
8. SherylKaras(1998).TheSolsticeEvergreen:history,folklore,andoriginsoftheChristmastree.Aslan.pp.10304.ISBN9780944031759.
9. HelenHaidle(2002).ChristmasLegendstoRemember'.p.119.ISBN9781562925345.
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10. DebbieTraftonO'Neal,DavidLaRochelle(2001).BeforeandAfterChristmas.AugsburgFortress.p.22.ISBN9780806641560.
11. FritzAllhoff,ScottC.Lowe(2010).Christmas.JohnWiley&Sons."Hisbiographer,EddiusStephanus,relatesthatwhileBonifacewasservingasa
missionarynearGeismar,Germany,hehadenoughofthelocals'reverencefortheoldgods.TakinganaxetoanoaktreededicatedtoNorsegodThor,
BonifacechoppedthetreedownanddaredThortozaphimforit.Whennothinghappened,Bonifacepointedoutayoungfirtreeamidtherootsofthe
oakandexplainedhowthistreewasamorefittingobjectofreverenceasitpointedtowardstheChristianheavenanditstriangularshapewasreminiscent
oftheChristiantrinity."
12. Thestory,notrecountedinthevitaewritteninhistime,appearsinaBBCDevonwebsite,"DevonMythsandLegends",andinanumberofeducational
storybooks,includingSt.BonifaceandtheLittleFirTree:AStorytoColorbyJennyMelmothandValHayward(Warrington:AlfrescoBooks1999
ISBN1873727151),TheBrightestStarofAll:ChristmasStoriesfortheFamilybyCarriePapa(AbingdonPress1999ISBN9780687648139)and
"HowSaintBonifaceKeptChristmasEve"(https://books.google.com/books?id=BdEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207)byMaryLouiseHarveyinThe
AmericanNormalReaders:FifthBook,20722.Silver,BurdettandCo.1912.
13. "Christmastree".EncyclopdiaBritannica.2012.
14. PhilipLazowski(2004).UnderstandingYourNeighbor'sFaith.KTAVPublishingHouse.pp.20304.ISBN9780881258110.
15. MichaelP.Foley(2005).WhyDoCatholicsEatFishonFriday?.PalgraveMacmillan.p.18.ISBN9781403969675.
16. AnnBall(1997).CatholicTraditionsinCrafts.OurSundayVisitor.p.19.ISBN9780879737115.
17. EncyclopdiaBritannica.2003."ThemodernChristmastree...originatedinwesternGermany.ThemainpropofapopularmedievalplayaboutAdam
andEvewasafirtreehungwithapples(paradisetree)representingtheGardenofEden.TheGermanssetupaparadisetreeintheirhomesonDecember
24,thereligiousfeastdayofAdamandEve.Theyhungwafersonit(symbolizingthehost,theChristiansignofredemption)inalatertradition,the
waferswerereplacedbycookiesofvariousshapes.Candles,too,wereoftenaddedasthesymbolofChrist.Inthesameroom,duringtheChristmas
season,wastheChristmaspyramid,atriangularconstructionofwood,withshelvestoholdChristmasfigurines,decoratedwithevergreens,candles,and
astar.Bythe16thcentury,theChristmaspyramidandparadisetreehadmerged,becomingtheChristmastree."
18. vonStaufer,Maria."TheChronologicalHistoryoftheChristmasTree".TheChristmasArchives.Retrieved20100207.
19. FriedrichAmelung(1885).GeschichtederRevalerSchwarzenhupter:vonihremUrsprunganbisaufdieGegenwart:nachdenurkundenmigen
QuellendesRevalerSchwarzenhupterArchivs1,DieersteBltezeitvon13991557[HistoryoftheTallinnBlackheads:fromtheiroriginsuntilthe
presentday:fromthetestimonialsourcesoftheTallinnBlackheadsarchive.1:Thefirstgoldenageof13991557](inGerman).Reval:Wassermann.
20. JohannesMarbach(1859).DieheiligeWeihnachtszeitnachBedeutung,Geschichte,SittenundSymbolen[TheholyChristmasseasonformeaning,
history,customsandsymbols](inGerman).p.416."WasistaucheinedeutscheChristenfamilieamChristabendohneChristbumchen?Zumalinder
Fremde,unterkaltherzigenEnglndernundfrivolenFranzosen,unterdenamerikanischenIndianernunddenPapuasvonAustralien.Entbehrendoch
dienichtdeutschenChristennebendemChristbumchennochsovieleZgedeutscherGemthlichkeit.(English:WhatwouldaGermanChristianfamily
doonChristmasEvewithoutaChristmastree?Especiallyinforeignlands,amongcoldheartedEnglishmenandfrivolousFrenchmen,amongthe
AmericanIndiansandthePapuaofAustralia.EvenapartfromtheChristmastree,thenonGermanChristianssufferfromalackofagreatmanytraitsof
GermanGemtlichkeit.)"
21. JanHermelink(2003)."Weihnachtsgottesdienst"[Christmasworship].InChristianGrethleinGnterRuddat.LiturgischesKompendium(inGerman).
Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht.p.290.ISBN9783525572115.
22. "Danmarksfrstejuletrblevtndti1808".KristeligDagblad.December17,2008.
23. AtQueen'sLodge,Windsor(http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/christmas/christmas_tree.html)
24. In1829thediaristGreville,visitingPanshangercountryhouse,describesthreesmallChristmastrees"suchasiscustomaryinGermany"whichPrincess
Lievenhadputup.Hole,Christine(1950).EnglishCustomandUsage.London:B.T.BatsfordLtd.p.16.
25. QueenVictoria(1912).ReginaldBrett,2ndViscountEsher,ed.ThegirlhoodofQueenVictoria:aselectionfromHerMajesty'sdiaries.J.Murray.
p.61.
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26. MarieClaireLejeune.CompendiumofsymbolicandritualplantsinEurope.Man&Culture.p.550.ISBN9077135049.
27. GERMANCHRISTMASTREES.ThenobilityandgentryarerespectfullyinformedthatthesehandsomeJUVENILECHRISTMASPRESENTSare
suppliedandelegantlyfittedup...:Times[London,England]20December1842:p.1
28. TheChristmasTree:publishedbyDartonandClark,London.'TheceremonyoftheChristmastree,sowellknownthroughoutGermany,bidsfairtobe
welcomedamongus,withtheotherfestivitiesoftheseason,especiallynowtheQueen,withinherownlittlecircle,hassetthefashion,byintroducingit
ontheChristmasEveinherownregalpalace.'BookreviewofTheChristmasTreefromtheWeeklyChronicle,14December1844,quotedinanadvert
headlined'AnewpleasureforChristmas'inTheTimes,23December1844,p.8
29. GodfreyandMargaretScheele(1977).ThePrinceConsort,ManofmanyFacets:TheWorldandTheAgeofPrinceAlbert.OreskoBooks.p.78.
ISBN9780905368061.
30. AtthebeginningoftheyearthecustomwaswellenoughknownforTheTimestocomparetheJanuarybudgetof1848withgiftshandedoutbeneath"the
Christmastree":TheTimes(London,England),21January1848,p.4
31. SpecialChristmassupplementedition,published23December1848
32. TheTimes(London,England),27December1848.p.7
33. NowthebestChristmasbox/Youcangivetotheyoung/Isnottoys,norfineplaythings,/Nortreesgailyhung...:ManchesterGuardian,Saturday,
January05,1856,p.6
34. ManchesterGuardian,24January1856,p.3:thedeathofCarolineLuttrellofKilveCourt,Somerset.
35. TheTimes(London,England),28December1858,p.8
36. ThePoorChildren'sYuletideAssociation.TheTimes(London,England),20December1906,p.2.Theassociationsent71trees'bearingthousandsof
toys'tothepoorestdistrictsofLondon.
37. 'AMerryChristmas':TheTimes(London,England),27December1918,p.2'...thesocalled"Christmastree"wasoutoffavour.Largestocksofyoung
firsweretobeseenatCoventGardenonChristmasEve,butfoundfewbuyers.Itwasrememberedthatthe"Christmastree"hasenemyassociations."
38. Thenextyearacharityfairinaidofinjuredsoldiersfeatured'ahugeChristmastree'.'St.Dunstan'sChristmasFair.'TheTimes(London,England),20
December1919,p.9
39. 'PoorfamiliesinLewishamandsimilardistrictsarejustasparticularabouttheshapeoftheirtreesaspeopleinBelgravia...''ShapelyChristmas
Trees':TheTimes(London,England),17December1926,p.11
40. ChristmasTreePlantations.TheTimes(London,England),11December1937,p.11
41. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ukenglandcornwall25117501
42. EmmyE.Werner(2006).InPursuitofLiberty:ComingofAgeintheAmericanRevolution.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.p.115.
ISBN9780275993061.
43. AlfredLewisShoemaker(1999)[1959].ChristmasinPennsylvania:afolkculturalstudy.StackpoleBooks.pp.5253.ISBN0811703282.
44. KaralAnnMarling(2000).MerryChristmas!CelebratingAmerica'sgreatestholiday.HarvardUniversityPress.p.244.ISBN0674003187.
45. JosephWenzelIV(30November2015)."FirstDecoratedChristmasTreeinWindsorLocks".WFSB.Retrieved2December2015.
46. "TheHistoryofChristmas".GarethMarples.RetrievedDecember2,2006.
47. "ProfessorBroughtChristmasTreetoNewEngland".HarvardUniversityGazette.December12,1996.RetrievedDecember2,2012.
48. "CharlesMinnigerode(18141894)".EncyclopediaVirginia.VirginiaFoundationfortheHumanities.
49. 'NotesandQueries',volume8(217),24December1853,p.615
50. "ABriefHistoryofElectricChristmasLightinginAmerica".oldchristmastreelights.Retrieved2014.
51. "159%"[May1goingtocelebrate59%ofRussians](inRussian).April27,2012.RetrievedDecember2,
2012."NewYearisamongthemostimportantholidaysfor81%ofRussians,whileChristmasissuchonlyfor19%,rankingafterVictoryDay,Easter,
InternationalWomen'sDay."
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Belk,Russell(2000)."MaterialismandtheModernU.S.Christmas".Advertising&SocietyReview.RetrievedOctober5,2014.
"LightingoftheNationalChristmasTree".NationalParkService.RetrievedApril5,2009.
"FlashbackBlog:TheWorld'sLargestDecoratedChristmasTree".ThePalmBeachPost.December3,2009.RetrievedMarch4,2010.
'Manchester'sGiftToLille..(FROMG.WARDPRICE.)'TheTimes(London,England),21December1918,p.7
"Towntwinning:Bergen,Norway".NewcastleCityCouncil.
"DC:ChristmasTreeLightingatUnionStation".NorwegianMinistryofForeignAffairs.RetrievedDecember2,2012.
PeterMazar(2000).SchoolYear,ChurchYear:CustomsandDecorationsfortheClassroom.LiturgyTrainingPublications.p.161.ISBN1568542402.
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"LivingChristmasTrees".ClemsonUniversity.RetrievedJuly12,2010.
"Christmastree".DepartmentofForestry,MichiganStateUniversity.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15March2012.
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JamesHewitt(2007).TheChristmasTree.Lulu.com.pp.3336.ISBN1430308206.
BroderickPerkins(December12,2003)."FauxChristmasTreeCropYieldsSpecialConcerns".RealtyTimes.RetrievedDecember21,2008.
ElizabethSilverthorne(1994).ChristmasinTexas.TexasA&MUniversityPress.p.62.ISBN0890965781.
KaralAnnMarling(2000).MerryChristmas!:CelebratingAmerica'sGreatestHoliday.HarvardUniversityPress.pp.5862.ISBN0674003187.
PeterCole(2002).ChristmasTrees:FunandFestiveIdeas.ChronicleBooks.p.23.ISBN0811835774.
CassandraA.Fortin(October26,2008)."It'sbeginningtolookalotlikeChristmas(1958)".TheBaltimoreSun.RetrievedDecember18,2012.
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KatherineNeer(December2006)."HowChristmasTreesWork".howStuffWorks.RetrievedDecember21,2008.
"TabletopChristmasTree".PopularMechanics:117.January1937.
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August2007.
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88. "Recyclingyourtreecanbeagiftforenvironment".StarTribune.Retrieved26December2014.
89. DavidBiello(December4,2008)."I'mDreamingofaGreenChristmas(Tree)"(podcasttranscript).ScientificAmerican.RetrievedDecember22,2008.
90. "LifeCycleAssessment(LCA)ofChristmastreesAstudyendsthedebateoverwhichChristmastree,naturalorartificial,ismostecological".
EllipsosInc.December16,2008.RetrievedDecember18,2012.
91. "RecyclingYourTree:RealChristmasTreesareRecyclable".NationalChristmasTreeAssociation.RetrievedDecember18,2012.
92. Maas,R.P.Patch,S.C.Pandolfo,T.J.(2004)."ArtificialChristmastrees:Howrealaretheleadexposurerisks?".Journalofenvironmentalhealth
67(5):2024,32.PMID15628192..RetrievedDecember18,2012.
93. Levin,R.Brown,M.J.Kashtock,M.E.etal.(2008)."LeadExposuresinU.S.Children,2008:ImplicationsforPrevention".EnvironmentalHealth
Perspectives116(10):12851293.doi:10.1289/ehp.11241.PMC2569084.PMID18941567..RetrievedDecember18,2012.
94. Senn,FrankC.(2012).IntroductiontoChristianLiturgy.FortressPress.p.118.ISBN9781451424331."TheChristmastreeasweknowitseemedto
emergeinLutheranlandsinGermanyinthesixteenthcentury.AlthoughnospecificcityortownhasbeenidentifiedasthefirsttohaveaChristmastree,
recordsfortheCathedralofStrassburgindicatethataChristmastreewassetupinthatchurchin1539duringMartinBucer'ssuperintendency."
95. "TheChristmasTree".LutheranSpokesman.2932.1936."TheChristmastreebecameawidespreadcustomamongGermanLutheransbytheeighteenth
century."
96. Kelly,JosephF.(2010).TheFeastofChristmas.LiturgicalPress.p.94.ISBN9780814639320."GermanLutheransbroughtthedecoratedChristmas
treewiththemtheMoraviansputlightedcandlesonthosetrees."
97. Blainey,Geoffrey(24October2013).AShortHistoryofChristianity.Rowman&LittlefieldPublishers.p.418.ISBN9781442225909."Many
LutheranscontinuedtosetupasmallfirtreeastheirChristmastree,anditmusthavebeenaseasonalsightinBach'sLeipzigatatimewhenitwas
virtuallyunknowninEngland,andlittleknowninthosefarmlandsofNorthAmericawhereLutheranimmigrantscongregated."
98. TheSchoolJournal(E.L.Kellogg&Company)55:698.1897."Christmasistheoccasionaloffamilyreunions.Grandmotheralwayshastheplaceof
honor.Asthetimeapproachesforenjoyingthetree,shegathershergrandchildrenabouther,totellthemthestoryoftheChristchild,withthemeaning
oftheChristchild,withthemeaningoftheChristmastreehowtheevergreenismeanttorepresentthelifeeverlasting,thecandlelightstorecallthe
lightoftheworld,andthestaratthetopofthetreeistoremindthemofthestarofBethlehem."Missingorempty|title=(help)
99. JenniferEremeeva(15Dec2010)."Andso,isthisChristmas?".RussiaBeyondtheHeadlines."RussianChristiansadheretotheEasternOrthodox
calendar,whichlags13daysbehindthemoderndaycalendar.Thisdiscrepancywascorrectedin1918,bythefledglingBolshevikregime,butChristmas
neverrevertedtoDecember25thinRussia,becausetheBolsheviksbeganasystematiccampaigntophaseouttraditionalreligiousholidaysandreplace
themwithSovietones.ChristmaswasshiftedtoNewYearsEve.Atthebeginning,stringentmeasureswereputinplacetoseeoffanyholdoverofthe
olddays:Christmastrees,introducedtoRussiabyTsarPeterTheGreatinthe17thCentury,werebannedin1916bytheHolySynodastooGerman.
TheBolshevikskeptthetreebaninplace.StalindeclaredDedMorozanallyofthepriestandkulak,andoutlawedhimfromRussia."
100. Connelly,Mark(2000).ChristmasattheMovies:ImagesofChristmasinAmerican,BritishandEuropeanCinema.I.B.Tauris.p.186.
ISBN9781860643972."AchapteronrepresentationsofChristmasinSovietcinemacould,infactbetheshortestinthiscollection:sufficeittosaythat
therewere,atleastofficially,noChristmascelebrationsintheatheistsocialiststateafteritsfoundationin1917."
101. EchoofIslam.MIG.1993."IntheformerSovietUnion,firtreeswereusuallyputuptomarkNewYear'sday,followingatraditionestablishedbythe
officiallyatheiststate."
102. Ramet,SabrinaPetra(10November2005).ReligiousPolicyintheSovietUnion.CambridgeUniversityPress.p.138.ISBN9780521022309."The
Leaguesalliedforthtosavethedayfromthisputativereligiousrevival.Antireligioznikobligedwithsomanyarticlesthatitdevotedanentiresectionof
itsannualindexfor1928toantireligioustrainingintheschools.Moresuchmaterialfollowedin1929,andafloodofitthenextyear.Itrecommended
whatLeninandothersearlierhadexplicitlycondemnedcarnivals,farces,andgamestointimidateandpurgetheyouthofreligiousbelief.Itsuggested
thatpupilscampaignagainstcustomsassociatedwithChristmas(includingChristmastrees)andEaster.Someschools,theLeagueapprovinglyreported,
stagedanantireligiousdayonthe31stofeachmonth.NotteachersbuttheLeague'slocalsettheprogrammeforthisspecialoccasion."
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103. Dice,ElizabethA.(2009).ChristmasandHanukkah.InfobasePublishing.p.44.ISBN9781438119717."TheChristmastree,orYolka,isanother
traditionthatwasbannedduringtheSovietera.Tokeepthecustomalive,peopledecoratedNewYear'streesinstead."
104. MargaretStenhouse(December22,2010)."TheVaticanChristmasTree".RetrievedDecember19,2012.
105. "PreChristmasReflection:MayOurSpiritsOpentotheTrueSpiritualLight".ZenitNewsAgency.December21,2005.RetrievedDecember19,2012.
106. "ChristmastreeissymbolofChrist,saysPopeAndaSignof'UndyingLife' ".ZenitNewsAgency.December19,2004.RetrievedDecember19,
2012.
107. "UrbietOrbimessageofHisHolinessPopeJohnPaulII,Christmas2003"(inLatin).December25,2003.RetrievedDecember19,2012.
108. "OrderfortheBlessingofaChristmasTree".CrossroadsInitiative.RetrievedDecember19,2012.
109. Kitch,AnneE.(2004).TheAnglicanFamilyPrayerBook.MorehousePublishing.p.125.
110. "NativitytobeAllowedinCapitolRotunda:LawsuitSettlementCallsforFairTreatmentforChristianBeliefs".October23,2007.Retrieved
December19,2012.
111. "Boston's'HolidayTree'SparksControversy".TheHarvardCrimson.November28,2005.RetrievedJanuary8,2008.
112. "AtChristmas,what'sinaname?".ABCNews.November29,2005.Retrieved19December2012.
113. Vipperman,HeatherF."ChrismonsMinistry".History.LutheranChurch.Retrieved27November2014.

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