AR

I INDEPENDENT POWER SYSTEMS

FOR AUTONOMOUS SUBMARINES
Herbert N i l s s o n

AB
TheSubPower
Box 8 5 6 , 201 80 Malmo,Sweden

ABSTRACT

BASIC STIRLING TECHNOLOGY

U n i t e d S t i r l i n g AB (USAB), t h ew o r l dl e a d e r
i nS t i r l i n ge x t e r n a lc o m b u s t i o ne n g i n ed e v e l o p m e n t
a full
and Kockums AB a r e j o i n t l y t e s t i n g i n
a new 100 kW S t i r l i n g
s c a l es u b m a r i n et e s ts e c t i o n
Navy.
e n g i n e ,t h e
V4-275R, f o r t h eR o y a lS w e d i s h
i s i n t e g r a t e d w i t h a l i q u i do x y g e n
Theengine
s t o r a g ea n d a c l o s e dc y c l ec o m b u s t i o ns y s t e m
i s p r o v i d e df o ru n d e r w a t e rp r o p u l s i o n .
The s u c c e s s a p r e s s u r i z e dc o m b u s t i o n
f u ld e v e l o p m e n to f
s y s t e mu s i n gd i e s e lf u e la n do x y g e nf o rt h e
S t i r l i n g e n g i n e has l e a d t o t h e n e x t s t a g e
a c o n t r a c t f o r i n s t a l l a t i o no ft w o
V4-275R e n g i n e s
i n a l a r g e , manned d i v e rl o c k - o u ts u b m a r i n e ,
t h e SAGA I . T h i s 500 t o nc o m m e r c i a lp r o t o t y p e ,
d e v e l o p e d i n F r a n c e j o i n t l y by COMEX and CNEXO,
is t o be c o m p l e t e d by 1986. I t w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e
t h e" a l l - u n d e r w a t e r ' 's o l u t i o nf o rv a r i o u su n d e r s e a
t a s k s . M i s s i o n s of up t o 25 dayssubmerged
will
be p o s s i b l e . TheSwedish
Navy i n t e n d t o c o n t i n u e
t h e i rS t i r l i n gp r o g r a ma n d
a s y s t e mf o rt e s t i n g
on n a v a ls u b m a r i n e sh a sb e e nc o n t r a c t e d .

The S t i r l i n g e n g i n e , a n e x t e r n a l l y h e a t e d e n g i n e ,
was i n v e n t e d
w i t h a c l o s e do p e r a t i n gc y c l e ,
i n 1816by
t h e R e v e r e n dR o b e r tS t i r l i n g .T h e
e n g i n e h a s many similarities t o a c o n v e n t i o n a l
a diesel e n g i n e ) .
i n t e r n a lc o m b u s t i o ne n g i n e( e . g .
is
However, i t d i f f e r s i n t h e s e n s e t h a t h e a t
s u p p l i e de x t e r n a l l ya n dc o n t i n u o u s l yt o
a working
o r h y d r o g e n ) ) ,w h i c h i s c o n t a i n e d
g a s( e . g .h e l i u m
i n a c o m p l e t e l yc l o s e ds y s t e m .

INTROWCTION
U n d e r w a t e ro p e r a t i o n s ,o f f s h o r e
as well as milit a r y ,d e p e n ds i g n i f i c a n t l yo nt h es u p p l y
of
l a r g ea m o u n t so fe n e r g y .S u r f a c ei n d e p e n d e n t
a c l o s e dc y c l eh e a t
e n e r g y - s u p p l ys y s t e m s ,e . g .
e n g i n ep l u sa no x y g e ns t o r a g e ,h a v ed u r i n gt h e
y e a r sb e e ns u b j e c tt oc o n s i d e r a b l ed e v e l o p m e n t
e f f o r t s .N u c l e a r
p o w e rs y s t e m sf o rl a r g en a v a l
s u b m a r i n e sa r e ,h o w e v e r ,c u r r e n t l yt h eo n l y
s y s t e m s ,f u l l yo p e r a t i o n a lu n d e r w a t e r .
The n o n - a v a i l a b i l i t yo fc o m m e r c i a l ,c o m p a c t
a i r - i n d e p e n d e n te n e r g ys o u r c e si nt h e
medium
has a l s o b e e n h i n d e r i n g a n y s i g n i f i p o w e rr a n g e ,
c a n t e v o l u t i o n of u n d e r w a t e ra u t o n o m o u so f f s h o r e
o p e r a t i o n su s i n gs u b m e r s i b l e s ,s u b m a r i n e sa n d
h a b i t a t s a s well as when a i m i n gf o re x t e n d e d
naval s u b m a r i n e s
u n d e r w a t e rc r u i s i n gr a n g ef o r
o f medium s i z e .

The p i s t o n s i n a d o u b l e - a c t i n g S t i r l i n g e n g i n e
and e a c hp i s t o no p e r a t e s
h a v ed u a lf u n c t i o n s
s i m u l t a n e o u s l yi nt w oc y c l e s :
t h e h o tu p p e r
same
s u r f a c eo fo n ep i s t o nw o r k sw i t h i nt h e
c y c l e as t h e c o l d u n d e r s u r f a c e o f t h e a d j a c e n t
are shown
p i s t o n .T h ep r i n c i p l e so fo p e r a t i o n
irl f i g 1.
T h e o r e t i c a l l y ,t h eS t i r l i n gc y c l et h e r m o d y n a m i c
of t h e i d e a l h e a t
efficiency is closetothat
e n g i n e ,i . e .t h eC a r n o te n g i n e .T h i se f f i c i e n c y
a q u i t eh i g ho p e r a t i n g
l e v e lr e q u i r e s ,h o w e v e r ,
t e m p e r a t u r eo ft h ew o r k i n gg a st o g e t h e rw i t h
a h i g hw o r k i n gg a sp r e s s u r e .H e n c ea v a i l a b i l i t y
o fa d v a n c e d materials t e c h n o l o g y i s n e c e s s a r y
f o rh i g hp e r f o r m a n c eS t i r l i n ge n g i n e s .T h i s
late 1930'8,
s t a t u s was n o t e s t a b l i s h e d u n t i l t h e
carried o u t
a f t e rs i g n i f i c a n td e v e l o p m e n tw o r k
bp N . V . P h i l i p s i n T h eN e t h e r l a n d s .
THESUB

POWER A B

U n d e r w a t e ra P p l i c a t i o n so ft h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n e
h a v eb e e ne x t e n s i v e l ys t u d i e da n dd e v e l o p e d
j o i n t l y by U n i t e d S t i r l i n g and Kockums, t h e
m a i ns u b m a r i n ec o n t r a c t o rf o rt h eR o y a lS w e d i s h
Navy.

For t h e o v e r a l lc o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n ' o fU n d e r w a t e r
based o n S t i r l i n g t e c h n o l o g y ,
E n e r g yS y s t e m s ,
Kockums A B a n d U n i t e d S t i r l i n g
A B i n 1982 f o r m e d
a j o i n t l y ownedcompany,
t h e SubPower
AB, t h u s
i n t e g r a t i n g t h e Kockums u n d e r w a t e rs y s t e m sw i t h
t h eU n i t e dS t i r l i n gu n d e r w a t e re n g i n et e c h n o l o g y .
PROGRAMS
UNITED STIRLING AND CURRENT

T h en e a r - t e r ms o l u t i o nf o rs u r f a c ei n d e p e n d e n t
s u p p l yo fl a r g eq u a n t i t i e so fe n e r g yt ou n d e r w a t e r
be b a s e d on c l o s e d
s y s t e m sw o u l dm o s tl i k e l y
c y c l eh e a te n g i n e s ,
among w h i c h t h e S t i r l i n g
e n g i n ee m b o d i e ss e v e r a lu n i q u ef e a t u r e s ,r e c o g n i z e d
s i n c e many years.

42

U n i t e d S t i r l i n g A B (USAB), l o c a t e d i n Malmt),
Sweden, was f o u n d e di n1 9 6 8 ,s t a r t i n g
i t s developas a l i c e n s e e o f N.V. P h i l i p s . The
mentwork
FFV g r o u p ,
company is now a s u b s i d i a r y o f t h e
e w e d i s hi n d u s t r i agl r o u p ,
owned
being a largS

by t h eg o v e r n m e n c ,f o rt h ed e v e l o p m e n ta n d
f a c t u r eo fa d v a n c e dd e f e n c es y s t e m s .

manu-

The i n i t i a ld e v e l o p m e n t a t USAB was b a s e do n

s i n g l e - a c t i n g a d i s p l a c e re n g i n e s ,w i t h
a rhombic
d r i v em e c h a n i s m .G e n e r a lc o m p l e x i b i l i t ya n d
d i s a d v a n t a g e si nw e i g h t ,d i m e n s i o n sa n dm a n u f a c t u r i n gc o s t si n i t i a t e d
USAB t o t u r n i n t o t h e
A numberofsuch
d o u b l e - a c t i n ge n g i n ec o n c e p t .
e n g i n e sh a v eb e e nb u i l t ,f o r m i n gt h eb a s ef o r
t h e U S A B c u r r e n tm a i ne n g i n ep r o g r a m s ,t w oo f
t t e mw i t h4 - c y l i n d e rd o u b l e - a c t i n gc l u s t e rc o n f i g u r a t i o n s ,n o m i n a t e d
4-95 a n d4 - 2 7 5 ,a n o t h e r
o n eb a s e du p o n
a s i n g l e - a c t i n gd u a lc y l i n d e r
\ ' - c o n f i g u r a t i o nn o m i n a t e dt h eV 1 6 0 - e n g i n e .
The L:SP.B e n g i n e s2 r eh a v i n gp e r f o r m a n c ed a t a
e q u i v a l e n tt ot h o s eo fa d v a n c e dd i e s e le n g i n e s
ir: t h e r n e d i u np o w e rr a n g e .T o t a lt e s t i n gt i m e
for a l l USAB e n g i n e so nd y n a m o m e t e r sa n di n
240,000 h o u r s ,
d e m o n s t r a t i o np r o g r a m se x c e e d s
w h i l e maximun t e s t i n g t i n e f o r a n i n d i v i d u a l
e n g i n ee x c e e d s1 Q . 0 0 0h o u r s .A d d i t i o n a l l y ,s e p a r t e
c o 2 p c J n e n tt e s t i n g i s b e i n gp e r f o r m e do ns p e c i f i c
as s e a l s ,p i s t o nr i n g s ,r e g e n c o o p o n e n t ss u c h
e:ato-sand
h e a t e r s . Wore t h a n1 0 0 , 0 0 0h o u r s
o fs e p a r a t ec o r c p o n e n tt e s t i n gh a v es i g n i f i c a n t l y
reliC o n t r i b l J t e dt oa no v e r a l li m p r o v e de n g i n e
a b i l it?.
S t a t i o n a r ya p p l i c a t i o n sf o rp r o v i d i n ge l e c t r i c i t y
i r o ns o l a re n e r g yc o n v e r s i o na n df o rs e r v i n g
a st h ep r i m e
mover i nr e s i d e n t i a lW A C - s y s t e m s
a r et h ec u r r e n t
v o l u m ec o m m e r c i a la r e a sf o r
For s y s t e m sd e v e l o p m e n t
:he USAB e n g i n es y s t e m s .
a n dc o m e r c i a l i z a t i o no ft h es o l a ra p p l i c a t i o n ,
USAB i s c o o p e r a t i n gw i t hX c D o n n e l lD o u g l a s ,
w h i l et h eH V A C - a p p l i c a t i o n
i s h e a v i l ys u p p o r t e d
by t h e Gas R e s e a r c hI n s t i t u t e .
T h eu n d e r w a t e ra p p l i c a t i o n so ft h eS t i r l i n g
e n g i n eh a v eb e e ns t u d i e da n dd e v e l o p e ds i n c e
t h ee a r l y1 9 7 0 ' s ,c o n s i d e r e dt ob ea na t t r a c t i v e
a r e af o re z r l yc o m m e r c i a li n t r o d u c t i o no ft h e
S t i r i i n ge n g i n e sc h a r a c t e r i z e d
by u n i q u es y s t e m
features.

a d i s s o l v i n gs y s t e m f o r t h e e x h a u s t g a s o f s i g n i f i 2 )
c a n tv o l u m ea n dc o m p l e x i b i l i t y( s e ef i g .
F o rc o n t r o lo ft h ep r e s s u r i z e dc o m b u s t i o nU s i n g
p u r eo x y g e ne q u a lt oa na d i a b a t i c
flame t e m p e r a '0
t u r eo f
4000 C , e x h a u s t g a s r e c i r c u l a t i o n ( s e e
f i g . 3 ) i s u s e d . A m i c r o p r o c e s s o rr e m o t e l ym o n i t o r s
t h ee n g i n ea n dp r o c e s sV a r i a b l e 6i nt h eb a s i c
o p e r a t i o nm o d e s .
THE 4-95 PROJECT FOR A STIRLING
POWERED SUBMERSIBLE
T h ec u r r e n tS t i r l i n gu n d e r w a t e rt e c h n o l o g ya t
USAB o r i g i n a t e s f r o m a p r o g r a m t h a t s t a r t e d
1979-80 f o rm o d i f i c a t i o no ft h e
4-95 e n g i n e ,
Comex I n d u s t r i e s , a i m i n g
i n a j o i n tp r o j e c tw i t h
f o r a power s o u r c e f o r manned s u b m e r s i b l e so f
e x t e n s i v ee n d u r a n c e .
W i t h i nt h e
4-95 p r o j e c t c e r t a i n " k e yf u n c t i o n s "
f o r a s u c c e s s f u lu n d e r w a t e rp o d i f i c a t i o no f
t h es t a n d a r de n g i n ew e r eq u a l i f i e dw i t hs a t i s f a c toryresults:

- O v e r p r e s s u r ec o m b u s t i o n

C o m b u s t i o ng a sr e c i r c u l a t i o n

- Oxygen c o n t r o ls y s t e m
- E x h a u s tv a l v ed e s i g n
- A r r a n g e m e n ta n a l y s i sv e r s u sp r e

- s e te n e r g y

d e n s i t yo b j e c t i v e s
The 4-95powermodulebecamedeveloped
t os u p p o r t
a i r - i n d e p e n d e n tu n d e r w a t e ro p e r a t i o n su s i n g
4 ) . Thecombusd i v e rl o c k o u ts u b m e r s i b l e s( f i g .
30 b a r ,w h i c h
t i o n p r e s s u r e w a sh e n c ec h o s e nt o
m a t e sw i t ht h es u r r o u n d i n gw a t e rd e p t ha tc u r r e n t
limit f o r o p e r a t i o n a l o f f s h o r e d i v i n g
( 3 0 0 rn).
T h em o d u l eh a da ne l e c t r i co u t p u to f
20 kW,
of h o tw a t e r( 5 0 C )t o
t o g e t h e rw i t hs u p p l y
f o r d i v e r s 'a n dc o m p a r t m e n t s 'h e a t i n g .
b eu s e d

THE SWEDISH NAVY STIRLING SYSTEM PROGRAM

T a c t i c a lb a c k g r o u n d
TECHNOLOGY
BASIC STIRLING UNDERWATER ENGINE
USAB h a sb e e nw o r k i n gw i t hu n d e r w a t e ra p p l i c a t i o n s
f o r m o r et h a n1 0y e a r sj o i n t l yw i t h
Kockums
and Comex. M a r s e i l l e , a w o r l d - l e a d i n go f f s h o r e
t e c h n o l o g yc o m p a n y .H y b r i dp o w e rp l a n t sf o r
n e d i u ms i z e dn a v a ls u b m a r i n e sh a v eb e e ns u b j e c t
tcj d e v e l o p m e n ta sw e l l
as e n e r g y' s y s t e m sf o r
o f f s h o r es u b m a r i n e s .h a b i t a t sa n ds u b m e r s i b l e s .
The S t i r l i n gc y c l ee n s u r e sl o wc y c l i ct o r q u e
v a r i a t i o n sa n dl o wn o i s e / v i b r a t i o nl e v e l sc o m p a r e d
t ot h o s eo fr e c i p r o c a t i n gi n t e r n a lc o m b u s t i o n
e n g i n e s - p a r a m e t e r so fg r e a ti m p o r t a n c ef o r
n z v a ls u b m a r i n e s .T h ec o m b u s t i o np r e s s u r eo f
t h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n ec a nb er a i s e da b o v et h a t
sf a m b i e n te n v i r o n m e n t ,e . g .i nu n d e r w a t e ra p p l i c a t i o n s c o a p r e s s u r ea b o v et h a to ft h es u r r o u n d i n g
w a t e r .H e n c e ,t h ee n g i n es y s t e mc a no p e r a t e
s u b m e r g e dt o a d e p t ho fa p p r o x .
300 m w i t hn o
or
r e e df o re i t h e ra ne x h a u s tg a sc o m p r e s s i o n

Of c r i t i c a li m p o r t a n c ef o rt h ec o m b a te f f i c i e n c y
is t h ec a p a b i l i t y
o ft h ec o n v e n t i o n a ls u b m a r i n e
f o rl o n gs u b m e r g e de n d u r a n c e :i . e .
maximum i n t e r v a l sb e t w e e nt h es n o r t i n g / r e - c h a r g i n gp h a s e s .
i s p r o v i d e d by t h es u b m a r i n e ' s
T h er e - c h a r g ee n e r g y
d i e s e lg e n e r a t o rp l a n ta n dt h ei n d u c t i o na i r
i s l e dt ot h ed i e s e le n g i n e st h r o u g h
a snort
m a s tp e n e t r a t i n gt h es u r f a c e .T h ee x p o s e ds n o r t
mast w i l l t h e r e f o r e show t h e s u b m a r i n e ' s l o c a t i o n
f o r a q u i t es u b s t a n t i a lp e r i o do f
time.
C o n s e q u e n t l y ,t h es n o r t i n gs u b m a r i n e
t od e t e c t i o na n ds u b s e q u e n ta t t a c k s .

is vulneraple

To i m p r o v et h es u b m e r g e de n d u r a n c es i m p l y
by
w i l l , h o w e v e r ,q u i c k l y
a d d i n gm o r eb a t t e r i e s
l e a dt oa nu n a c c e p t a b l eg r o w t ho ft h es u b m a r i n e
t o t h ef a i r l yp o o re n e r g yd e n s i t y
s i z e ,d u e
o ft h ec o n v e n t i o n a ll e a da c i db a t t e r i e s ,d o m i n a t i n g
as t h e e n e r g y s t o r a g e f o r u n d e r w a t e r v e h i c l e s .

43

T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of a ne n e r g yd e n s ea n d

airi n d e p e n d e n t heat e n g i n eb a s e dp o w e rc o n v e r s i o n
a potentialfor a significant
s y s t e mm e a n sh e n c e
i m p r o v e m e n to ft h es u b m e r g e de n d u r a n c eo ft h e
submarine.

TheSwedish

Navy S t i r l i n gd e v e l o p m e n tp r o g r a m

TheRoyalSwedish
Navy and Kockums h a v ef o r
tests
a ne x t e n s i v ep e r i o do ft i m ep e r f o r m e d
a n ds t u d i e so fa i r - i n d e p e n d e n tp o w e rC o n v e r s i o n
A number o fp r o j e c t s
s y s t e m sf o rs u b m a r i e s .
a n dp r o t o t y s e
work has b e e nc a r r i e do u tr e g a r d i n g
h e a te n g i n e sa st h ec l o s e d - c y c l ed i e s e le n g i n e
as w e l l
a n dt h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n e ,f u e lc e l l s
a sh i g he n e r g yb a t t e r i e s .
The S t i r l i n gt e c h n o l o g y
was e v e n t u a l l yi d e n t i f i e d
a s h a v i n gt h eb e s tn e a r - t e r mp o t e n t i a l
as an
a i r - i n d e p e n d e n t power s o u r c e ,a n d was s u b s e q u e n t l y
s e l e c t e d by t h eR o y a lS w e d i s h
Navy f o r a f u l l
s c a l es y s t e r n sd e v e l o p m e n t .
An u n d e r w a t e re n g i n ed e v e l o p m e n tp r o g r a mb a s e d
on t h ew e l lp r o v e n
4-275 s t a n d a r dS t i r l i n ge n g i n e
was i n i t i a t e d1 9 8 2 ,i n t e n d e df o ri n t e g r a t i o n
w i t h a LOX s y s t e m , u s i n g w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d c r y o g e n i c
ACA Cryo Company i n Sweden.
t e c h n o l o g yf r o mt h e

5 and 6 ) m e a n sa ne n g i n e
The 4-27 j e n g i n e ( f i g s .
w i h f o u r c y l i n d e r sa n d
a swept volumeof275
CT'.
T h e c y l i n d e r s are a r r a n g e d i n a V , g i v i n g
a verylowmagnia n o i s e and v i b r a t i o n l e v e l o f
t u d e ,m e e t i n gt h es e v e r ed e m a n d sf r o m
a Navy.
A s i l e n te n v i r o n m e n t
i s a l s oo fg r e a ti m p o r t a n c e
i n a c i v i l i a ns u b m a r i n e ,b o t hf o rt h ec r e w ' s
c o m f o r ta n df o rt h er e l i a b i l i t yo ft h eh y d r o a c o u s t i cc o m n u n i c a t i o ns y s t e m s .
i s k e p t 20-30 b a r , why
T h ec o m b u s t i o np r e s s u r e
t h ee g n i n ec a ni n i t i a l l yo p e r a t es u b m e r g e d
down
t o 300 m . D e e p e ro p e r a t i n gd e p t h s ,t os a y
600 m ,
c o u l d be a c h i e v e d by a d d i n ge x h a u s tg a s
com-2 r e s s i o no fo n l ym a r g i n a lp r e s s u r er a t i oa n d
h e n c ei n s i g n i f i c a n t
powerconsumption.
LOX s y s t e mh a v eb e e n
The 4 - 2 7 5 e n g i n ea n dt h e
e x t e n s i v e l yt e s t e dd u r i n g
1 9 8 4a n dw a si n t e g r a t e d
i s now u n d e r g o i n g
e a r l y 1985. T h ec o m p l e t es y s t e m
s u b s e q u e n to p e r a t i o n a lt e s t i n g ,i n s t a l l e di n
7 and
a f u l ls c a l es u b m a r i n es e c t i o n( f i g s .
8 ) . The LOX s y s t e mt a n ka n dp i p i n ga r r a n g e m e n t s
are shown i n f i g . 9 .

T h en a v a ls u b m a r i n ee n g i n es y s t e ma r r a n g e m e n t
T h en o r m a ls u b m e r g e dc r u i s i n g
mode o ft h ec o n v e n i s s i l e n t ,e c o n o m i c a la n ds l o w t i o n a ls u b m a r i n e
s p e e ds u r v e i l l a n c e .
From t h eS w e d i s h Navy e v a l u a t i o n sa n dp r e d e s i g n
work was h e n c ef o u n d
that
a s u i t a b l ec o n c e p tc o u l db e
a h y b r i dp o w e rc o n v e r s i o ns y s t e m . m e a n i n ga d d i n gt ot h ew e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d
c o n v e n t i o n a lb a t t e r y system a na i r - i n d e p e n d e n t
component, a t a l o w e r l e v e l s u f f i c i e n t f o r a n
a p p r o p r i a t ea i r - i n d e p e n d e n ts u b m e r g e dc r u i s i n g
m o d e .T h ea i r - i n d e p e n d e n tp o w e rc o n v e r s i o nm o d u l e
t h e r e f o r ec a nb ed e s i g n e df o r
lowpower
generation,
this
s i n c e t h i s w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t t o s u p p o r t

44

p a r t i c u l a r m o d e ,w h i i et h eb a t t e r ye n e r g ys t o r a g e
w i l l be u s e d f o r modes r e q u i r i n g h i g h e r p o w e r
o u t p u t s s u c h as o f f e n s i v e a n d e s c a p i n g m a n o e u v r e s .

i s a p p r o p r i a t e as a f i r s t
Theadd-onconcept
g e n e r a t i o nh y b r i ds y s t e m ,a n da l s oc o v e r s
the
c a s eu n d e rw h i c h a c o n v e n t i o n a ls u b m a r i n e ,a l r e a d y
i nc o m m i s s i o n ,c o u l db er e t r o f i t t e d
with an
airadd-on h u l l s e c t i o n c o n t a i n i n g t h e e n t i r e
i n d e p e n d e n ts y s t e m( s e ef i g .1 0 ) .F u e lo i l
is
p r o v i d e dt ot h ee n g i n ef r o mt h eo r d i n a r yb u n k e r
oil s u p p l yo nb o a r da n do x y g e n
is s t o r e di n
one o r s e v e r a l l i q u i f i e d o x y g e n s t o r a g e t a n k s .
a 1000 t o n s
c o n v e n t i o n a ls u b m a r i n em e a n st w oS t i r l i n gg e n e r a t o r
70 kW e a c h w i t h a u x i l i a r i e s a n d
s e t so fa b o u t
a LOX s y s t e m .T h ep o w e rl e v e l
is s u f f i c i e n t
t os u p p o r tt h eq u i e t ,e c o n o m i c a lr u n n i n g
mode
includingtherelatedauxiliary
p o w e rr e q u i r e m e n t s .
w i l l mainlydependon
Thesubmergedendurance
LOX
t h e a m o u n to fs t o r e do x y g e n ,t h e r e f o r et h e
t a n k s i z e s w i l l d e f i n et h ed i m e n s i o n so ft h e
a d d - o nh u l ls e c t i o n .

An a d d - o ns y s t e mc a s es t u d i e df o r

T h es u b m e r g e de n d u r a n c eo f
p o w e r e ds u b m a r i n e

a hybrid

t h e c u r r e n te n e r g yd e n s i t y
An a p p r e c i a t i o n o f
is g i v e nf r o mt h er e l a t i o n s h i pt h a ta ni n c r e a s e
o ft h es u b m a r i n el e n g t h
bysome
1 0 % w i l l more
t h a nd o u b l et h es u b m e r g e dl o wp o w e re n d u r a n c e .
F i g . 11 i l l u s t r a t e s a f i c t i o n a l o p e r a t i o n a l
a c o n v e n t i o n a ls u b m a r i n eh a v i n ga n
p r o f i l eo f
a i r - i n d e p e n d e n tS t i r l i n gs y s t e ms u f f i c i e n tf o r
w i l l commence
l o ws p e e dp r o p u l s i o n .T h es u b m a r i n e
o p e r a t i o n sw i t hf u l lo x y g e ns t o r a g ea n dt h e
starts
b a t t e r yf u l l yc h a r g e d .T h eo p e r a t i o n
w i t h t h e a d d - o ns y s t e mr u n n i n g
- no b a t t e r y
when a t a r g e t
d i s c h a r g e - u n t i lt h es e c o n dd a y ,
i s e n g a g e dd u r i n g 3 h o u r so fb a t t e r yr u n n i n g
( d i s c h a r g e ) . Upon c o m p l e t i o no ft a r g e te n g a g e m e n t
t h e p o w e rc o n v e r s i o nr e t u r n st ot h ea d d - o ns y s t e m
a
f o rt h en e x ts u r v e i l l a n c ep e r i o d ,p r i o rt o
new t a r g e te n g a g e m e n tp h a s e ,a n d
so o n .
The b a t t e r y i s c o n s e q u e n t l y d i s c h a r g e d i n s t e p s ,
down t o t h e
and i s i n t h i s e x a m p l ed i s c h a r g e d
50% a f t e r a b o u t n i n e
t a c t i c a lr e s e r v el e v e lo f
d a y s . By t h i s time t h e oxygen is consumedand
a n o r m a lc o n v e n t i o n a l
t h es u b m a r i n er e v e r t st o
b o a t .T h i sh y b r i ds u b m a r i n e ,h o w e v e r ,h a sb e e n
has c o n d u c t i nt h eo p e r a t i o n a la r e an i n ed a y s ,a n d
e d f o u rt a r g e te n g a g e m e n t sw i t h o u te x p o s i n g
t h e s n o r t mast.
C o n t i n u e dS w e d i s h

Navy Program

TheSwedish
Navy i n t e n d t o c o n t i n u e t h e i r S t i r l ' i n g
a s y s t e mf o rt e s t i n go nn a v a ls u b programand
m a r i n e s has b e e nc o n t r a c t e d .
w i l l be i n a c c o r d a n c e
T h es y s t e mb a s i ca r r a n g e m e n t
w i t ht h ea b o v ed e s c r i b e d" a d d - o n "c o n c e p t .
The t e s tp r o g r a m i s i n t e n d e dt op r o v i d et h e
q u a l i f i c a t i o nr e q u i r e df o rt h e
Navy t od e c i d e

upon f u t u r es u b m a r i n e sh a v i n ga ni n t e g r a t e a
S t i r l i n ga i r - i n d e p e n d e n tp r o p u l s i o ns y s t e m .

Crew:
b l a i n crew

A U T O N O M O U S OFFSHORE
SUBMARINES

3:Sferentf c o n c e p t s f o r o f f s h o r es u b m a r i n e sh a v e
3 u r i n g t h e y e a r sb e e np r e s e n t e di np r o j e c t s
frorn L e s tG e r m a n y ,F r a n c e ,
USA, S w e d e n ,e t c .
by o f f s h o r e
a s a s o l . J t i o nt o t h e p r o b l e n sp o s e d
waters. Themain
o p e r a t l o n si nd e e pa n dh o s t i l e
o b s t a c l ef o ? a l l t h e s ep r o j e c t sh a s ,h o w e v e r ,
time when s u b m e r g e d .
3 e e nt h e1 i r : i t e dc ? e r a t i o n a l
3 u f f l c i e n te n e r g yf o rw o r k i n gp e r i o d so f1 0 - 2 0
h a s 5 e e n t h e c r u c i a lp r o b l e m ,
zayssilkmerged
w i t h t r a d i t i o n a lt e c h n o l o g y
: - p c s s i b l et os o l v e
. d i e s e l - e l e c t r i cs y s t e m st o g e t h e rw i t hl e a d - a c i d
3atce:iesi.
Tne 5 t i : l l n Ts y s t e nf a c i l i t i e s ,h o w e v e r ,
now
f o r s u b m a r i c e sa n dh a b i t a t s
s,uf:^ic:entenergy
a t g r e a td e p t h sf o rt w o
weeks
c a 2 a b l ez fw o r k i n g
-- -ore, indeperdent of surface conditions.

6men
Divers
6 men

The SAGA s u b m a r i n e4 - 2 7 5S t i r l i n ge c g i n ea n d
o x y g e ns t o r a g ec u r r e n ta r r a n g e m e n t sa r es h o v n
i n f i g s . I 3 and 1 4 .
The SAGA s u b m a r i n e will b e a b l e t o c a r r y o u t
a v a r i e t yo fs c b s e so f f s h o r e
a n d / o rs u p p o r t
t a s ka n do t h e ro i l - r e l a t e da c t i v i t i e s :

- M a i n t e n a n c e of w e l l h e a da n ds u b s e ap r o d u c t i o n
systems

- H i g h - r e s o l u t i o ns e i s n i co p e r a t i o n so np o s s i b l e
d r i l l sites

I
_

- - G e o l o g i c a ls a m p l e - t a k i n g

by r o t a r y c o r i n g

- C o n s t r u c t i o na s s i s t a n c ei nh y p e r b a r i cw e l d i n g
operations
THE
SAGA

PEOJECT

Background
a l r e a d y1 9 6 7 ,
the Argyronete, later
t h e S A G A I s u b m a r i n e ,m e a n tt h ef i r s to p e r a t i o n a l
t c workon
t h eb o t t o no f
2 ? p r o a c >t oe n a b l e
:he $ e e ps e af r o m
a s e l f - c o n t a i n e d ,i p d e p e n d e n t ,
s u p p l yb a s e .f r e ef r o mt h es u r f a c ec o n d i t i o n s .
witk. a s u f f i c i e n t l yl a r g e
T h es c k m a r i n ef i t c e d
a l o n g - d i s t a n c es u b m e r g e d
e n e r g yr e s e r v et os u s t a i n
work t h e r ew i t h
t r i p t 9 i t s w o r k i n gs i t e ,t h e n
a s i g n i f i c a n tp e r i o d ,
2 l v e r sa n d / c rr o b o t sf o r
i t s b a s ew i t h o u ts . u r f a c i n g ,
a n dt h e nc o x eb a c kt o
cc':;d
b ea ni d e a ls o l c t i o n .H o w e v e r ,d e p e n d i r g
a s e n e r g ys t o r a g e ,
s c l e l y on a l e a d - a c i db a t t e r y
t h eo r l g i r a ls c b m a r i n ec o n c e p t
was f o u n dn o t
t c , t e u s a b l ea n dc o n s t r o c t i o no ft h es u b m a r i n e
'xas n c tc o i r . p l e t e 3 .
1r:riarei

Ir. 1 9 8 2 , C O X E X d e c i d e d t o r e - i n i t i a t e t h i s p r o j e c t
:o r e s 2 c n d to new c h a l l e n g e sf a c i n gt h eo f f s h o r e
c:l
i n d u s t r y ,u t i l i z i n g :he s i g n i f i c a n ti n d u s t r i a i
3 e v e l o p - . e n ti no n eo ft h ek e yt e c h n o l o g i e sf o r
i . e . E n e r g yC o n v e r s i o n .
a ra u t z n o n o u ss u b m a r i n e ,
-.

..-.e
12

-.ai?. d a t a f o r :he
a r e a s follows:

S-?xarine:
L e n g t h s...erall
26.0

I7

B r e a d t ho v e r a l l
7.5

S u b m e r g e dd i s p l a c e m e n t
5L5 tons

SAGA

s u b m a r i n e( s e ef i g .

- P i p e l i n es u r v e y s
- O p e r a t i o no fr o b o tv e h i c l e sa n ds y s t e m sa s
ROVs, r e m o t et e l e n a n i p u l a t o r s ,m o d u l e ' sr e p l a c e ment o r r e p a i r e t c . . .

DESIGN
THE SAGA SUBt4ARINE

MISSIGKS

T h ef o l l o w i n kr e s u l t sh a v eb e e ng a i n e df r o m
p o s s i b l ea p p l i c a t i o n si nt e r n so fa u t o r o x ya n d
e f f i c i e c c y by t h e SAGA I s u b m a r i n e .
f o r t'wo p r e c i s e
T h e s er e s u l t sh a v eb e e ns i m u l a t e d
o p e r a t i o n s ,c a l l e d" d e s i g nm i s s i o n s "d e f i n e d
f r o ma c t u a lc o n d i t i o n s .

The f i r s t m i s s i o n ( s e e f i g . 1 5 ! , f o r e s e ed i v i n g
o p e r a t i o n s a t 150 n a u t i c a l miles f r o 3 a b a s e .
site
T h eb a s en a yb e
STAVANGER, a n dt h ew o r k
CORMOR4KT FIELD. The t o t a lt r a n s i tt i m ew o u l d
a t 4 k n o t sw i t h o u ts u r f a c i n g .T h e
b e7 6h o u r s
200
e n e r g ya n d t h e g a so n b o a r da l l o wm o r et h a n
h0.x-s o f d i v e r i n t e r v e n t i o n .
The t o t a lr r i s s i o nd u r a t i o nw o u l db ea b o u t
dzys.

10

( s e e f i g . 16j, c o n c e r n s a
T h es e c c n dn i s s i s c
s'urvey a t 100 n a u t i c a l n i l e s f r o m
a b a s e .T h e
base may be PALERMO i n S i c i l y 2nd t h eO p e r a t i n g
z o n et h eS i c i l i a nS t r a i t s .
The t o t a l t r a n s i t
5 0 h o w s a t 4 k n o t sw i t h o u ts u r timewooldbe
f a c i n g .T h es u b n e r s i b l e ' sa u t o n o m ya l l o w s
190
n a u t i c a l miles a t 1 k n o t t o b es u r v e y e d .
The t o t a m
l i s s i o nd u r a t i o nw o u l db ea b o u t
day s .

10

D p e r a t l o n a ld e p t h
630 n

45

The SACA p r o g r a mm i l e s t o n e s

of t h e SACA program are

T h em a j o ro b j e c t i v e s
n o to n l yt e c h n i c a lb u ta l s op s y c h o l o g i c a lb e c a u s e
\
t h i s p r o j e c ti n t e n d st od e m o n s t r a t et h eo p e r a t i o n a l
f e a s i b i l i t yo fa no f f s h o r es u b m a r i n ea s
a base
f o r d e e p human d i v i n g down t o 450 m .
T h e SAGA program w i l l c o s ta p p r o x i m a t e l y

H i l l i o nF r e n c hF r a n c sa n dc o v e r so v e r
(1982-1986). C o m m e r c i a lo p e r a t i o n
t o commence 1987/1988.

135

4 years
are s c h e d u l e d

SAGA I is n e a r l y i d e n t i c a lt ot h es y s t e mb u i l t
and t e s t e d f o rt h eR o y a l
4-275 S t i r l i n g
Swedish Navy a n di n c l u d e st w o
e n g i n e si n
t h e power ange
of 100 kW andtwo
l i q u i do x y g e nt a n k sg i v i n ga ne n e r g y e s t o r a g e
12,000 kwh a l l o w i n gt op e r f o r m
c a p a b i l i t yo f
3 weekssubmergeddepending
m i s s i o n so fu pt o
on t h e p r o f i l e . TheLOX-system
f o r t h e SAGA
i s a l s o a d e s i g nf r o m ACA-Cryo, C o t h e n b u r g .

T h e e n e r g ys y s t e mf o rt h e

ROV'S

has grown s i g n i f i c a n t l y
The u s eo fR O V - v e h i c l e s
over the r e c e n ty e a r sa n ds e v e r a lc o n c e p t se x i s t ,
small, l i g h t o b s e r v a t i o n . v e h i c l e s
r a n g i n gf r o m
t oh e a v y ,s o p h i s t i c a t e d ,s p e c i a lp u r p o s ev e h i c l e d w o r ks y s t e m s .
veh i c l e s ,e . g .f o ru s ei na r c t i c
areas, a r ec u r r e n t lystudiedandprototypesystemshavebeenbuilt.

A n u m b e ro fp r o j e c t sr e g a r d i n gf r e es w i m m i n g

of several
The " f r e e swimming"conceptassumesuse
a d v a n c e dt e c h n o l o g i e s ,i n c l u d i n go n - b o a r de n e r g y
b a t t e r i e s are c u r r e n t l y t h e
s f o r a g e .A d v a n c e d
m a i np o w e rs o u r c ef o rt h ef r e es w i m m i n g
ROV, b u t
h e a t e n g i n e s are s t u d i e d a n d o f f e r a n i n t e r e s t i n g
potential,particularlyfortheheavyvehicles,
r e q u i r i n g s a y 150-300 kwh p e r m i s s i o n o r more.

THE V160 SYSTEM

7 kW w i t ha d d i t i o n a lh e a t
i s now d e s i g n e d ,b a s e d e u p o nt h e
V160 e n g i n e ,
i n t e n d e dp r i m a r i l y
f o r p o w e rs u p p l yt od i v i n g
w i t h e n e r g ya u b e l l s and h e n c ep r o v i d i n gt h e n
i s c u r r e n t l yp l a n n e dt ob e
tonomy.Theengine
i n s t a l l e d i n a pod i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h t h e d i v i n g
171.
b e l l( s e ef i g .

A powermoduleof

ENERGY SYSTEMS BASIC ARRANGEMENTS

f o r t h e 4-95 s y s t e mm e a n t
f o r s u b m e r s i b l e s , why
anEnergySupplymodule
t h e f u e lt a n k si np o d s
a r r a n g i n gt h ee n g i n ea n d
similar t o t h o s e f o r s t a n d a r d
b a t t e r i e s , was f o u n d
a d i a m e t e r o f 0.8 m;a
length
o p t i m a l ,h a v i n g
o f 3.5 m. G l o b a lo x y g e nt a n k sa n ds o f tf u e lt a n k s
w e r ec h o s e n .T h es y s t e md r yw e i g h t
was a p p r o x .
3 t o n s , when s u b m e r g e dt h es y s t e mw a sc l o s et o
n e u t r a l l yb u o y a n t .S e r v i n g
as a G e n e r a lU n d e r w a t e r
E n e r g yS u p p l yS y s t e mt h ee n g i n ea n dt h ef u e l
s y s t e r r :m i g h tb ea r r a n g e dd i f f e r e n t l y .
A n e a r - t e r ma p p l i c a t i o n

as
T h eo x y g e ns t o r a g e
may i n g e n e r a l b e e i t h e r
h i g hp r e s s u r e
(300 b a r ) g a s or, when a l a r g e
e n e r g ys t o r a g e i s r e q u i r e d , as l i q u i do x y g e n
( L O X ) . For a ne n e r g ys t o r a g eo f
200 kwh e l e c t r i c
e n e r g y ,w h i c h was c o n s i d e r e d o p t i m a l for d i v e r
be o p t i l o c k - o u t submersibles, t h e oxygenwould
m a l l y s t o r e d as h i g h p r e s s u r e gas.
T h es y s t e mc o n c e p tm e a n sa l s os u p p l y
of h e a t t o
d i v e r s ,u t i l i z i n gt h er e j e c t e dh e a tf r o mt h e
as well as
e n g i n ec o o l e r ,s a t i s f y i n gd i v e r s '
c o m p a r t m e n th e a t i n gn e e d s .I n t e g r a t i o nw i t h
a
s u b m e r s i b l eh e a t i n gs y s t e m
i s shown i nf i g .
18.

4-95

s y s t e ma r eg e n e r a l ,w h i c hm e a n st h a ta n yo u t b o a r d
z r r z n g e m e n tw o u l d
b e based on a p o de n c a p s u l a t i o n

46

I n b o a r di n s t a l l a t i o n sc o u l db ea r r a n g e da c c o r d i n g
Kockums
t o what has b e e n c o n s i d e r e d f o r t h e
h a b i t a t p r o j e c t ,h a v i n g
a 4-275 S t i r l i n g - L O X
s y s t e m o r similar t o t h e c o n c e p t u a l d e s i g n f o r a 4-275
a c u r r e n tn a v a ls u b m a r i n ee q u i p p e dw i t h
S t i r l i n gc r u i s i n gs p e e dp r o p u l s i o nu n i t ,s e ef i g s .
19 and 20.
POWER
AUTONOMOUS

THE SAGA I ENERGY SYSTEM

T h e a b o v ea r r a n g e m e n tc o n s i d e r a t i o n sf o rt h e

o ft h ee n g i n ea n d
a s t r e n g t h / w e i g h to p t i m i z e d
o x y g e ns t o r a g e ,e i t h e ri ng a s e o u s
or l i q u i d p h a s e ,
dependingoftheendurancerequiredforthe
system.

Tne S t i r l i n g e n g i n e s y s t e m
for ROV p o w e rs u p p l y
means a pod i n s t a l l a t i o n for t h e e n g i n e , similar
t ot h ea r r a n g e m e n t
for t h e 4-95 p r o l e c t ( f i g .
4)
a n d t h e V160 ( f i g . 17) t o g e t h e rw i t ha no x y g e n
GRPs t o r a g eo ff e a s i b l ed e s i g n( e . g .a d v a n c e d
steelhighpressurebottles
o r speciallydesigned
s p h e r i c a lh i g hp r e s s u r et a n k s ) .

wet w e i g h t , as many
Inordertolowerthesystem
as p o s s i b l e of t h e e n g i n e a u x i l i a r i e s s h o u l d
be
a r r a n g e do u t s i d et h ee n g i n ep o d .

are g i v e n i n t a b l e
P o w e rs y s t e m sp e r f o r m a n c e s
1, while p o w e rs y s t e mw e i g h t s
are r a n g i n gf r o m
a p p r o x . 350 kg f o r t h e V160 e n g i n e w i t h p o d ( f i g .
17) t oa p p r o x . 1600 kg f o r a 4-275 e n g i n es y s t e i
w i t h pod.Theaboveweight
estimates assume a
w e i g h t - o p t i m i z e dp o d - d e s i g na n dd o e sn o ti n c l u d e
be d e s i g n e d i n d i t h eo x y g e ns y s t e mt h a th a st o
viduallyforeachvehicleprojectandmission
profile.

W e l l - p r o v e nU n i t e dS t i r l i n ge n g i n e sh a v e
now b e e n
a d a p t e dt ou n d e r w a t e ro p e r a t i o n s ,t h u sp r o v i d i n g
s u r f a c ei n d e p e n d e n te n e r g ys u p p l yt ou n d e r w a t e r
s y s t e m s ,o f f s h o r e
a s w e l l as m i l i t a r y .
Kockums AB a n d U n i t e d S t i r l i n g h a v e i n t e g r a t e d
t h e i ri n d i v i a u a lu n d e r w a t e rs y s t e n sa n de n g i n e
t e c h n o l o g i e s w i t h i n a j o i n t l y ownedcompany,
t h e SubPower
A B , w i t ha c c e s st ou n d e r w a t e rl i q u i d
AGA Cryo A B .
o x y g e ns y s t e n st e c h n o l o g yf r o mt h e
T h eS u bP o w e rS t i r l i n g - L O Xs y s t e m s ,c u r r e n t l y
Navy a n d f o r Comex
b u i l t for t h eR o y a lS w e d i s h
will f a c i l i t a t eu n d e r w a t e ra u t o n o n o u sd e e pw a t e r
s y s t e m s ,c a p a b l eo fw o r k i n g
for w e e k s ,i n d e p e n d e n t
o f t h es u r f a c ec o n d i t i o n s .
T a 3 1 e 1 . P o w e r system! c e r f o r m a n c e
.A.

e , ~ r r e s ? o n b i r ge n g i n eo v e r a l le f f i c i e n c y

is
REFERENCES

G - 2 7 5 : 3 8 % c o r r e s p o n d i n gt o

8 2 0 g 0 /kwh
2

for s u p p l y i n g
T h en e a r - t e r ms y s t e mt e c h n o l o g y
l a r g e q u a n t i c i e s o f e n e r g yt ou n d e r w a t e rs y s t e r n s ,
v l t . i : nc o x m e r c i a lc r i t e r i ai n c 1 u d i r . gw e i g h ta n d
i s l i l c e l yt o be b a s e d on
.::l-ce
s?:imization,
: l o s e C c y c l e kea: e n g i c e s .
;:,cng

H.

2.

Y. C u r a n d , Comex I n d u s t r i e s ,a n d
H. Nilsson,
Sub ?ower A B : " H i g hD e n s i t yU n d e r w a t e rE n e r g y
S c c r c e s . .4 3 a d i c a lT r a n s f o r m a t i o nc fS u b s e a
O p e r a t i o n s " - The E . E . Z . Sympcslom i n Lcxemb o u r g 3, e c e r n b e r1 9 8 4 .

3.

A S : " S t i r l i n g ?ower
P . AS. t e n b e r gK
, ockuns
S y s t e m s for S u b m a r i n e s " - M a r i t i n eD e f e r c e ,
J a n u a r y1 9 8 5 .

4.

H.

a ' . ' a i l a b l e h e a t e n g i n e st h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n e

e n 5 ~ 6 1 e su n i q o ef e a t u y e s ,e . g .e f f i c i e n c ya n d
a pc'xe: t c w e i g h t r a t i o e q u i v a l e n t t o
a

diesel
e r g i r e ,n c i s ea n dv i b r a t i c nl e v e l sm e e t i n gn a v a l
sc3-ar:cereqlJi-ements,
a f u l l yc o n t r o l l e dp u r e
a compact t o t a l
s x y g e r :p r e s s u r i z e dc o m b u s t i o na n d
s y s t e ? a r - a n g e m e n t .T h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n eh e n c e
z o n s t i t u t e s a h i g h l ya p p r o p r i a t ee n e r g yc o n v e r t e r
T z r ; I n d e r w a t e ro p e r a t i o n sr e q c i r i n ge x t e n s i v e
s u r f a c ei n d e u e n d e n te n d u r a n c e .

N i l s s o n ,S u bP o w e r
AB: "Deep'dater
AirI n d e p e n d e n tP o w e rS o u r c e sb a s e do nS t i r l i n g
E n g i n e s " - U n c e r w a t e rT e c h n o l o g yC o n f e r e R c e ,
SergenK
, orwayA
, p r i l1 9 8 4 .

1.

CONCLUSION

N i l s s o n S, u bP o w e r
AB: " S u r f a c eI n d e p e n d e n t
E n e r g yS u p p l yt oD e e ph ' a t e rO p e r z t i o n s "
- T h eO f f s h o r eC o n f e r e n c ei nC o t h e n b u r g ,
rTebruPrv 1985.

:El

47

Regenerator.

t('

Cooler

Figure 1. The double-acting Stirling working principle

FUEL
OXYGEN
OXYGEN NOZZLE
FUEL INJECTOR
PRESSURIZED
COMBUSTION CHAMBER
EXHAUST

COOLING WATER
CYLINDER BLOCK

DRIVE SHAFT
CRANKCASE

DRY SUMP

=:Sure2. 4-95 Sub cross section

48

EXHAUST

p4
1'

750C

7
\

Figure 3. The CGR basic principle

Pressure vessel

Pistonldome

,Ejector tubes

Figure 4. A Stirling powered submersible

Chankshaft -

Figure 5. The 4-275 underwater engine

Figure 6. The 4-275 underwater engine

49

I I

'
!

WEIGHT COMPENSATION TANK

.!
Figure 8. The Stirling system test plant

Figure 7. The Stirling system test plant

CONTROL

SUPPLY GOX

QG-wV-&

EVAPORATOR

C
T:ROy

LlN,ES

,:

,T

t
SUPPLY LINE LOX

PRESSURE
RISING

I
L'

-iit

Figure 9. LOX system for the Stirling test plant

50

LEVEL INDICATING
LINE

1000 Ton Attack Submarine.

Hybrid Diesel & Stirling Machinery.

Liquid Oxygen Tank7

Diesel generator

r Stirling generator

[Storage

Battery

Figure 10. A naval submarine with an integrated Stirling section

E A T E R Y DISCHARGE
(TARGET ENGAGEMENT)

STIRLING RUNNING

Figure 11. Fictional operational profile for a Stirling powered submarine

51

bI

Hatch For Atmospheric Compartment

I

Rescue Bell

Hydraulic Thruster

Diver Transfer Lock

Engine Room

Stirling Engine

LDiesel Engine

Figure 12. SAGA I submarine interior arrangement

t
Figure 13. SAGA I Engine Room and Control Room

52

: I

Observation Post

I Mess Room

OxygenlHelium

OxygenlHelium

ARG.DP. 12.04.104

Figure 14. The SAGA I submarine Oxygen storage arrangement

THE SAGA SUBMARINE DESIGN MISSION

Design case:
Diving operations at Coromant field
Submarine base: Stavanger
Transit distance: 150 naut. miles (submerged)
Mission profile:
Transit: 2 x 40 hrs
Diving support: 200 hrs
Total submerged mission: 10 days
Figure 15. Mission A. Diving support

53

THE SAGA SUBMARINE DESIGN MISSION

Design case:
PipelinelBottom survey in the Sicilion Straits
Submarine base: Palermo
Transit distance: 100 naut. miles (submerged)
Mission profile:
Transit 2 x 25 hrs
Surveying: 200 hrs (1 knot)
Total submerged mission: 10 days
Figure 16. Mission B. Surveying

TOTAL WEIGHT: 300 Kg

Figure 17. A pod installation of the V 160 engine

54

Figure 18. The vehicleldiver's heating system

Figure 19. A habitat project (Kockums)

r Stirling generator
I

generator

L i q u i d Oxygen
Tank

\Storage

Battery

Figure 20. A naval submarine with a hybrid machinery

(Diesel & Stirling)

55