Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A new class of electroni c devi ces, often associated wi th the “Internet‐of‐thi ngs ” concept, is Page | 1
emerging and includes RFID tags , electroni c shelf labels (ESLs), a cti ve cosmeti c/drug deli very
pa tches , low‐cos t medi cal diagnos tic products , remote sensor a rra ys , powered sma rtca rds
and s ma rt pa ckagi ng of va rious types . Al though these devi ces ma y be powered to some
extent by a n energy ha rves ting approa ch or by a n inducti ve field genera ted by some kind of
reader s ys tem, ba ttery power installed in the electroni c devi ce i tself usuall y enables such
devi ces to provi de a much higher level of functionali ty. For exa mple, battery‐powered s ma rt
ca rds can ha ve their own displa ys for one‐time password and other applica tions—something
tha t would be ha rd to a chieve any other wa y.
A va riety of s mall, l ow‐cos t batteries ha ve powered electroni cs for genera tions and with
considerable success. Toda y, the power sources used for the devi ces listed a bove a re mos tl y
button/hea ring aid/coin ba tteries , or sometimes even la rger batteries . In many cases, these
ba tteries a re qui te sui table for the task in terms of power output and longevi ty. They a re also
very inexpensi ve, long‐li ved, ha ve decent energy densities , and a re based on very mature
technology. Gi ven all this , there is —on the fa ce of i t—no good reason why anyone should
spend time developing new kinds of ba tteries for these devi ces. At least, there is no good
reason why a fi rm should spend time in this wa y and expect to make money!
• Size: Thin‐film (TF)/printable ba tteries a re often better sui ted by vi rtue of their form
fa ctor tha n any other kind of battery for powering the kind of electroni c devi ces lis ted
above. This is perhaps bes t illus trated a gain by the powered sma rt ca rd, whi ch could
not easily be powered by conventional coin/button ba tteries. The use of these
conventi onal ba tteries would make the ca rd much too thi ck to easily ca rry i n a wallet.
By contras t, the thin‐film batteries now being commercialized a re typi call y just a few
millimeters thi ck. The bottom line is tha t while very s mall by the s tanda rds of (sa y) a
ca r ba ttery, these tradi tional ba tteries (notabl y button/coin ba tteries) are s till qui te
la rge and bul ky compa red to wha t is needed for the large‐a rea/flexible/disposable
electronics sector.
NanoMarkets, LC | PO Box 3840 | Glen Allen, VA 23058 | TEL: 804-360-2967 | FAX: 804-270-7017
NanoMarkets
thin film | organic | printable | electronics
www.na nomarkets.net
• Shape: These ba tteries can be formed to fit in al mos t any shape, depending on the
appli ca tion.
• Flexibility: Potentially, and to some extent a ctuall y, TF/printable batteries can be
fa bri cated on a flexible subs tra te. This makes them hi ghl y sui table for use in medi cal Page | 2
pa tches , sma rt bandages , sma rt packaging a nd s ma rt clothing. In the future, these
new kinds of ba tteries ma y be also be used in flexible displays (a product ca tegory tha t
does not really exis t as yet).
• Environmental and safety superiority: Compa red to conventional button ba tteries ,
thin‐film ba tteries (but not printable ba tteries) a re typi call y enti rel y solid‐s ta te
devi ces ; as a resul t, these ba tteries a re intrinsi cally safe and do not pose the risks of
spilling, boiling or gassing associated wi th tradi tional ba tteries. While safety is reall y
not a ma jor threat wi th conventional ba tteries, the exploding laptop ba ttery s ca re of a
few yea rs ba ck has sensiti zed the consuming publi c tha t ba tteries can be a threa t.
There is also a potential heal th and safety issue from conventional batteries in tha t
they often use ha za rdous chemi cals, including lead, mercury, a nd cadmium. These a re
not ma terials that anyone wants in sma rt pa ckaging for food or even pha rmaceuti cals.
Solid‐s ta te thin‐film ba tteries a re also more likel y to be considered envi ronmentall y
friendl y.
NanoMarkets, LC | PO Box 3840 | Glen Allen, VA 23058 | TEL: 804-360-2967 | FAX: 804-270-7017
NanoMarkets
thin film | organic | printable | electronics
www.na nomarkets.net
• The production volumes for button/coin batteries a re huge, while for TF/printable
ba tteries they a re very small . Thus for TF/printable batteries , economies of s cale Page | 3
seldom i f ever appl y; a t least not toda y.
Not tha t any TF/printable battery fi rm woul d want to compete on pri ce alone and many of
them clea rl y do not ha ve the resources to do s o. Mos t manufa cturers of these new kinds of
ba tteries are rela ti vel y small fi rms and i t is a long s tanding findi ng of resea rch into business
s tra tegies tha t smaller fi rms never do well when they ha ve to compete on pri ce.
• To adopt a stra tegy that consists in sea rching for lower cos t methods for
ma nufacturing ba tteries. Often, but by no means alwa ys , as we ha ve already noted
these new production modes i nvol ve pri nting.
There a re several chemistries currentl y being used by companies tha t ha ve developed
pri ntable battery technology, but they a re usuall y zinc manganese di oxide or zinc ca rbon.
These a re relati vel y l ow‐cos t materials when compa red with the va rious li thium chemistries
NanoMarkets, LC | PO Box 3840 | Glen Allen, VA 23058 | TEL: 804-360-2967 | FAX: 804-270-7017
NanoMarkets
thin film | organic | printable | electronics
www.na nomarkets.net
The a rgument for printing ba tteries is mos tl y the one tha t is alwa ys used for printable
electronics , namel y tha t printing machinery is relati vel y inexpensi ve and pri nting processes Page | 4
a re well unders tood and not cos tl y in themsel ves . In a ddi tion, i t is hoped that the pri nted
ba ttery manufa cturi ng can be integra ted on the same manufa cturing line wi th the devi ce
being powered and on the same subs trate, allowing fixed production costs tha t can be
allocated to both ba ttery and devi ce. The thinking here is best exemplified in the concept of
pri nted pa cka ging, where ba tteries could become just another printed la yer.
In fact a t the current s tage of product evolution, none of the advanta ges of printing ha ve
completel y been valida ted, al though there are some encouraging signs from the indus try tha t
pri nting will ha ve an important role to pla y in the future of ba ttery manufa cture. However,
we also note tha t printable ba tteries fa ce special challenges :
• In addi tion, many in the ba ttery i ndus try believe that onl y a full y printed ba ttery will
be a ble to compete wi th conventional batteries . Where they a re not enti rel y pri nted,
the manufa cture of these ba tteries will obviousl y not get all the cost benefi ts
associated with printing.
Still , the i mmediatel y addressable ma rkets for TF/printable batteries are quite small , limi ting
the revenues a vailable to the makers of these ba tteries in the immedia te future. Some of
these TF/printable ba ttery manufa cturers a re, however, capturi ng value by movi ng up the
chain and selling complete products —such as cosmeti c pa tches —in whi ch thei r ba tteries a re
NanoMarkets, LC | PO Box 3840 | Glen Allen, VA 23058 | TEL: 804-360-2967 | FAX: 804-270-7017
NanoMarkets
thin film | organic | printable | electronics
www.na nomarkets.net
Eventuall y, the pri ces for TF/printable batteries can be expected to come down and the Page | 5
ma rket for these batteries will grow. Of considerable importance wi th rega rd to this evolution
is the likelihood of:
Changes in addressable markets: In the meanti me, TF/printable ba tteries fa ce many
challenges apa rt from cos t. One of these is tha t many of the a ppli cati ons a t whi ch thei r new
technologies a re aimed a re themsel ves new technologies tha t ha ve generall y not done well in
the current recession. Mos t notable among these is RFID. Not so long a go this was seen as a
“killer app” for TF/printable batteries , but the recession is not likel y to be a good time for
retail and wholesale fi rms and others to implement what is, in effect, ma jor new IT s ys tems .
In addition, RFID is not coming down in pri ce fas t enough to reall y make signi fi cant
penetra tions at the i tem level ; at leas t not as fast as hoped and, of course, mos t RFID tags
deri ve thei r power inducti vel y and don’t need ba tteries anywa y.
Wi th all this i n mind, makers of TF/pri ntable ba tteries ha ve turned elsewhere for fi rs t
revenues . Powered sma rtca rds a re seen as one good prospect, because they can potentiall y
provide very high securi ty a t a time when ID theft and other forms of abuse cos t credi t ca rd
companies billions of dolla rs. NanoMa rkets sees this as a better bet than RFID a t this point in
time, but i t remains an opportuni ty tha t is onl y jus t beginning to open up. (Sma rtca rds ha ve
been a round for many yea rs, but they ha ve been of a type wi th relati vel y l ow functionality
and therefore do not need batteries .)
NanoMarkets, LC | PO Box 3840 | Glen Allen, VA 23058 | TEL: 804-360-2967 | FAX: 804-270-7017
NanoMarkets
thin film | organic | printable | electronics
www.na nomarkets.net
The Future
The dis cussion above des cribes the current s ta te of the TF/printable ba ttery ma rket. It seems
likel y tha t printable ba ttery fi rms in the future will focus on:
• Further developing thei r ba ttery technology to meet speci fica tions of important Page | 6
appli ca tions and increase energy density
• Improving manufa cturing processes used to make the ba tteries, possibl y employing
pri nting for all pa rts of the battery
More capa city will also need to be put in place to manufa cture cells wi th emerging
chemistries . As we ha ve al ready mentioned, thin‐film ba tteries a re not likel y to grow into a
subs tantial a nd profi table indus try until high‐volume production can be justi fied. But this will
mean a call on equi ty inves tors and/or bankers for signi fi cant amounts of capi tal . This will be
especially challenging in the current economi c envi ronment, al though we note tha t there has
been some VC money going into the TF/printable ba ttery sector in the pas t yea r. Still, s o fa r
inves tments in this sector ha ve mainl y been small and the new genera tion of ba tteries
dis cussed here does not seem to ha ve a ttra cted the a ttention of the bes t‐known VC fi rms ,
al though there a re a few i mporta nt s tra tegic investors in this spa ce.
NanoMarkets, LC | PO Box 3840 | Glen Allen, VA 23058 | TEL: 804-360-2967 | FAX: 804-270-7017