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Distributed Systems vs. Non-Distributed
Systems
Examples of each
Networking background
High-level of basics. This is a rich field
Bus-based Multiprocessors
Symmetric Multi-Processors
- All CPUs connected to one bus
- Memory accessed via shared bus
- Symmetric view of system from all CPUs
- Bus is the bottleneck but caches help!
- Write-through vs. Write-back
Src: wikipedia.org
NUMA
Intel Jaketown
Sun UltraSPARC T2
Tilera-Gx
Multi-computers
No shared memory
No shared clocks
Distributed Systems?
Multi-computers connected via network.
Single system image
Each node is autonomous
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Nodal Communication
Dedicated
Shared
.
Nodal Communication
-
How to share?
-
Multiplexing
-
-
-
Frequency multiplexing
Take turns e.g. TDMA
Packets
Example? Performance?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiplexing
Networks
Statistical multiplexing
Sender
Sender
Sender
Sender
Internet
A distributed network of distributed networks
All using a common protocol (IP)
Logically linked together by a globally unique address space
based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions
and follow ons*
*Src: http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/Internet_History.htm
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Protocols
Agreement on how
communication should take place
Define communication details
Syntax:
Me (waiting)
Semantics:
Error handling, termination, request
ordering, responses
Pleasant
Greeting
Me
1 Quad Grande
Cappuccino
$3000
Me
Whatever it
takes
Me
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Common Protocol
Where to unify?
How to physically connect machines?
Possible choices?
Optical, electrical, wireless, birds, tin cans and a string,
smoke signals,
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Physical
17
2
1
Link
Physical
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3
2
1
Network
Link
Physical
IP routers work at L3
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Transport
Network
Link
Physical
2
1
20
5
4
3
2
1
Session
Transport
Network
Link
Physical
Services to coordinate
dialogue and manage data
exchange
Software implemented
switch
Manage multiple logical
connections
Keep track of who is talking
Establish communications
End communications
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6
5
4
3
2
1
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Link
Physical
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7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Application-specific protocols
Web (HTTP)
Email (SMTP, POP, IMAP)
File transfer (FTP)
Directory Services (LDAP)
Network
Link
Physical
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Link
Physical
Logical
Reality
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Link
Physical
OSI Model
Src:
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OSI Model
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Internet Protocol
Set of protocols to handle the interconnection of local
and wide-area networks that make up the internet
Routing is key in the IP layer to transition between
networks
Must be common amongst networks
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Protocol Encapsulation
At each level, higher level protocol details are data
Data
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Protocol Encapsulation
IP packets sent within Ethernet packets
Packet sizes dependent on configured MTU
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Addressing machines/nodes
How to address unique machines?
Link Layer (L2)
MAC address 48-bit address: a0:88:b4:c7:70:7c
Useful? (WOL)
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IP Transport Layer
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
Connection-oriented
OS maintains state
Full-Duplex both sides can send messages over same link
Reliable data transfer retransmission
Lighter-weight protocol
Connectionless service
Data may be (silently) lost
No guarantees on ordering
OS drops bad (checksum failures) packets
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Addressing applications
Communication endpoints
Use 16-bit port numbers, which are transport layer endpoints
Application to application communication
Specific data streams
Network API
Access needed to network at application level
Clearly.
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Connection-less
1. No call set up
2. Send/Receive data
3. No Termination
- Illusion of dedicated
channel
- Messaging ordered
Datagram service
- No guarantee of
delivery
- No endpoint state
- Cheaper
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