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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT), ISSN: 23488190

th
st
ICRTIET-2014 Conference Proceeding, 30 -31 August 2014

Gibbs Phenomenon Analysis on FIR Filter using Window Techniques


1

Praveen Kumar Chakravarti , 2Rajesh Mehra


M.E Scholar, ECE Department, NITTTR, Chandigarh
2
Associate Professor, ECE Department, NITTTR, Chandigarh
1

ABSTRACT
y (n) =In This paper FIR filter has been designed to analysis the
effect of Gibbs phenomenon. Three window techniques
are used for design simulation Bohman window,
Blackman-Harris window, Tukey window. The Gibbs
phenomenon has been analyzed by changing filter order
in all designed. Blackman-Harris provided minimum stop
band attenuation in all three windows. Hence it provided
minimum Gibbs phenomenon for FIR fitter Design.
Gibbs phenomenon takes place in the form of
undesirable oscillations near the band edge of the filter. It
is observed that it is significant with large value of filter
order. It is reduced with proper selection of window
function. The particular window is selected depending
upon the application.
Key Words: Bohman window, Blackman-Harris window,
DSP, FIR, Gibbs phenomenon, Order, Tukey window.

I. INTRODUCTION
Digital filters are the discrete time systems used mainly
for filtering of arrays. The objective of filtering is to
improve the quality of signals.They are preferred in many
applications like speech processing, image processing. As
compared to analog filters, Digital filters are having so
many advantages: They are highly flexible and
portable.They have negligible effect of environmental
parameters. The frequency response of these can be
attuned if they are implemented using a programmable
processor.Digital filters are classified as finite duration
unit pulse response (FIR) filters and infinite duration unit
pulse response (IIR).In the FIR system, impulse response
has finite duration i.e.it has a finite number of non-zero
terms .i.e.h(n) = 0 for n < 0 and n M. This h (n) exists
only for the duration from 0 to M-1. Hence this is FIR. In
IIR system, impulse response is of infinite duration i.e.h
(n) = 0 for n < 0.This h (n) exists for the duration from 0
to .Hence this is IIR system. [1-2]
The difference equation of linear time invariant system is
given by:

(1)

They do not have feedback so there is no past output term


y (n-i) in equation (1). Hence output for FIR is given by:
y(n) =

(2)

FIR filters have several advantages over IIR filters. They


have an exact linear phase. For this, the condition is h (n)
=h (M-1-N). According to this condition, unit sample
response is symmetric about its origin. They are always
stable. They need higher value of order for similar
magnitude response as compared to IIR filters. They can
be implemented efficiently in hardware.
IIR filters have feedback, so they are recursive. So
difference equation for LTI system in equation (1)
represents IIR filters. These filters are designed in analog
domain and transforming the design into the digital
domain.FIR filters are used in filtering problems where
linear phase within pass band is required. If it is not
necessary, either an IIR or an FIR filter may be used .An
IIR filter has less no. of side lobes in the stop band as
compared to FIR with same no. of parameters. So IIR
filter is preferable in application where phase distortion is
tolerable. [1] -[3]

Fig.1.Magnitude characteristics of filter


Ideal filters are physically unrealizable for real time
applications in digital signal processing. Fig.1 shows a

Divya Jyoti College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India

86

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT), ISSN: 23488190
th
st
ICRTIET-2014 Conference Proceeding, 30 -31 August 2014

small ripple in pass band and also in stop band. Transition


from pass band to stop band describes transition band.

GIBBS PHENOMENON IN WINDOWS

II.

To design FIR filter there are many methods such as


Fourier series method, frequency sampling method,
window method and optimal design. Optimum design
method can be carried by Remez exchange algorithm. A
large computation is required so this method is unsuitable
for real time applications. In Fourier series, the transfer
function represents a non-causal digital filter of infinite
duration. A finite duration causal filter can be determined
by truncating the infinite duration impulse response, but
the abrupt truncation of the Fourier series results in
oscillations in the pass band and stop band .These
undesirable oscillations can be minimized by multiplying
the desired impulse response by suitable window
function. [3]
In this method, from the desired frequency response
specification Hdr(w), corresponding unit sample response
hdr(n) is determined using the following relation
(3)
Where Hdr(w) =

(4)

Generally, unit sample response hdr(n) obtained from (3)


is infinite in duration, so it must be reduced at some point
say n= M-1 to yield an FIR filter of length M (i.e. 0 to M1). This truncation of hdr(n) to length M-1 is equal as
multiplying hdr(n) by the window Thus the unit sample
response of the FIR filter becomes
h(n) = hdr(n)*w(n)

(5)

Window function w(n) , is


used for filter design.
There are several windows for FIR filter deign in digital
signal processing. These are:
i.
ii.
iii.

Bohman window: The equation for computing the


coefficients of a Bohman window is given by
cos

Blackman-Harriswindow: The equation for calculating


the coefficient of a minimum 4- term Blackman-Harris
window is given by
wbh(n)=

Here

= .35875

(6)

= .48829

=.14128

(7)
=.01168

Tukeywindow: The equation for computing


coefficients of a tukey window is given by
wt(n)= 1

the

0 |n| N/2

1/2

,N/2 |n| N/2

(8)
The window length is L=N+1
Truncation of hdr(n) to length M-1 is same as multiplying
hdr(n) by the rectangular window defined as
wr(n) = 1 ,
n M-1
0, otherwise
(9)
Equation (5) shows unit sample response of FIR filter.
Frequency response of FIR filter is obtained with Fourier
transform of equation (5).i.e
H() = F.T( hdr(n)*w(n) )
= Hdr() * W()

(10)

According to equation it shows that response of FIR filter


is equal to convolution of desired frequency response
with that of the window function. Here W() is
frequency domain representation of window function. It
is calculated by
W() =

Bohman window
Blackmanharris window
Tuckey window

In this paper Bohman , Blackman-Harris , Tukey are


used. These are following mathematical equations which
govern above window functions.

wb(n )=

Where 0 |n| N/2 and window length is L=N+1

(11)

The side lobes of W() create undesirable ringing effects


in H(). These oscillations or ringing is produced because
of side lobes in the frequency response of W() . These
side lobes are generated because of steep discontinuity of
window function. This oscillatory behavior near the band
edge of the filter is called Gibbs phenomenon. In
rectangular window side lobes are larger in size because
discontinuity is abrupt .so ringing effect is maximum in
rectangular window. Hence several windows are
developed which contain taper and decays gradually

Divya Jyoti College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India

87

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT), ISSN: 23488190
th
st
ICRTIET-2014 Conference Proceeding, 30 -31 August 2014

toward zero. [3]-[7]

III. MATLAB BASED DESIGN


Time domain and magnitude response of windows
functions are defined with MATLAB for calculating
minimum stop band attenuation.

For low pass FIR filter design specifications are cutoff


frequency of 0.4 rad/sample and order, N of the filter.
Here FIR filter is designed using different values of N.

Fig.5 FIR filter design with Bohman window


Fig.2 Response of Bohman window

Magnitude response of FIR filter designed with Bohman


window is shown in fig.5. Here filter order is N=21. It is
observed that pass band contains undesirable oscillation.

Fig.3 Response of Blackman-Harrsis


Time and frequency domain representation of Bohman
and Blackman-Harris is shown in fig.2 and fig.3
respectively. Here it is observed that Bohman has Side
lobe attenuation of -43 dB and it is -92.1 dB for
Blackman Harris. Here window length is 81 for both
cases.

Fig.4 Response of Tukey window


Time and frequency domain representation of Tukey
window is shown in figure.4.It has Side lobe attenuation
of -15.1 dB as compared to above described window
functions. Here window length is also 81.

Fig.6 FIR filter design with Bohman window


Magnitude response of FIR filter designed with Bohman
window is shown in fig.6 with N=31.It is observed that
undesirable oscillations are increased with increasing the
valve of N.

Fig.7 FIR filter design with Blackman-Harris window


Magnitude response of FIR filter is shown in fig.7.Here
filter is designed with Blackman-Harris for N=21.Due to
low side lobe attenuation as compared with Bohman

Divya Jyoti College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT), ISSN: 23488190
th
st
ICRTIET-2014 Conference Proceeding, 30 -31 August 2014

window, filter has low oscillations in pass band

Fig.8 FIR filter design with Blackman-Harris window


Magnitude response of FIR filter designed with
Blackman-Harris window is shown in fig.8 with N=31.It
is observed that undesirable oscillations are increased
with increasing the valve of N. but it is low as compared
with fig.6.

Fig.11 Bohman window response for N=21 and 31


The magnitude response of the window function is shown
in fig.11 for N=21 and N=31.As N increases main lobe
becomes narrower and side lobes remain unaffected.

Fig.12 Magnitude response of FIR filter, N=21


Fig.9 FIR filter design with Tukey window
Magnitude response of FIR filter is shown in fig.9.Here
filter is designed with Tukey window for N=21.Due to
large side lobe attenuation as compared with Bohman
window and blackman-Harris window ,filter has large
oscillations in pass band.

Low pass designed with different window functions is


shown in fig.12 for filter order of 21.here pass band
contains Gibbs effect due to different window functions.

Fig.13 Magnitude response of FIR filter, N=31

Fig.10 FIR filter design with Tukey window


Magnitude response of FIR filter designed with Tukey
window is shown in fig.10 with N=31.It is observed that
undesirable oscillations are increased with increasing the
valve of N. Here filter has large oscillation in pass band
as compared with filters designed with Bohman and
Blackman-Harris windows.

Low pass designed with different window functions is


shown in fig.13 for filter order of 31.here pass band
contain s large Gibbs effect due to large value of N. It is
observed that transition width will be reduced.

IV. RESULT ANALYSIS


Analysis of Gibbs phenomenon for FIR filter Using
three window functions (Bohman, Blackman-Harris,
Tukey) has been done for different values of N.
Fig.14 Gibbs phenomenon in pass band
Divya Jyoti College of Engineering & Technology, Modinagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.), India

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT), ISSN: 23488190
th
st
ICRTIET-2014 Conference Proceeding, 30 -31 August 2014

From fig.11, it is observed that as N increased main lobe


becomes narrower and side lobes remain unaffected with
increases in N. But width of each side lobe increases with
an increase in N. Therefore FIR filter designed with
different window functions, shown in fig.13 has large
Gibbs phenomenon as compared with FIR filter, shown
in fig.12.

7.

Saurabh Singh Rajput, Dr. S. S. Bhaduria


Implementation of FIR Filter using Efficint
Window Function and Its Application in Filtering a
Speech Signal, International Journal of Electrical
Electronics and Mechanical Controls, Volume 1,
Issue 1, pp.1-12, November 2012.

V. CONCLUSION
It is observed that, as order increased frequency response
of window function becomes narrower and smoothing
reduced. It provided large side lobes in frequency
response of window function with lower transition width.
These large side lobes cause large oscillations in filter
frequency response. This results Gibbs phenomenon.
Blackman-Harris provided minimum stop band
attenuation, hence it contains small side lobes as
compared to Bohman and Blackman-Harris window
functions. Hence it is observed filter has small effect of
Gibbs phenomenon if it is designed with BlackmanHarris window.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would also like to thank Director, National
Institute of Technical Teachers Training & Research,
Chandigarh, India and Director, Meerut Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Meerut for their constant
inspirations and support throughout this research work.
REFERENCES
1. S Salivahanan, Digital Signal Processing, Tata,Mc
Graw Hill, Third Edition pp. 443-458, 2011.
2. J.S. Chitode, Digital Signal Processing, Technical
Publication, pp. 8-27, 2007.
3.
Proakis, J.G. and Manolakis , D.G, Digital Signal
Processing
Principles,
Algorithms
and
Applications, Pearson Education Ltd, Fourth
Edition, pp. 662-671, 2011.
4. Sanjit K. Mitra , Digial Signal Processing ,
Tata,Mc Graw Hill, Third Edition, pp. 54-57. 2010.
5. Tahseen flaih Hassan, Hazin salah Abiddulsatar,
Design and Simulation of FIR Digital Filter using
MATLAB and MAC filter, Journal of Engineering
and Development Volume 17, Issue 5 , pp. 160-171,
November 2013.
6.
Suhaib Ahmad, Design Analysis of High Pass FIR
Filters using Hanning, Bartlett and Kaiser
Windows, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Science and Software
Engineering Volume 2, Issue 17, pp.153-160,
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