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Diet of Adults and Cubs of Lycalopex gymnocercus in Pampas

Grassland: A Validation of the Optimal Foraging Theory?


Author(s): Diego F. Castillo, Diego E. Birochio, Mauro Lucherini & Emma B.
Casanave
Source: Annales Zoologici Fennici, 48(4):251-256. 2011.
Published By: Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5735/086.048.0406
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.5735/086.048.0406

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