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Osmotic Homeostasis
o Detection system: OVLT connect with magnocellular AVP in SON and PVN
o Reaction: AVP is produced and increases aquaporin channels
o 2nd reaction- thirst restores osmolality
o 3rd reaction- ANP- excretion of NaCl by kidney
Volume Homeostasis
o Detection system: heart atrium, carotid sinus, aortic archNST- creates baroreceptor reflex
o Reaction: kidney makes rennin and the angiotensin II creates aldosterone in adrenal cortex ,
aldosterone acts on kidney and also stimulates SFO to make AVP
o Osmotic dilution less thirst and AVP secretion
Thirst
o Detection System: stimulated by cellular dehydration when ECF osmolality is increased,
forebrain osmoreceptors response to increases in osmoality
o Reaction: AVP
o Modulatory- gastric distention, inhibition from oropharinx, stomach, and memory
2. Leptin
3.CCK
Dual Center Hypothesis
o 1. VLH- hunger center
Lesion cause- less parasympathetic tone, less gastric emptying and insulin secretion
Disprove: cannot digest or absorb so not hungry
o 2. VMH- satiety center
Lesion causes reduces sympathetic and increases parasympathetic- more fat storage and
reduces duration of satiety
Disprove:
o OVERALL: problems with motor and sensorimotor integration
CNS Control for Feeding
o Brainstem: NST and AP receives input from stomach, GI, pancreas, liver- sends projections to
thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, gustatory
o Hypothalamus: works with limbic system to integrate taste, memory, emotion, environment
ARCUATE DETECTS ADIPOSE, FOOD INTAKE
Uses insulin, and leptin signals
Peptides released by hypothalamus: a-MSH, ACTH, NPY, AgRP
o Catabolic Peptides
1. Oxytocin
2.CRH, ACTH
o Anabolic Peptides
1. Orexin A
2.Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)
LECTURE 4-2- SLEEP
Stages and characteristics of sleep
o Sleep is characterized by:
1. Lying down
2. Increased sensory threshold
3.decreased motor output
4.dreaming
o Awake:
Thought: logical and progressive
Movement: continuous and voluntary
Sensation and perception vivid and externally generated
o nonREM
thought: logical and perserverative
movement: episodic and involuntary
sensation and perception: dull and absent
how many stages: 4
cannot be awakened, early in sleep
o REM
Thought: illogical and bizarre
Movement: commanded but inhibited
Sensation and perception: vivid, internally generated
Autonomic changes, REM, paralysis, and dreaming
o how long is each cycle: 90-100 minutes
Development of the concept of sleep
Audines curse- brainstem turns off when you sleep so you have to use machine to breathe
for you
o Peripheral sleep apnea- mechanical airway collapse during sleep (there are neural signals but no
room to breathe)- lots of snoring
Positive pressure mask during sleep
Motor disturbances in sleep
o nonREM motor disturbances- activation of central motor pattern generators- usually in young people
sleep walking, talking, tooth grinding, night terrors
o REM sleep behavior disorder- failure of motor inhibition during REM (older)
Usually problem with pontine tegmentum
Functions of sleep
o 1. Rest and restoration replenish glycogen stores
No sleep= eat more and lose weight, less thermoregulation
o 2. Immune function- NREM gives endogenous cytokines and bacterial antigens
o 3. Normal development-NREM sleep gives neuroendocrine activity- REM sleep patterns promote
development
o 4. Energy conservation/safety from predators- decreased activity and congregation with others
o 5. Memory consolidation- REM increases when learning and deprivation of REM impairs learning