List of Experiments.

1. BJT Current Series Feedback.

2. Op-Amp Voltage Shunt Feedback.
3. Wien Bridge Oscillator with Op-amp.
4. Hartley Colpitts Oscillators with Op-amp.
5. Square & Triangular Wave Generator with OpAmps.
6. First Order Band Pass Active Filter.
7. Class-AB Push-Pull Power Amplifier.
8. Buck Switch mode Power Supply.
9. Boost Switch mode Power Supply.
10. Analog to Digital Converter using ADC 0808.
11. Digital to Analog Converter DAC 0808.

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CURRENT-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: To measure the voltage gain of current - series feedback amplifier.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

R = 100, RE = 1.5K,

RS= RL = 4.7K

R 1 = 1M (Set Ic = 1ma), CC = 10F,

CE = 100F, VCC = 10V, Transistor - BC 547

1. To remove feedback, Short R.
2. By varying R, one can change the feedback.
Procedure

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1. Determine the Voltage Gain, Input, Output Impedances and BW,

with and without Feedback. Observe the changes in values.
2. Find the gain at 5 KHz.

Multiply it with 0.707.

Increase the

frequency till you get the same value. It is f 2. Repeat the same till
you get low frequency f1.

Current Shunt Feedback

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R = 100, RE = 1.5K, RS = RL = 4.7K, R1 = 1M (Set Ic = 1ma), CC = 10F, CE

= 100F, VCC = 10V, Transistors - BC 547
Follow the same procedure as shown above.

Voltage-shunt feedback amplifier

(Inverting Amplifier with Feedback).

You cannot find the Gain without Feedback in this case. But you can vary
the amount of feedback by changing RF. Ri& R o cannot be determined.

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Voltage Shunt

RF = 47K,RE = 1.5K, RS = RL = 4.7K, R1 = 1M (Set Ic = 1ma)

CC = C = 10F, CE = 100F, VCC = 10V
Follow the same procedure as shown above.

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Wien- Bridge Oscillator

R 1 = R2 = 1.5k, C1 = C 2 = 0.1F, f0 = 1KHz. R i= 1K, RF = 4.7K Pot.

1. Adjust the Pot till you get a clean Sine Wave.
2. For various values of R or C determine the frequency of oscillation.
3. The Wien Bridge will produce Zero phase shift at only at
resonance frequency determined from above formula. At all other
frequencies, a different phase angle which will not satisfy the
Barkhausen criteria hence all other frequencies oscillations die down.

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The Colpitts oscillator

The Hartley oscillator

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Triangular/rectangular wave generator.

R3 = 1K, R1 = 12K, R2 = 180 , C = 0.1F, f = 1KHz.
=

A is a comparator. Assume that the comparator output is +Vsat. The voltage at

point P = Vsat(R2/R 1). During this time, the integrator output is steadily falling.
When the ramp voltage at P equals with Vsat X R2/R1, comparator switches to
opposite saturation level.
(R 2/R3) =
P/P V ramp = 2VSat . The P/P swing of both the waveforms is as shown in
fig. Square wave between +Vsat to V sat, & Triangular wave is between
V sat to Vsat.

Sawtooth wave generator:

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The difference between the triangular and sawtooth waveform is that the rise time of the
triangular wave is always equal to its fall time while in sawtooth wave generator, rise time may
be much higher than its fall time, or vice versa. The triangular wave generator can be
converted into a sawtooth wave generator by injecting a variable dc voltage into the non-inverting
terminal of the integrator. This can be done by using a potentiometer as shown in figure. When the
wiper of the potentiometer is at the Centre, the output will be a triangular wave since the duty cycle
is 50 %. If the wiper moves towards -V, the rise time of the sawtooth becomes longer than the fall
time. If the wiper moves towards +V, the fall time becomes more than the rise time.

R1

R3=1K

Procedure:
1. Vary C & find out the frequency.
2. V o1 is Square wave & Vo2 is Sawtooth/Triangular Wave.

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5 Volt Output Switching Regulator using LM2575

Aim: Design and verify the operation of 5 volt output switching regulator
using LM2575.
Apparatus: LM2575, 47 uF, 330 uF, 120 uH, varactor diode ERB81-004, 030 v power supply.
The LM2575 series of regulators are monolithic integrated circuits that

provide all the active functions for a stepdown (buck) switching regulator,
capable of driving a 1A load with excellent line and load regulation. These
devices are available in fixed output voltages of 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 15V, and an
adjustable output version. Requiring a minimum number of external
components, these regulators are simple to use and include internal
frequency compensation and a fixed-frequency oscillator.
The LM2575 series offers a high-efficiency replacement for popular threeterminal linear regulators. It substantially reduces the size of the heat sink,
and in many cases no heat sink is required. A standard series of inductors
optimized for use with the LM2575 are available from several different
manufacturers. This feature greatly simplifies the design of switch-mode
power supplies.
Other features include a guaranteed 4% tolerance on output voltage
within specified input voltages and output load conditions, and 10% on
the oscillator frequency. External shutdown is included, featuring 50 A
(typical) standby current. The output switch includes cycle-by-cycle
current limiting, as well as thermal shutdown for full protection under
fault conditions.
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5V to 12V Boost Converter using LM2577

Aim: Design and verify the operation of 5v to 12v boost converter using
LM 2577.
Apparatus: LM2577, IN5822, 220 uF/35v, 0.33 uF, 2.2 K, 100 uH, 18 K,
2K, 1000uF/50v, 0.1 uF, Power supply.
The LM1577/LM2577 are monolithic integrated circuits that provide all of
the power and control functions for step-up (boost), flyback, and forward
converter switching regulators. The device is available in three different
output voltage versions: 12V, 15V, and adjustable. Requiring a minimum
number of external components, these regulators are cost effective, and
simple to use.
Pin Diagram

Operation
The LM2577 turns its output switch on and off at a frequency of 52 kHz,
and this creates energy in the inductor (L). When the NPN switch turns on,
the inductor current charges up at a rate of VIN/L, storing current in the
inductor. When the switch turns off, the lower end of the inductor flies
above VIN, discharging its current through diode (D) into the output
capacitor (COUT) at a rate of (VOUT VIN)/L. Thus, energy stored in the
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inductor during the switch on time is transferred to the output during the
switch off time. The output voltage is controlled by the amount of energy
transferred which, in turn, is controlled by modulating the peak inductor
current. This is done by feeding back a portion of the output voltage to the
error amp, which amplifies the difference between the feedback voltage
and a 1.230V reference. The error amp output voltage is compared to a
voltage proportional to the switch current (i.e., inductor current during the
switch on time). The comparator terminates the switch on time when the
two voltages are equal, thereby controlling the peak switch current to
maintain a constant output voltage.

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Digital to Analog Converter

Typical DACs are available in either current output (IDAC) or voltage

output (VDAC) configurations. While the voltage output VDACs are more
convenient to implement, they tend to be slower and more expensive than
their current output counterparts (refer to figure 3-1 for a VDAC example).
Therefore, for high-speed applications, circuit designers usually choose
current output IDACs and then use a high-speed op-amp to provide the I-V
conversion at the output of the DAC. For some low cost applications, an
IDAC with a simple RC filter on its output is often enough to meet certain
non-demanding, high-input impedance applications.
Mathematical analysis of the DAC circuit is as follows:
Resolution of the DAC:
1. Number of bits
2. V ref
Equation #1: DAC resolution = Vref/( 2n-1)
Vref = the DAC reference voltage
n = No. of bits (e.g., 8-bit DAC)
Resolution = 5V / 256 = 19.5 mV
This means that the smallest analog voltage step size that can be
represented by the DAC with a
V ref = 5V is 19.5 mV.
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To determine Vout for any binary value input:

Equation #2: Vout = Vref (N / 2n)
Where: Vout is the DACs output voltage
(After IV conversion with an IDAC or the Vout of a VDAC)
Vref = the DAC reference voltage
N = is the decimal equivalent to the binary input value
n = No. of bits accommodated by the DAC (e.g., 8-bit DAC=256)
If we close the switch for only the LSB (S0 in figure 3-1, binary value =
00000001) we should see approximately 20 mV at the output, because:
5V (1/256) = 19.5 mV
With all 8 switches closed (i.e., binary value = 11111111) we should see
approximately
5V (255 / 256) = 4.98V at the output (this is illustrated in figure)
Result:
Review Questions:
1) What is the name for this type of DAC?
2) The output voltage is the ---------- sum of all the input voltages in this circuit.
3) List the other types of DACs that are available?

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Analog to Digital Converter

Aim: To design and verify Analog to digital converter operation
Apparatus: ADC 0808, LEDs, Function generator, connecting wires
Theory: The ADC 0808 is an 8-bit A-to-D converter, having data lines D0D7. It works on the principle of successive approximation. It has a total of
eight analogue input channels, out of which any one can be selected using
address lines A, B and C. Here, in this case, input channel IN0 is selected
by grounding A, B and C address lines.
Usually the control signals EOC (end of conversion), SC (start
conversion), ALE (address latch enable) and OE (output enable) are
interfaced by means of a microprocessor. However, the circuit shown here
is built to operate in its continuous mode without using any
microprocessor. Therefore the input control signals ALE and OE, being
active-high, are tied to Vcc (+5 volts). The input control signal SC, being
active-low, initiates start of conversion at falling edge of the pulse, whereas
the output signal EOC becomes high after completion of digitization. This
EOC output is coupled to SC input, where falling edge of EOC output acts
as SC input to direct the ADC to start the conversion.
As the conversion starts, EOC signal goes high. At next clock pulse EOC
output again goes low, and hence SC is enabled to start the next conversion.

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Thus, it provides continuous 8-bit digital output corresponding to

instantaneous value of analogue input. The maximum level of analogue
input voltage should be appropriately scaled down below positive reference
(+5V) level. The ADC 0808 IC requires clock signal of typically 550 kHz,
which can be easily derived from an astable multivibrator, constructed
using 7404 inverter gates.
In order to visualize the digital output, the row of eight LEDs (LED1
through LED8) have been used, wherein each LED is connected to
respective data lines D0 through D7. Since ADC works in the continuous
mode, it displays digital output as soon as analogue input is applied. The
decimal equivalent digital output value D for a given analogue input
voltage Vin can be calculated from the relationship.

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