Herbologia, Vol. 14, No.

1, 2014

DOI 10.5644/Herb.14.1.01

ALIEN FLORA OF HUTOVO BLATO NATURAL PARK

(SOUTH BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA)
Semir Maslo

Lundkerskolan Gislaved Sweden E-mail: semmas@edu.gislaved.se

Abstract

The bibliography of alien plant taxa in Bosnia and Herzegovina is

not abundant. There are no published complete lists or analysis of alien
flora in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole. Therefore, information on
the alien species present in Bosnia and Herzegovina is incomplete. Only
sporadic and, in many cases, accidental records concerning adventive/neophyte plant taxa exist.
In this study alien flora of the Hutovo Blato Natural Park was analysed. It numbers 49 taxa, which equals 7.67% of the complete flora of
Hutovo Blato Park. Alien taxa present exclusively in crops were not analysed in this work. The most common family is Asteraceae s. l. (10 taxa,
20%), followed by Poaceae (9 taxa, 18%). The predominant life forms are
therophytes (63%) and phanerophytes (17%). According to the naturalization status, the most dominant are invasive taxa (47%). Most non-native
taxa originate in the Americas (51%), followed by those that originate in
Asia and Mediterranean, each 20%. Many of these species are herbaceous
annuals, many of which are regarded as weeds.
Keywords: alien flora, invasive plants, weeds, Hutovo Blato, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction
The natural park of Hutovo Blato includes part of the sunken so
called lower Neretva pool, which lies along the mountain Dinara direction. The area is, except from the NW side, completely closed of with
karst-mountains. The Hutovo Blato Park is situated 20 km inland from the
Adriatic Sea in the south part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This area was
classified as a natural park in 1995. It was listed in the Ramsar Convention as international protected wetland in 2001. The total area of Hutovo
Blato Park covers 74 km2. The geology consists mostly of Cretaceous and
Eocene limestone (Hafner et al., 2013). The climate is sub-Mediterranean,
with short mild winters, usually without snow, and long hot summers.

S. Maslo

As stated in to the Biogeographic Map of Europe (Rivas-Martnez et

al., 2004), Hutovo Blato is in the Euro-Siberian Region, Alpino-Caucasion
Subregion, Apennino-Balkan Province, and Illyrian sector. With respect to
natural vegetation this area belongs to the Sub-Mediterranean vegetation
zone of hop and oriental hornbeam forest (the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis
Horvat 1954 emend. 1958 alliance), mainly communities of shrub forest of
pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam (the Querco-Carpinetum orientalis
Horvati 1939 association) (Hafner et al., 2013). Two principal types of
ecosystems predominate in the park, the aquatic (60% of the total surface
area of the park) and the terrestrial (Jasprica & Cari, 2002).
According to data available in Overview and status of Biological
and Landscape Diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Redi et al., 2008)
4569 taxa of vascular flora have been registered on the territory of Bosnia
and Herzegovina. Based on available records, it is estimated that in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina occur more than 500 alien species, of which
many got adapted in natural habitats. A significant number of them lives
only in crops (Redi et al., 2008). The flora of the natural park of Hutovo
Blato has been poorly investigated. There are no published complete lists or
analysis of the flora of the area. Some published data exist, but only on the

Figure 1. Location and boundaries of the researched area

(map by ili, 2006)

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina)

water and marsh vegetation (Baji, 1954; Riter-Studnika, 1975; Jerkovi,

1978; Bjeli, 1985, 1988; Jasprica, 2002, 2003, 2009; ili, 2006).
Since the 1950s a few works giving findings of alien flora from various areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been published (Korica, 1952,
1957; Bjeli, 1954, 1986; Slavni, 1960, 1964; ili, 1972, 1973, 2000;
Abadi, 1986/87; Mii, 1998; oljan, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004; Petrovi,
2003, 2011; Vojnikovi, 2009; Maslo, 2010, 2012). There are no published
complete lists or analyses of alien flora of the Hutovo Blato Park or in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole. This work contains the first preliminary
list and analysis of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato Park.
According to all acquired literature data (see References), and my own
field observations, in the preliminary list of vascular flora the natural park
of Hutovo Blato consist of 639 taxa. Voucher material is deposited in the
Herbarium of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SARA).
Materials and methods
This study is based on all acquired literature data and the authors
field investigations from the spring 1998 to the end of 2013.
Plant nomenclature follows Nikoli (2013) and the taxa that are not
listed in the above mentioned source were adjusted according to the database GRIN Taxonomy for Plants (2013). In this work is perceived Asteraceae family in a broader sense (sensu lato).
In the list of alien flora (Appendix 1), taxa were listed in alphabetic
order. Designations for: family, life form, invasion status, history, origin
and first records. The life-form categories follow Raunkiaer (1934), Pignatti (1982), Dikli (1984) and marked with the standard abbreviations in
the list of urban flora: Ch (Chamaephytes), G (Geophytes), H (Hemmicriptophytes), Hy (Hydrophytes), P (Phanerophytes) and T (Therophytes).
Data about the geographic origin of alien taxa were taken mostly
from the available literature (see References).
The terminology presented below has been adapted from Richardson et al. (2000), Pyek et al. (2004), Bori et al. (2008) and Miti et al.
(2008). All taxa are classified into three categories depending on the degree of their naturalization: casual taxa (CAS.), naturalized non-invasive
taxa (NAT.) and naturalized invasive taxa (INV.), and archaeophytes (arc.)
and neophytes (neo.) with respect to the residence time.
- ALIEN (NON-NATIVE, NON-INDIGENOUS, INTRODUCED)
PLANTS. Plant taxa in a given area whose presence there is due to
intentional or accidental introduction as a result of human activity.

S. Maslo

- CASUAL (TRANSIENT, EPHEMERAL) PLANTS. Alien plants

that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally in an area, but
which do not form self-replacing populations, and which rely on
repeated introductions for their persistence.
- NATURALIZED PLANTS. Alien plants that reproduce consistently and sustain populations over many life cycles without direct
intervention by humans; they often recruit offspring freely, usually close to adult plants, and do not necessarily invade natural,
seminatural or human-made ecosystems.
- INVASIVE PLANTS (PLANT INVADERS). Naturalized plants
that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers,
at considerable distances from parent plants, and thus have the
potential to spread over a large area.
- archaeophytes, established non-native plants introduced intentionally or unintentionally before 1500 A.D.
- neophytes, non-native plants introduced intentionally or unintentionally after 1500 A.D.
Analysis of the alien flora
The list of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato contains a total of 49 taxa,
which is 7.67% of the complete flora (639 taxa). Representatives of alien
flora belongs to 42 genera and 25 families. Gymnospermae are present witt
only one taxa, Cupressus sempervirens L. Angiospermae are presents with
48 taxa, with a distinct domination of Dicotyledones (38 taxa, 77.55%)
over Monocotyledones (10 taxa, 20.41%), see Tab. 1.
Table 1. Taxonomic analysis of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato
Gymnospermae
TAXA
Families
Genera
Species &
subspecies

Angiospermae
Dicotyledones Monocotyledones

No. of
taxa

No. of
taxa

No. of
taxa

1
1

4.00
2.38

22
32

88.00
76.19

2
9

8.00
21.43

2.04

38

77.55

10

20.41

Total
No.
of
%
taxa
25 100
42 100
49

100

According to the number of taxa, the most abundant family is Asteraceae with 10 taxa (20.41%), followed by Poaceae (9 taxa, 18.37%), see
4

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Tab. 2. The most abundant genera are Amaranthus, Bidens, Euphorbia,

Medicago, Solanum, Sorghum and Xantthium (two taxa) while the other
genera are represented with two only one taxa.
Table 2. The most abundant families in the alien flora of Hutovo Blato
Families
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Fabaceae
Solanaceae
Brassicaceae
Amaranthaceae
Euphorbiaceae

No. taxa
10
9
3
3
2
2
2

% of total flora (49)

20.41
18.37
6.12
6.12
4.08
4.08
4.08

Analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato

(Tab. 3.) showed that the most plants originated from the Americas (25
taxa, 51.02%), among which most originate from North America (15 taxa).
Plants that originate from Asia and Mediterranean are also significantly
represented (10 taxa each, 20.41%).
Table 3. Analysis of the geographical origin
of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato
Geografic region/subregion
AFRICA
AMERICA
Central & South America
North America
North & South America
South America
ASIA
Asia
Central Asia
East Asia
South-West Asia
West Asia
MEDITERRANEAN
UNKNOWN ORIGIN
TOTAL

No. of taxa
1
15
1
8
1
3
4
1
1

1
25

%
2.04
51.02

10

20.41

10
3
49

20.41
6.12
100.00

Analysis of life-forms of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato (Fig. 2.)

shows the domination of therophytes with 31 taxa (63.27%), followed by
phanerophytes with 8 taxa (16.33%), while the least abundant are chamaephytes and hydrophytes with only one taxa (2.04%).
5

S. Maslo

Figure 2. Life-form spectrum of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato

Figure 3. Degree of naturalization of alien flora of Hutovo Blato

According to the degree of naturalization the most prominent are
invasive plants with 23 taxa (46.94%), followed by naturalized plants with
17 taxa (34.69%). There were 9 taxa (18.37%) of casual plants, see Fig. 3
Due to the scheme proposed by Richardson et al. (2000) and Pyek
et al. (2004), 23 taxa of alien flora of Hutovo Blato can be classified as
invasive (Appendix 1).
6

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Figure 4. Some alien species in the flora of Hutovo Blato: a. Abutilon

theophrasti Medic. b. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. c. Artemisia verlotiorum
Lamotte d. Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron e. Bidens subalternans DC.
f. Cuscuta campestris Yunck g. Euphorbia nutans Lag h. Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn i. Vinca major L. (Photo: Semir Maslo).

S. Maslo

Results and discussion

The alien flora of Hutovo Blato consists of 49 taxa, made up by
20 archaeophytes (40.82%) and 29 neophytes (59.18%), see Appendix 1,
and form 7.67% of the total vascular plant diversity ever recorded there.
Among 49 taxa, 9 (18.37%) are classified as casual, 17 (34.69%) as naturalized but non-invasive, and 23 (46.94%), as invasive (Fig. 3). Among
casual taxa 44.44% are neophytes and 55.56% archaeophytes, the corresponding figures being 23.53% and 76.47%, respectively, for naturalized,
and 91.30% and 8.70% for invasive taxa (Appendix 1). From this it follows that invasive taxa are strongly over-represented among neophytes.
Many of alien species are herbaceous annuals, many of which are regarded as weeds. The number of taxa with a short life cycle is particularly
evident in the highly anthropized habitats and conditions of the Mediterranean climate. In recent decades the most serious source of noxious weeds
is through accidental introductions from other floristic regions, especially
North America (Quezel, 1990).
These include dangerous weed species, some of which appear to be
in the initial stages of expansion. Most of these thrive in habitats closely
associated with man e.g., along roadsides and in settlements, like Euphorbia nutans Lag., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Bidens subalternans
DC., Bromus catharticus Vahl., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., Cuscuta
campestris Yunker., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Euphorbia maculata L.,
Euphorbia nutans Lag. and Xantthium spinosum L. Other thrive along
riverbanks of the Krupa river, channels, and wet gravel pits, like Ambrosia artemisifolia L., Artemisia verlotiorum L., Aster squamatus (Spreng.)
Heiron., Bidens frondosa L., Helianthus tuberosus L., Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. and Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. italicum (Moretti)
D.Lve.
The majority of taxa listed above are also recognized as alien in
neighbouring Dalmatia and possibly invaded Hutovo Blato area from
there. Other taxa, such as Ambrosia artemisifolia L., Bidens frondosa L.,
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. was mainly distributed in the northern parts
of the country. According to ari et al. (2011), Sorghum halepense (L.)
Pers. and Ambrosia artemisifolia L. spread from the Posavina (in the north)
to the south, in the last few decades.
Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. covers large area of Hutovo
Blato. It has already spread over such a wide area that it endangers native species, and it even edifies specific association Cypero-Paspaletum
digitarii(=distichi) (Horvati 1954). This association grows on habitats

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina)

that are regularly flooded in summer. It forms narrow strips around Lake
Deran. It borders with the ass. Dichostyli-Fimbristyletum dichotomae. In
both associations, the accompanying species neophyte Paspalum paspalodes has great constancy (Jasprica & Cari, 2002).
The species Ambrosia artemisifolia L. grows in ruderal vegetation
along Krupa River near Karaotok. It was recorded on a small area and is
not yet considered a dangerous weed in this moment. Bidens frondosa L.
covers large areas along the Krupa River banks and displace natural vegetation. It has also been spreading over ruderal areas and lake shores of
Lake krka. Its spreading in this region will require particular attention in
the future.
Artemisia verlotiorum L., Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Heiron. and
Bidens subalternans DC. appears quite frequently on ruderal habitats
(along roads, on embankments). Only isolated populations were noticed.
Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. have been spotted in abundant populations in
a large number of locations, especially in the maize field, creating areas of
dangerous weed.
Other species were recorded individually or in small groups and are
not regarded as dangerous weeds so far.
Conclusions
In the total of 49 taxa of alien plants which were the object of this research, 35 of them were stated for the first time for the flora of the Hutovo
Blato Natural Park. The findings from the area of Hutovo Blato are of
special interest because the available data about alien flora for this area
are really rare. Also, these include dangerous weed species, some of which
appear to be in the initial stages of expansion.
In general, taxa with potentially most negative influence of natural habitats in the area of Nature Park are Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.)
Scribn. and Bidens frondosa L.
The numerous new localities of the alien taxa covered by this research in the area of Hutovo Blato contribute to the better knowledge of
their present distribution as well as of the dynamics of their expansion in
Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the future, if the anthropogenic influence in
the area of Nature Park increases, further distribution of alien plants can
be expected.

S. Maslo

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INV

arc

As-E

JERKOVI 1978

Simaroubaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae

P
T
T
T
H

INV
NAT
INV
INV
INV

neo
neo
neo
neo
neo

As-E
Am-S
Am-N
Am-N
As-E

MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
JASPRICA 2002
MASLO 2009
JASPRICA 2010

7. Arundo donax L.
8. Aster squamatus (Spreng.)
Heiron
9. Avena sativa L.
10. Bidens frondosa L.
11. Bidens subalternans DC.
12. Brassica rapa L.ssp. rapa
13. Bromus catharticus Vahl.
14. Canabis sativa L.
15. Consolida regalis S. F. Gray
16. Conyza canadensis (L.)
Cronq.
17. Cupressus sempervirens L.
18. Cuscuta campestris Yunker
19. Datura stramonium L.

Poaceae
Asteraceae

G
T

NAT
INV

arc
neo

As-C.
Am-C&S

MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009

Poaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Brassicaceae
Poaceae
Cannabaceae
Ranunculaceae
Asteraceae

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

CAS
INV
INV
CAS
NAT
NAT
NAT
INV

arc
neo
neo
arc
neo
arc
arc
neo

Unknown
Am-N
Am-S
M
Am-S
As-C
M
Am-N

MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
JASPRICA 2002

Cupressaceae
Cuscutaceae
Solanaceae

P
T
T

CAS
INV
INV

arc
neo
neo

M
Am-N
Am-N

MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009

20. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

21. Elodea canadensis Michx

Poaceae
Hydrocharitaceae

T
Hy

INV
INV

neo
neo

As
Am-N

MASLO 2009
JASPRICA 2002

22. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.

ssp. annuus
23. Euphorbia maculata L.

Asteraceae

INV

neo

Am-N

MASLO 2009

Euphorbiaceae

INV

neo

Am-N

MASLO 2009

Ailanthus altisima (Mill.) Sw.

Amaranthus deflexsus L.
Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Ambrosia artemisifolia L.
Artemisia verlotiorum L.

12

Origin

Malvaceae

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Taxon

History

Invasion
status

1. Abutilon theophrasti Medik.

No. of
taxo

Family

Lifeform

Appendix 1. Alien flora of Hutovo Blato

1st record/author

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina)

24. Euphorbia nutans Lag

25. Helianthus tuberosus L.
26. Ipomaea purpurea Roth.
27. Laurus nobilis L.
28. Medicago arabica (L.) Huds.
29. Medicago sativa L.
30. Morus alba L.
31. Oxalis dillenii Jacq.
32. Panicum miliaceum L.
33. Papaver rhoeas L.
34. Parthenocissus quinquefolia
(L.) Planchon.
35. Paspalum paspalodes
(Michx.) Scribn.
36. Portulaca oleracea L.
37. Prunus dulcis (Mill.)
D.A.Webb
38. Punica granatum L
39. Robinia pseudoacacia L.
40. Sinapis arvensis L.
41. Solanum lycopersicum L.
42. Solanum tubersom L.
43. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
44. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.
45. Veronica persica Poir.
46. Vinca major L.
47. Xantthium spinosum L.
48. Xanthium strumarium L. ssp.
italicum (Moretti) D. Lve
49. Zea mays L.

Euphorbiaceae
Asteraceae
Convolvulaceae
Lauraceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Moraceae
Oxalidaceae
Poaceae
Papaveraceae
Vitaceae

T
G
T
P
T
H
P
H
T
T
P

NAT
INV
CAS
NAT
NAT
NAT
NAT
NAT
NAT
NAT
INV

neo
neo
neo
arc
arc
arc
arc
neo
arc
arc
neo

Am-N
Am-N
Am-S
M
M
Unknown
As-E
Am-N
As-C
M
Am-N

MASLO 2009
JASPRICA 2010
MASLO 2009
FIALA 1893
JASPRICA 2002
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
JASPRICA 2002
MASLO 2009

Poaceae

INV

neo

Am-N

BAJI 1954

Portulacaceae
Rosaceae

T
P

NAT
NAT

arc
arc

M
M

MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009

Punicaceae
Fabaceae
Brassicaceae
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Apocynaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae

P
P
T
T
G
T
G
T
Ch
T
T

NAT
INV
NAT
CAS
CAS
CAS
INV
INV
CAS
INV
INV

arc
neo
arc
neo
neo
arc
arc
neo
arc
neo
neo

As-SW
Am-N
Unknown
Am-S
Am-S
Af
M
As -W
M
Am-S
Am-N&S

BJELI 1985
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
JASPRICA 2002
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
BECK et al. 1967
MASLO 2009
MASLO 2009
BAJI 1954

Poaceae

CAS

neo

Am-S

MASLO 2009

13