CHEMISTRY LAB PROJECT

UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES

Submitted to:Mr. SAKAIT DUTTA

Course
:B.Tech. Chemical
nd
Semester :2
Batch
:B2

Submitted by:SIDHARTH KWATRA(62)

KASHISH DHAMIJA
ABHINEK KUMAR
DEEPANSHU KANJOLIA

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of our individuals and organizations. I would
like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebted to Mr. SAKAIT DUTTA for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project
& also for their support in completing the project.
We would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of
UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES for their kind co-operation
and encouragement which help us in completion of this project.
We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to industry persons
for giving such attention and time.
Our thanks and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing the project
and people who have willingly helped us out with their abilities.

INDEX
S.No.

TOPIC

1.

Preface

2.

Introduction

3.

Objective

4.

Theory

3-5

5.
6.

Observations and Calculations

Results

Page No.

6-13
14

PREFACE
Our project provides complete information on the topic
COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF WATER AND THEIR
CHARATISATION and maximum efforts have been taken to make
the project more comprehensive and lucid to understand. Our project
covers a variety of sub topics like HARDNESS, ALKALINITY, PH
METRY, and CONDUCTIMETRY. The project collects different samples
of water and then the above mentioned experiments are performed on
the sample to get the results. The conclusions are drawn from these
observations and at last there are some precautions to be taken
during performing the experiment.

INTRODUCTION:Due to increasing level of pollution in the present conditions the

water quality is exponentially falling .The carbonate and
hydrogencarbonate levels in water is increasing due to which there is
corresponding shift in ALKALINITY and HARDNESS of water. In
addition of change in hardness and alkalinity there is also a shift in ph
and conductivity of water because of the presence of acid content in
the sample. The aim of the experiments performed is to analysis the
quality of water sample and the compare their values to give an
overall view of the quality of different samples collected.

OBJECTIVE:Collection of various water samples and their characterization.

THEORY:
For hardness:
The amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in water is the hardness
of water. Erichrome Black T gives a wine red unstable complex with
calcium ions and magnesium ions present in hard water around pH 10 .
This wine red complex on titration against standard EDTA solution changes
black to blue.

For alkalinity:
The alkalinity in water is due to the presence of hydroxyl ion , carbonate
ion, bicarbonate ion present in given sample of water. These can be
estimated separately by titration against standard acid (HCL), using
phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators.

Phenolphthalein

Methyl Orange

For conductometry:
Electrolytic conduction is a measure of the ability of a solution to carry
electric current. In these water samples some ion are there which are
responsible for conduction. These ions are hydronium ions, carbonate
ions, hydroxyl ions.

For phmetry:
In order to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, one can use
hydrogen ion concentration. The PH of a solution is defined as negative log
of hydrogen ion concentration. Because the water samples was having
hydrogen ions therefore they were having PH.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:For Alkalinity

For sample 1:
S.no Volume of water
sample
1.
2.
3.

10 ml
10 ml
10 ml

Volume of HCL used

Phenolphthalein
(ml)
0
0
0

Volume of HCL used

Methyl orange (ml)

Volume of HCL used

Phenolphthalein
(ml)
0
0
0

Volume of HCL used

Methyl orange (ml)

0.5
0.5
1.1

For sample 2:
S.no Volume of water
sample
1.
2.
3.

10 ml
10 ml
10 ml

0.7
0.7
1.1

For sample 3:
S.no Volume of water
sample
1.
2.
3.

10 ml
10 ml
10 ml

Volume of HCL used

Phenolphthalein
(ml)
0
0
0

Volume of HCL used

Methyl orange (ml)
1.7
1.6
1.6

For sample 4:
S.no Volume of water
sample
1.
10 ml
2.
10 ml
3.
10 ml

Volume of HCL used

Phenolphthalein(ml)
0
0
0

Volume of HCL used

Methyl orange(ml)
0.5
0.5
0.7

When P<M/2:
In samples 1, 2, 3 ,4 volume of HCL used for phenolphthalein is 0. Hence no
carbonate ions are present there:
In all the samples bicarbonate ion is present
When P<M/2:
Standard HCL equivalent to bicarbonate ion= M ml
Normality of water w.r.t bicarbonate ion

= ((M)*N2)/V1

Hence, the strength of bicarbonate ion

= ((M)*N2*61)/V1 g/lit

Equivalent wt. of bicarbonate ion

=61g

61 g of bicarbonate ion

= 50 g of CaCO3

Strength of Bicarbonate ion terms of CaCO3 = ((M)*N2*50)/V1 g/lit

For sample 1:
Normality of water w.r.t bicarbonate ion

= ((0.5)*0.1)/10)=0.005 N

Hence, the strength of bicarbonate ion

= 0.005*61=0.305 g/lit

Strength of Bicarbonate ion terms of CaCO3 = 0.005*50=0.25 g/lit

For sample 2:
Normality of water w.r.t bicarbonate ion

= ((0.7)*0.1)/10)=0.007 N

Hence, the strength of bicarbonate ion

= 0.007*61=0.427 g/lit

Strength of Bicarbonate ion terms of CaCO3

= 0.007*50=0.35g/lit

For sample 3:
Normality of water w.r.t bicarbonate ion

= ((1.6)*0.1)/10)=0.016 N

Hence, the strength of bicarbonate ion

= 0.016*61=0.976 g/lit

Strength of Bicarbonate ion terms of CaCO3

= 0.016*50=0.8g/lit

For sample 4:
Normality of water w.r.t bicarbonate ion

= ((0.5)*0.1)/10)=0.005 N

Hence, the strength of bicarbonate ion

= 0.005*61=0.305 g/lit

Strength of Bicarbonate ion terms of CaCO3

= 0.005*50=0.25g/lit

For Hardness:
Before boiling
For sample 1
S.no
1.
2.
3.

Volume of
solution
10 ml
10 ml
10 ml

Reading of burette
Initial (ml)
final(ml)
0
2.3
2.3
3.8
3.8
5.3

Volume of EDTA
used V1(ml)
2.3
1.5
1.5

Reading of burette
Initial (ml)
final(ml)
0
1.6
1.6
3.2
3.2
5.0

Volume of EDTA
used V1 (ml)
1.6
1.6
1.8

Reading of burette
Initial(ml)
final(ml)
4
6
6
8
8
10.2

Volume of EDTA
used V1 (ml)
2
2
2.2

Reading of burette
Initial(ml)
final(ml)
0
1.5
1.5
4.5
4.5
6

Volume of EDTA
used V1 (ml)
1.5
3
1.5

For sample 2
S.no
1.
2.
3.

Volume of
solution
10 ml
10 ml
10 ml

For sample 3
S.no Volume of
solution
1.
10 ml
2.
10 ml
3.
10 ml
For sample 4
S.no Volume of
solution
1.
10 ml
2.
10 ml
3.
10 ml

After boiling
For sample 1
S.no Volume of
solution
1.
10 ml
2.
10 ml
3.
10 ml

Reading of burette
Initial(ml)
Final(ml)
10.2
11.2
11.2
12.5
12.5
13.8

Volume of EDTA
used V2 (ml)
1
1.3
1.3

Reading of burette
Initial (ml)
Final
13
14.3
14.3
15.6
15.6
18.5

Volume of EDTA
used V2 (ml)
1.3
1.3
2.9

Reading of burette
Initial
Final
18
19.5
19.5
20.5
20.5
22

Volume of EDTA
used V2 (ml)
1.5
1
1.5

Reading of burette
Initial
Final
10.2
11.2
11.2
12.5
12.5
13.8

Volume of EDTA
used V2 (ml)
1
1.3
1.3

For sample 2
S.no Volume of
solution
1.
10 ml
2.
10 ml
3.
10 ml

For sample 3
S.no Volume of
solution
1.
10 ml
2.
10 ml
3.
10 ml
For sample 4
S.no Volume of
solution
1.
10 ml
2.
10 ml
3.
10 ml

Before boiling:
For sample 1:
Total Hardness:
1.5 ml of CaCO3

= 1.5 mg of CaCO3

(1.5*1000)/10

= 1500 ppm

For sample 2:
Total Hardness:
1.6 ml of CaCO3

=1.6 mg of CaCO3

(1.6*1000)/10

=1600ppm

For sample 3:
Total Hardness:
2 ml of CaCO3

= 2.0 mg of CaCO3

(2.0*1000)/10

=2000 ppm

For sample 4:
Total Hardness:
1.5 ml of CaCO3

=1.5 mg of CaCO3

(1.5*1000)/10

=1500 ppm

After boiling:
Permanent Hardness:
For sample 1:
1 ml of CaCO3

=1.0 mg of CaCO3

(1.0*1000)/10

=1000 ppm

For sample 2:
1.3 ml of CaCO3

=1.3 mg of CaCO3

(1.3*1000)/10

=1300 ppm

For sample 3:
1.5 ml of CaCO3

=1.5 mg of CaCO3

(1.5*1000)/10

=1500 ppm

For sample 4:
1.3 ml of CaCO3

=1.3 mg of CaCO3

(1.3*1000)/10

=1300 ppm

Temporary Hardness:
For sample 1:
1500-1000

=500 ppm

For sample 2:
1600-1300

=300 ppm

For sample 3:
2000-1500

=500 ppm

For sample 4:
1500-1300

=200 ppm

Conductivity of different samples of water:

For sample 1:
Conductivity: 1.64 mS
For sample 2:
Conductivity: 1.67 mS
For sample 3:
Conductivity: 1.90 mS
For sample 4:
Conductivity: 1.63 mS

pH of different samples of water:

For sample 1:
pH

= 7.10

For sample 2:
pH

= 6.86

For sample 3:
pH

= 5.65

For sample 4:
pH

= 7.10

Result:The characteristics (alkanity,hardness,pH and conductance) of various

water sample are determined.