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UNCLASSIFIED MASTER
#

UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

. NY0-4552(DEL.)

RADIOACTrPE DEBRIS PROM OPERATIONS

UPSHOT AND KNOTHOLE

ClauiHIoatloii 9t^ng$d ] 9A)et.f^srr'fED

4^
±23:^''.
and.
Photostat Price $ / 3". /?/9

M i c r o f i l m Price S 4^. ^ g

Available from the

O f f i c e of Technical Services
Department of Commerce
Washington 25, D. C.

June 2 5 , 1954

Health and S a f e t y Laboratory-

New York Operations Office

Technical Information Service Extension, O a k RicJge, Tenn.

LEGAL NOTICE
This report wae prepared as an account of Govenunant sponsored work. Neither the Onlted
States, nor the Commlssitm, nor any peramt acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Hakes any warrant or representation, exproaaad or im|dled,with respect to the accu-
racy, completeness, or usefulaess of the information contained In this report, or that the use
of any InformaUwi, ap|>aratua, method, or process dlaclosed la this report may not infringe
privately owned rlgbta; or
B. Aosumes any UablllUes with respect to the nee of, or for damages reaulttng from the
nee of any Information, apparatus, method, or prooees dlscloaed In this report.
As used in the above, "person acting oa btbait at (he Commtaalon" includes any em-
ployee or contractor of the Commlaalon, or employee of such contractor, to Uie extent that
such employee or contractor of the Commission, or em^oyee of anch contractor prepares,
disseminates, or provides access to, any Information poranant to his employment or otmtract
with Qie Commission, or his em^oynMiit with such contractor.

I 1

lUNCLASSIFIED 3' roi

 DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an

agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
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 DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in

electronic image products. Images are produced
from the best available original document.
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TBBOEBIICAL DBCAT CURVES

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PAUJOUT AND AREA GAlOa

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IABI£3
CHAPTES 3« FINDINGS

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5*2 Particle Sise Distribution of Radioactive Dust

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APPENDIX
Al Fallout Outside Uo S« Following Each Burst,aoaaoo, 65

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTIOW

The monitoring siirrey described in this report is one of a

series coordinated by tbe Health and Safety Divisioa of the New York
Operations Office beginning with the weapons tests early in 195lo These
surveys have been mads for health ntoaitciriRg and to provid® injEbrmation
useful to the phctographi3 industry and othsrs whos-© operations are inter^
fered with by small aecuits &f radioactive contamination» Such operations
include low^larel x-daia-64.on lasasTjrementa for estimating the age of ge=
ological and arehealogisal spe-slia^r^gj, for Icsa'sing uranitim mines and oil
fields J, and for oths^ purpose a o

The report corers the astivitiss of tns National Monitoring

System for the paricd Marsh lat to June 15th;, ISiZp during which sleveEs
nuclea? devices wsr© flrsd at the Net'aia PrcTing GrcundSo

This 3U2r/^ is similar In plan to tha monitoring prcgraja for

the Spring 1952; weapons tasts-o Eefsj^^nses 2, i* aad $ S.T'B reports of
monitoring ops/'aticns ^cadacted during oths^ tsst series»

The prcgran employed a world-^id-» network of 125 sampling

locations with its gr-^at^-st l^nslty in th^ Unltsd States, It had the
cooperation of the DiT-ijicn of Blclcg7' and MtilslxiSj the Test Organs
izationp the Weathsr Buj-saifl tiie Dapar'tmsnt of
Defenses the Canadian W6aths:^ Ssi^s'icsj, th^ A-Citlc^ fBc^^ Casualty Ccm=
mission and the Civil A^ronaatlcs Admlnistratlc^'io

All but the first two in this list cf agencies provided

sampling stations ani pe^*3cnnslo Thii Ci'"ll Asrcnaiitica Administration
and the Test Organizaticn aXi«^nd5rd ccurfiesles tc our mobile teams o The
Department of Defense prcTiaed thsi •^•^SHESI^Z. fcr the teams and two air=
craft,, with crewsp for thei-f transpcrtatiorio

The Special Proi8.5ts Section of tj::.s U , S« Weather Burea-a

fUmished cloud traj«3tcry InfcnLation and forecasts» Scientists of
this section are preparing a report in which the fallout data will
be presented in ths fcra cf daily maps and analyse J in its relation,
to meteorclcgjg

.V 'S
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Chapter 2

METHODS

2.1 DESIGN OF THE PROGRAM -^

To estimate tha activity settling out of the atmosphere^

Weather Bureau personnel at 96 cities in the United States collected
daily samples by exposing one foot sqtiares of gummed cellulose acetate
filmo At a portion of the n3t"?crk<) in tha noirtlieast qaadxant of a
circle about 2000 miles in diameter5 centered at the Proving Grounds5
another typo of samples, intended to furnish estimates of radioactive
suspended matter in the air^ was also collected. The second type of
sample was a circle of filter paper through which a measured volume of
air had been drawn by a suction ptaap.

Within about 500 miles of tha test, sit® the dust cloud flrcaa a
nuclear explosion may be concentrated in a sjsall ap&cso A fixed network
in this region cannot eacnomically be mads dense enough. To improve tha
coverage, eight mobile teams of two men each were deployed after each
burst with the center team under the expected trajectory of the cloud.
The teams made radiattan measuraments and collected special samples for
particle size studies in addition to the two principal types collected
at the fixed stations.

All samples were mailed to the Health and Safety Division

laboratory. New York Operations Office where their beta activity was
measured, usually from three to ten days after ccllection.

2.2 SAMPUNG PERIODS

Tha standard sampling period for fixed stations was twen^^four

hours beginning 12830 GOT, This period applied to settled dust samples
and filtered samples. The mobile teams collected settled dust samples
for twenty~four hours or less depending on the movements of the teams.
They collected filtered dust for twenty minute periods when the readings
of their survey instruments indicated that the radioactive cloud was-
passing a At other times they collected this typ<s of sample fbr two^hour
periods. The usual period for asrotec samples was twen^-four hours and
for cascade impactor samples the period was twelve hours. The periods
for the last samples of each series were cut short by the ending of the
series, whan collections were discontinued until after the next burst.

2.3 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Bach fixed station collected settled dust samples in duplicate9

One foot squares of gummed cellulose acetate film were held in a horizontal

- 2 -

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UNCLASSIFIED

position, gummed side up, by a frame elevated three feet above the ground
or roof of the weather station. In most cases the duplicate frames were
placed six feet apart but in some cities one frame was set up at each of
two weather stations, usually at a suburban airport and in the city,.

Filtered dust samples were collected by pumping air through a

filter paper circle at the rate of approximately one cubic meter per
minute. The flow rate was read from a rotameter attached to the air
pump,

Aerotej! and cascade impactor samples (collected only by the

mobile teams) served the purpose of providing estimates of particle
size. The aerotec device is an attachment to the high volume sampler.
By imparting a rotary motion to the air entering the sampler it brings
about centrifugal separation of the dust into two fractions. The large
particles drop out of the air stream and are collected in a bottle partly
filled with water. The small particles are collected on the filter of
the high volume sampler.

The cascade impactor divides the dust of an air sample into

live flractions. The velocity of tha air stream is varied in four stages
by means of orifices and-dust is collected at each stage by impingement
on a slide coated with silicone, Dust of a fifth stage containing the
smallest particles is collected on a paper filter9

Two of the mobile teams operated automatic dust samplers. Each

sampler includes a pump which draws air through a filter paper tape 9
Every twenty minutes a fresh part of the tape is moved into position for
filterlng9 Design air flow is approximately 2 Cof,m„| thus each twenty
minute sample represents kO cubic feet or 1 cubic meter in round numbers,
Radloacti^ty of the sample is automatically measured and recorded during
the last five minutes of each twenty minute periodo

2.U MOBILE TEAM OPERATIONS

Personnel loaned by the Army were organized as a force of

ei^t two=fflan teams under the direction of a representative of the Health
and Safety Division, stationed at the Proving Grounds9

After each burst the teams were deployed in a pattern designed

to include the point of maximum airborne concentration and over a large
eliough area's© that the data would shew the diminution in activity ftom
this point outward. The pattern was based on meteorological analyses
made l^ Weather Bureau personnel at the Proving Grounds.

While waiting for assignments, the teams were stationed at

Hill Air Force Base, Ogdan, Utah, Rapid transportation in two C-ij.7
aljpcraft loaned by the Air Force usually made it possible for them to
take up their positions and begin sampling within a few hours after the
bursta

-3 -
UNCLASSIFIED

L'Q7
 UNCLASSIFIED

They collected settled and filtered dust samples and used

survey instruments to measure radiation from the grotrnd and from the
filter paper used to collect the filtered samples. The principal pur-
pose of the radiation measur^&ents was to detect the passage of the
Tadloactive cloud. On the basis of these readings the teams increased
or decreased the length of the sampling period for the filtered sample.
When meteorological information and the radiation readings indicated
that the cloud had passed and that no further significant fallout or
airborne activity was to be expected, the sampling was discontinued
and the teams returned to their base at Ogden, The time for discoo-
tinning sampling nas uocuilly about 1^ or i. aays alter the burst.

In addition to the standard filtered and settled dust sampOLas,

which were collected in the same manner as at the fixed stations but for
different sampling periods (sea section 3.2), two of the teams collected
aerotec and cascade impactor samples and operated autonatls recording
air dust samplers a

UBGLASSIFIBD

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Chapter 3

FIHDINGS

The relationships among the several kinds of data make it

Impractical to discuss each kind as it is introduced. For this reason
the results of the survey are presented in this chapter with little
coonteot and discussed in Chapter U,

3.1 CUMULATIVE FALLOUT

Figures 3,1 to 3,11 are maps of the United States showing fall-
out occurring between bursts extrapolated to Janiiary 1, 195Uo Bursts #7
and #9 were evidently responsible for much greater fallout than any of the
others. Because of this fact the arbitrary procedure of attributing all
activity to the most recent burst may have caused considerable error in
the mapped totals for bursts #8 and #10.

Figure 3al2 is a map showing total fallout for the series

extrapolated to January 1, 195^.

392 RADIOACTIVE DUST IN AIR

Airborne activity, at locations where analysis of mobile team

filtered samples demonstrated the presence of radioactive suspended
matter, is plotted against time in figures 3,13 to 3*329 The findings
are discussed in Chapter k In relation to the fallout pattern 9

Observers at fixed stations in Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Utah,

Wyoming, Colorado and California collected filtered dust for 2k hour
sampling periods beginning at I2330 GOT, The purpose was to detect any
excessive activity in the region where, on account of the expected wind
patterns, significant concentrations of suspended radioactive material
were believed most likely to occur.

Data for the five stations where the concentrations occasionally

exceeded 10 d/m/Ur are plotted against time in figures 3,35 to 3.37.
Where data are missing the graphs are shown as dashed lines.

3.3 PARTICLE SIZE

Some of the mobile stations were provided with cascade impactors

for separating airborne dust into five fractions according to particle
size. The particles of each fraction have a characteristic mass median
diameter. Assuming activity to be proportional to mass, the mass median
diameter of a sample can be computed f^om the percentages of the sample
activity in the several fractions. The procedure is to plot the cumulative

-5-
UKCLASSIFIED
i UNCLASSIFIED

distribution curve on logarithmic probability paper and read the mass

median diameter by linear interpolation from the graph, Tbble 3.1
presents the mass median diameters of samples having more activity than
100 d/m>ir3.

Parti&le ^ize classification was also effected with the

aerotec attachment'to the •Hi Volume* sampler, the pomp used for col-
lecting the unfractionated air dust samples, !Ihe aerotec Imparts to
the air a rotary motion which causes centrifugal separation of large
particles firom the stream before it passes through the paper filter
of tha «Hi Volume" sampler. ^

The aerotec sample activities and their distribution expressed

as the percentage of small particles are listed in Table 3,2, The border-
line particle size between the two fractions is estimated at 5 microns.
The activities of the individual fractions are also included in the table«

3.U DECAY DATA

Values of the exponent, I, read from logarithmic graphs of
decay data are shown in Table 3«3<> Results are listed for all the samples
which were counted for decay except those not clearly attributable to a
definite burst and therefore of unknown age.
The mean is 1,30. Only a portion of the samples from the first
and last bursts tend to confirm the figure, 1,2, which is customarily
used.

Since the observed decay rates differ from those calculated

frcmi the Way-Wigner formula, using the exponent 1,2, it is desirable
to estimate the error which the use of the formula may have introduced
into our summaries. Figures 3o38 and 3.39, semilogarithmic graphs, on
different time scales, of the activity falling out at Albany on April
26 and counted four days later, compare the effects of extrapolating
the activity on the basis of two different exponents.

Of the three curves shown, two are based on attributing the

activity to burst 7. The error due to using the exponent 1,2, If 1,35
is the correct value, is indicated by the separation of the two curves
and measured by the ratio of activities read from them, TSis ratio of
activities at the time of sanpling isCaS, By day 85, four weeks after
the burst, the ratio has increased to 1,2. By day ICOO it has become
1.8 and it increases slowly thereafter.

3.5 EFFECT OF ERROR IN ESTIMATE OF AGE

Figures 3,38 and 3,39 also illustrate the effect of at-
tributing activity to the wrong bxirst. Bie error is indicated by the
separation of the two curves identified by the exponent 1.2. Tha
-6-
UNCLASSIFIED
 UNCLASSIFIED

activity of the sample was generated by burst 7 and the ratios of cor-
responding ordinates read from the two curves measures the error which
would be committed by attributing it to burst 6,

The mistaken burst assignment results in an estimated activity

only one-third of the true value at the time of sampling. In extrapola-
ting to the future.the error is in the direction of high values and by
day 85, four weeks after burst 7, the exaggeration will be in the ratio
28l, The ratio reaches 2,7 on day ICOO and 3,0 on day ItOOO,

Figure 3ouO shows a similar pair of curves based on a 2k hour

sampla collected at Salt Lake City on the day of burst 2, The most
probable time of "occurrence of the fallout was 12 hoars after burst
since this was the tima of arrival of the mafcSmiam air concentration at
Ogden (see Fig. 3ol5) and an estimate of activity at this time based
on a misassignment to burst 1 will be only one=>twelffeh of the true
value. The same mistake will produse an estimate exaggerated by a
factor of 2 on day 300,

The samples used for illustration were collected shortly after

the bursts which they represent and thsy possessed exceptionally high
activitiesa They were chosen to show the greatest possible effect of
an erroneous btirst assignment on the cimailat-ive totals. However, it
is in Just such cases that the bxirst assignments are most reliable, and
it is 4>robable that this type of error has been confined to older a;id
less active samples which influence the totals relatively little.

3.6 COMPARISON OF AIR CONCENTRATIONS WITH FALLOUT

Settled dust samples were collected by the mobile teams

shortly after each burst and for periods of twenty-foar hours except
when cut short by the order to discontinue. Estimates of the activity
of these samples when fallout occurred are especially subject to some
of the errors discussed aboveo

The best estimate of fallout time is believed to be the time

of maximum airborne concentration. In Taible 3ok these maxima, taken
from Figures 3»13 to 3,32, are compared with settled dust activity ex-
trapolated to the times of occurrence of the peak concentrations.

Tb obtain other compariiBOES of the two types of data, the

grains of air activity at fixed stations, Figures 3,33 to 3937, are
accompanied by parallel graphs of fallout. These graphs show simul-
taneous sharp peaks. Occasionally, however, a peak in air concentration
is not accompanied by any corresponding rise in fallout and vice versa |
also, tha peaks in the paired graphs^ even when they do seem to correspond,
are not accurately synchronized. These facts complicate the problem of
correlating the two types'of data. They limit us to the qualitative
inferences that (1) either significant fallout or a significant air

-7 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED

concentration may occur without the other and (2) more often they will
occur together and when they do the fallout per square foot per day is
likely to exceed the airborne concentration per cubic meter by a factor
in the hundreds.

3.7 COMPARISON OF AREA GAMMA WITH FALLOUT

The measurements with survey instruments mady by the mobile

teams included gamma readings taken three feet above the ground. If
the radiation is duti to fallout ;Lt snoula oe proportional to the amount
of radioactive dust on the ground surfaoe at the time the reading is
made. In the absence of dist|23^ing fkctors such as rainfall and radio-
activa decay one wotild expect the falloat, as estimated from the gammed
film sample, to be proportional to the difference in the gamma readings
at the end and the beginning of the sampling period, Tb reduce the ef-
fects of these disturbing factors the maximum 2k hour gummed film result
for each mobile team operation was chosen for study and it was compared
with the maximum gamma reading of the 2k hour period, rather than with
the difference between the final and initial readings.

Figure 3,i4l is a scatter diagram showing ^h©/results of this

comparisoika The equation of the fitted line isg

Y E 0.9 + 3al r

where Y i s f a l l o u t in m i l l i o n s of d/m/ft and X i s gamma r a d i a t i o n i n

mr/hr.

-8 -.
UNCLASSIFIED
dl2
 .,^^«^^^^«^^^^^^^^,,^ji^_^^A^3fc»M^-.t>^ifctfSf^f.,... i.^.^ .^•.... . » . ^ . ^ W ^ , ^ . a ^ . , . . ^ • ^ . ^ . ^ , ^ , ^ . ^ ^ t ^ - . „ . . J i , ^ . ^ : ^ ^ t ^ ^ ivVA .,. Jj-.^.-v •,.^^- H&.i**-siv 9*,fii>. J

iillli I I .-••*a^afaiJw<Mit.jgi^
.-^..—^...i.-w.f.i£..;.A.....riti^..>.....f-^ • l i f t ' - - •'^f-« ••'feirfBrt-Ititttoiiiitfianf - . f c . t t . ^ ^ - ' v . - ,. .V a^....j...j,-^,->,,^^.,„j)^.|,^&^. ,,-...^,^._,.. ..-^^^ .^Z....

UNCIASSIFIED BOSTON

LTIMORE 1

140 j

•
U. S . ATOMIC ENERGY COIVMISSION
NE» YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

FALLOUT. BURST 1 (d/m/ff^ on 1 / 1 / 5 4 )

DATE FI6. CHECKED BY
3/17/53 3.1 0. S. Lynch
3/23/53

- 9 -
DHCLASSIFIEE

.' 1-' *4iuj"i 4i)J4'pa4ti|pi»^pHpitJww^4uwii).wmw'w^

 L . j A . . ) a - S MWMnW.--fc-.ji
, X-J L^ l . , i ^ . « h l J t W - i * - - ™ * v i > JI . ^ -u. . ^ J u - - J l -

••LMidX^- v . , . . . . . . ^ " " ^ - i f t • - - • "

UNCLASSIFIED BOSTON
CAR IBOU

WASHINGTON

U. S . ATOMIC ENERGY COIVMISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

I FALLOUT, BURST 2 ( d / m / f f * on 1 / 1 / 5 4 )
DATE
3/24/53
FIG. CHECKED BY
I>. i . Lynch MIAMI
3/30/53 3.2

- 10 -
QNCLASSIFIED
«-^'-:^ ri A

mm^ lu Hi-illHiiilMBIillWlBBag^!—
 -;&u^.v4uaL^^M 4

rr-1 ifttirrf fflimiiftf l t l r l n,rm^m ,>i.n, , -^ n M niCiT B n iirtfftlfli Jfcja^lrHiri.U , W « , „ ,tt. . „„ , , >-^ .ll-iif,» ^l&JtA*, i 'ntf-^^lftltf» ^-.-^.^ .•.-^t. ... -t.,.... . . A * - - ^ .-^ .A ...t^^tf m-^ ,•> lift.r- t M f c . » - ^ . ^ ^ S . ^ « ^ ^ . .^,i r ,.^ffi{^iftIiWdi^fty' • < . * • • • . • m,, . . i , ) •,,.,,.,,%, , •,«, ,^^ft,,i^^'Xr.^..^ .^^ ., , ^ ^ ^ ^ - . ^ ^ , . ,. ^ v . ^...^^..^^^^-^^^ ; , ) - ^ . i J ^ f ^ j ^ ^ - * ' - ^ ^ ^ - M , ^ . , . ^ . ^ . ^ . ^ . , .. . • a . , . , ^ ^ ^ . -•--- -, | ^ r r ^ t l i i i l j ^ ,, , ' f "^ I HJll r t i l l - tr' ~-^--— - " - - ^ - ^ ^ ^ -^ - r - ^ " ^ « - - - - - ' ' - — - •^•^^-^'^ ^^'^ • ..^.^^.^.^-^.-. ^ ^ ^ J..^..-u^-.^ _.. ^ ..• . -. • - . 1 . . ^. ,^ ••.,.. •...^^

U^'CLAbc^IFIED CAR IBOU

SEATTLE

WASHINGTON

U. S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

FALLOUT, BURST 3 ( d / m / f t on 1/1/54)
DATE FIG. CHECKED BY MIAMI
3'31/53 3.3 D. S. Lynch
4/5/53

-u-
UNCUSSIFIED
o " J f? r S
 irHiO-1 i l'^f^<«l^•f'^*fl^••>^ft-|-'rV—-^'*"'—^-'- • ^ C ^ 4

-""—'"-^•" — "--- '111-' -'^r-^-^ai I I I JlliMtfifiMinT^""--Ulil^t"-"^-" • ••' • •'^- •^""

'•4

U . S . ATOMIC ENERGY CONWISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

FALLOUT, BURST 4 ( d / m / f t ^ on 1 / 1 / 5 4 )
DATE FIG. CHECKED BY
4/fl/53 D. B. Lynch
4/10/53 3.4

- 12 -
UNCUSSIFIED
 - • ^ ' • - • " • • •

UNCLASSIFIED

U . S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

FALLOUT. BURST 5 ( d / m / f t ^ on 1/1/54)

DATE FIG. CHECKED BY
4/11/53 3.5 D. B. Lynch
4/17/53
-13 -
UNCLASSIFIED

H'muft' "»"""li'S j i » i ' - l . ^ " - ' i » ' t i w Jl.i.i-J'l)J"'i4ilWimi'l»WJ|»j»j.yi>iuiw)ji|.miuj«i

 /^:a£.adh&J^^>^...^

WASHINGTON
27

U . S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

FALLOUT, BURST fl ( d / m / f t ^ on 1/1/54)

DATE FIG. ICHECKED BY
4/18/53 D. B. Lynch
V24/53
-lU-

P
UNCLASSIFIKD

-II' "* II •^W-J^iU-A"»''ti"»piu«JB^MBtilM.,WIIIJJIillul4Limj.itWapBISJg,^^ -'••••"•"-' •^••\ . •• t „ ...u.,i..,t. , , u^W I't-i,..,..^, ..

 ... .IllMnii-j-mmifif iiif ...ii.iiahraiajM^iii&ix. . — . . . . ^ . . — j . ^ ^ , . ^ . - . ^ 1....J .,...,., .. •-.,!• ..^f •—i^g^,f(|ni|„r-t^..-.«..«.-.-. ..>,-,^^,.^ ' "^-"^^ •-^- • '- ^••iir^-ir^' • *• iiiniTn' i-i^^-i*^" *'^^'*^^^--•^^•ni ii iirl^i liiiitf^ [fciiii^iiii^mri i irrita^fiilit-''T'--^^^'^-'^^'^^'^^^^ tfimw ii

UNCUSSIFIED BOSTON
CAR IBOU

U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COKWISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

FALLOUT. BURST 7 (d/m/ff^ on 1/1/54)
DATE FIG. CHECKED BY
MIAMI
4/25/53 3.7 D. S. Lynch
5/7/53
-15-
UNCUSSIFIED
. ......^•.-^,•.....^iL^^i::A^^^^M^.-^^^-.>..^>., i^^^:^u,A^
^.r^umM-^^.^i^t^f^i^mmii
' S'^jKy-.a-.
iLiSi^JL.!. At .ij. lir'inliriiilii'T'-^'^"^^-^^ - -, ,-r:v^.^>f..^4ri>^.
_, ilAr«twuaL.^S« ^^ljlljllly^.>«l..^.'^^

BOSTON
UNCUSSIFIED

U. S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

FALLOUT. BURST 8 ( d / m / f f ^ on 1/1/54)

1
DATE FIG. CHECKED BY
5/aA53 3.8 D. S. Lynch
5/18/53
- 16 -
UNCUSSIFIED

pi^jiiiHw»iWlJUiyBiJiniijij»yMi'i'ii^<'ii^'»''''*'''- -''•iji.iiiy piiii»ww-ii"'J^I >•< imn' 'iimt.iri^ywiiimuiim-' IIIIJP^ III i.l'l«»il"lH«"W?^P»«liW"*>-)Wil|"<.l' 111 W « » W | I H M W p | p i ! « W H l W » « I . ipwinwww^inwtujji I w 1-1111,1 I JiJ^%ijWB)^W|W-''J^nji'-'i ^l-4 nijlil»c Wl auB^jlpiji ^1411 p j iitjmni)ii|.imii iHIWf JM^yilijJt ^mm^^^^.. i iiiiw.iii| im jiwu'ii^ fm\^'^ m 1111,11 llli^ i i y ' H i ^ f
 -.iCrf^^irfA^iC i!*t- « »JT». !«.**« ^^ .s^'J • - Jlttil^-^-V^USta.'JF *. ^ - ^ n-irSa^i^ M>»^ >». .u^.^J'^ruMnUta^

""*'^**'^''''*'^-"'"-'"^^-'^-|tTlllli'h-r li
../:• . -c^-.J.»..—-»^-,.-,->....- i,.ja,iiiMi.,.i.-,„».a.».iVs,w...,.^-L,.. , . . 1 - . . - . - . . — ^, - ^ . ^ „ i ^ . . - ^ ^ •• • .. ... . ^ , , . . . ..•• ...I.,-., f - t r f ' i l h l i i r irai rfi i , iifi.j_
""-" ^-.^ trifrliiriiij Mii-ririfiiifirnfcBiiririirniiinrYii n l ' i r'irii?iTtiiT«-.ffiffiiit4iiniiiM>f,rf7ririi,<i^tf h.^m ^ ^•fatiMt.jwt.^S' w..- ..... - . ^ ^ - .. ... ^v»i. . • • . • ^ ^ , -

UNCUSSIFIED BOSTON
CAR I BOU

U . S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

FALLOUT, BURST 9 (d/m/ff^ on 1 / 1 / 5 4 )
»
DATE FIG. loiECkED BY
5/19/53 ]). S. Lynch
5/24/53 3.9
- 17 -
UNCUSSIFIED
2u^ 9^^
 ..^^..^.^..^.i...^.2L...^<i.i^,^^-£,;...,^<>..-j^^^ > » - j:aaiilaag<^.a^tf.
a a f e f i ^ . A & i .^.
w.....«...aa.^.g-.^. . . ^ ^ . A .>.-^...^..^....... . ^ ^ - ^ . „ ^ . . ^ ^ . I . . , i . . , L > ^ , s ..^.^..•..ii.^.^^^.^A.L^iiiiu.ji^^^...-. ->^. -..., ^..^..^-d.^
tgtmumtim^ - ^ ' • ^ " - ' ^ " ' ' • ^ ^ • ^ " - ' • - " ' ' • "

BOSTON
UNCUSSIFIED

WASHINGTON

390

JACKSONVILLE
I 10

U. S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE Jjg— .,..„,,'J—>l NEW ORLEANS
PORT ARTHUR K - J * . , ,Q
72 ^ ^
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT, BURST 10 (d/m/ft^ on 1/1/54)
DATE FIG. CHECKED BY CORPUS CHRISTI
5/25/53 MIAMI
3,10 D. B. Lynch 260
e/3/53 330
- 18 -
UNCUSSIFIED

inm»wm}u,.nmmvy»y mmmn>mm^m^ pj,-ma»^» iiy •'w^iuwi.^ynjiiMHi^^ai.siJin •^^|gBi'">M»| i> nj uip^Nym .MJHJ P iij,w^.wf^i^Tp». ii» i m., ijj j.wpiwywumpiipiiJJt^Hiyi|iw 'i«iiP..i]||^ii ^ ii |limi)i.iAV,.^ ^i'.sWU^jgjI^illtM^;,'! Jtilj^lli J-^IJ^j^yM^Wt.^ l^W-'''J^'iyy'^^y''^*''^t^!JM'<ili,ltJW^J>!^ JM^l^liW^^
 ,^a~tfJ^U^'^ ^ *4**SJ.««EW, >^.™y.ji* i.«t« -IL.**J*^ *» . * ^ ^V<^tStjf^

-....-^..-.tji^ ., ^^
iifmr'imHiftwrMrriM .ilTttaiii M,W»»i(ii i Kt^ mlliii Ti-l .tfiiinBm. irf»HiiirMl1iili«fa.M-ii>^nlt»aiitnWiii rnil'lii' «-» -tilli ' • • ' — " • " ' • • - ' - - ' - ' - • ••-..IT""-- I I . * ' - fill in' I- - - • - --'-'•- - " - ^ - " ^ ^ - " • - I II I

UNCUSSIFIED" BOSTON
CARIBOU

SEATTLE

WINNEMUCCA
HOCK SPRINGS I
12
»' 12 300
/ CHEYENNE
RENO
/
500
L 6
SALT LAKE C I TY^

30
GRAND JUNCTION|

750 J »-

COLO. SPRINGS
160

LAS VEGAS

« FLAGSTAFF

1000
[
PHOENIX

YUMA 0
/
- TUCSON

Vs 0

U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

NEW YORK OPERATIONS OFFICE

NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK

FALLOUT, BURST 1 1 ( d / m / f t ^ on 1 / 1 / 5 4 )
DATE FIG. CHECKED BY
6/4/53 D. S. Lynch
8/9/53 3.11

-19-
UNCLASSIFIED

Ml,,iij.Mljyi|i||jy,,j|Lt_i.ujjiwwPSU^^^
 t i^ .« .lM»»i^
* t o i & l o * . . l v ' T ^ i t : a & t .MHIU HiirWl.ti.i..^ Jb y_^t>A^ AiKilArft*Wtt»»- J*^.. . . ^ . ^ i * liiarl^^jt

- ^•-^•.-^^-''
. ^ . . ^ . ^ ^ ..^ >^w. . ^ y . . . - ^ -.U.tf. iiiiri-i

bostbN
6000 CAR IBOU

CORPUS CHRISTI
900 MIAMI
2000

^ ' 024 I
u^amMjiM»wt^j.|iuj|.w|jwi.iivpii,u|jM4»y,i|^|^a
 .. ..VX ...:ji,-Xtmii, w^'XM«&'.^<f^a.'.'^

..Ji^mmM,XjeMatm.«^...^^,.-,.i.,.Ju..^.ivr,M.^..,:t.... . ^„ i^.t.-•,.,. ..r. ,....^ . ^ ^,^ . ^-^,. .^...^....^.—t„^>.^.-.i. ,.. . ...... ^ . . c.^....^.^^.... . -.^•,.. r. v,.,ff.i,vr,irr;tr--^iii.i'^.-fT.;-v-iiiTv.;-.^«.'u.-;k*ii^£a^^

UNCLASSIFIED

•
•

in^

•c

lo'*

>-
J—

<
t—
UJ
CD

103

•;

17 «y — 0.i OS .' 1J I• l\
MARCH 17, 1933 MARCH 18. 1*53 TINC. 6CT

Figa 3.13 - A c t i v e dust in a i r after burst No. 1, Cortez, Colorado

UNCLASSIFIED
 •" • ' ° - - " ..- - - •-.«..-^.!»... « J i ~ . . « - • . • .. .. . • • ^ / . < „ . - t . . „ . v ^ , . . . . , .i..,..
immrlilliiwii^ -^•«i«fl»<M«AwmM**wlrt*fc<i<—dtadMi*iM in 11 win II

J UNCLASSIFIED

'1

,05 ,

n
/Tti
o
- ^

; s
11 ' s R
0*
—
i •
"
^^'^
^
—^—1 ._-^
1 ^ ^ ^

>• 1

<-> t
L
<
»-
J1

\ 1

17 22 03 08 13 18 23
MARCH 24. 1953 MARCH 25. I9S3 TIME. 6CT

Fig. 3.1ii - Active dust in a i r a f t e r burst No. 2, Elko, Nevada

(Dotted Curve: Automatic monitor readings, d/m.)
.22 -
i J '^> r
UNCLASSIFIED
 .•,^>... .^i.^^ . A A . ^ . ^ .•^..^^.. . . „ J . v . ...1..I ^ . . , ^ . . ^ ^ . . . . ^ . . , - * . . - > . - - ^ t . - . -^•^•-. .^^.^ >^W. .^.r^w.-v^-r^iy.*
UNCLASSIFIED
2«/ni/p
-23-
UNCLASSIFISD
027
i UNCLASSIFIED

10=

10-

n "11 03 M 13 It la
MARCH 2 4 . I9S3 MARCH 2 S . t»SS TiMC. t c r

Fig. 3.16 - Active dust in air a f t e r b u r s t No. 2, Wendover, Utah

UNCLASSIFIED 5 .
«' '
' s
„
1 * O VJ
 .i.iiiipiii Hmmmmmim^' |p
4.jjii^«jmi»»wiiiij 111.11 LI iH.i.Miii J iiui iifi»vj"j ^mw^m •R""*^ immmmif^

iJtmtM 1 M&i.MMlHaiMiiiHMiMiatiHIMlBu

0"
•

\0*
, .... . , , k— ' '

_
> •

>
O • H

<
b »

lA^
10 '
• . ,„ ..
—, , 1 • ^ 1 ,

12 1' 22 03 08 13 18 23 04 OS
APIML 18. 1953 AfRiL 19. 1953 TIME , 6CT

Fig. 3.17 - Active dust in air after burat No. 6, Winslow, Arizona
 nutfi. I ktmti II ^HMMRbiRialli MM^JiMMMliu

'^€ 1 -
1

• «*
10

•-

>
u )
< *"""^
t-
Ul
o to

03 O^ HI

lo' •

12 17 22 03 0 23 04

APRIl. 1 6 . 1953
I APRIL ,.
5
1 9 . 1953
18
T I M E . SCT\

Fig, 3.18 - Active dust in a i r after burst No, 6, Needles, California

 jftikHl. ' -^ ''~^~--'-^ .JmrnttlM..
L/fttH^ulltmmmmUmtU

, i
E i

10"
•
1

.*v4
10

"
>-
>
u
<
<
M I M
(D

10^ T

12 17 22 03 08 13 18 23 04 09
APRIL 18. 1953 APRIL 19. 1953 TIME. GOT

Fig. 3.19 - Active dust in a i r a f t e r burst No. 6 , Albuquerque, N. M.

 .AiiiOxs..! -n« •< — .^.^nUitMii It -fl-
tMMlftrrfitHrrfl'iliiii^lf rTflnii iHi •- - --^'-^-^1 - i - ' - h - ' i i T •' .-.•...-^<-^.«^. - . ^ . . . . . - . , w A r - i - < L , a i f > ^ ,« ..wi.i-^it.,wt.in.s ...—.•.^-......—.«^i..r.-.-ji.-.«j^-t^i.......^«^..
UNCLASSIFIED
^
^
z
t-
i N 1^
^t I MavMi ^
C s
o •a
-p
bO
^
•
•
1
•
5
1 1
CO
/
g
>^ (S 1 1
m
NO ^ h 1
-
,
o o ^ 11I
:5s. en o^
sz -p
N -p
\ K
0.

CO
f^
°6 1
1
^ 1I
3
XI u
u c^ H
<u
t:CO o •
o
^ 1
\ •H •
CO <a I
\ 5
o
^ 1•
+>
CO
<n
3 r)
«> 1I
o •o -^ 11
>
•H
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^
-p
'«w<' 1•
o
•<
1
J
o
ca CM
f j
in
»
s:
gW/u/p AXI/M13V *1.3a O
-28-
UNCLASSIFIED o • .' 32
mtfiirinntr •J,- ............ ,.T., ,-.=,1 iin urmnifr m--^>iiirlhmi1 III- r- —^-^'-* •>••••->• --.,.• •'.r,?. ,t»A.,..,M,.-.. 11--til ii'Mfitii
UNCLASSIFIED
I
/ 1
\
1 C
1
/ *—n
/
/ 0--^ 1
/ ^^ fv
— f —
y
' k 1 f-r:—:-i
-
I T4~^—fr^ =fct=p-
^
r
1—— ^11^ 1
1 ^
I - J — \ — 1 — — 1
—urt 1——, m
: -
'
^ • ^ •— " " " 1 1
f
/
1
S., 1
v <;_-
O
Z3
3
^ ^ ^ : - '
*"«;
- - . . ^
O
* * - • . -
\
1
N
}
/
•
/
i
3^
"***
gW/W/P AllAIXDV »i.a9
-29-
UNCLASSIFIED
3- - !M3
 3id»i W.«3^<>...^

. .. ., .^^. ^|. ....»^S..„i. ,».l...Jf...,„||fl.Mi,l^-»««..Jili....... • • •; ...-,-..., — s ^ , .|..-..i>->^J-^~-it.-.i—Ji-«v« J—jlij^....^ ..i--..j.Ji.-«-i..., .^.

UNCLASSIFIED

105

10-* ,
>-
>

<
LU

103

13
APRIL 26. 1953
llS ' 23 oi; 09 1* 19
APRIL 27, 1953 TIME, GCT

»
Fig. 3.22 - Active dust in air after burst No, 7, Grand Junction, Colo.
-50 -
UNCLASSIFIED 3'• ^ r34
 ,.M.^.-.i.^^ja....^-,j.»^.»o..^A..^i.. . • .t^.,.,..^...M— .'..-.-.> . , . - ^ . . - , ^ . . . • • •<• • ...^a,....>fc,;.. . , , , .if...,..i....j,.j,n^^.ri«ij«aif,.«.,v. ir If if<iillfii«Bt

UNCUSSIFIED

10 =
•

'' " . , •

"*
T3

|_
10*

>-

t—

< '
UJ

10^
11

'

13 li 2J 0 > li 15
APRIL 2 6 , 1953 APRIL 2 7 , 1953 TIME. GCT

?fl '
Fig. 3.23 - Active dust in a i r a f t e r burst No. 7 , Albuquerque, N, M.
-51- • •
UNCLASSIFIED 3'I'^ 035
 ^^^j. ..^....^„, •• 1-.::^--.^AJi-i^*-.^.-.-— .^.*-....^-ujtfaL»,>.^.A.
iiiif-if liiwtlt'i ^iriiirtiir"-'^"f"r "^-'^^ ilM*Btfiiili<hiMfeiiitKii

J UNCLASSIFIED

m^

'

E
•o

10*^

>-
1—
>
f-
o

<
m

io3

13 -18 2i OiiI 01 i4. If

APRIL 26. 1953 APRIL 2 7 , 1953 TIMC, GCT

Fig. 3.2U - Active dust in a i r a f t e r b u r s t No, 7 , Farmington, N . M.

-32 -
O M
UNCLASSIFIED (\'u;
' —•^''•"'r^, - IIIII-- -*• . ^ . . . M . . . , - . ,..,,-. .^.•.,--.«.,..i-a>» .<...>^.,.^».t«.»rf,»^ ^ijit.it-,1 fTh... „>. iimrii--•'-riiniiiifirnnnTiiiiiiiimMrtiiimfT-r 'Ini'I'lrTiirWft

UNCUSSIFIED

105

CA
X
E
T3
-

10"^

1—
O

UJ

in3

"T1

03 o« 13 1a 23 OK 09
APRIL 26, 1953 TIME. GCT APRIL 21. 1953

Fig. 3.25 - Active dust in a i r a f t e r burst No. 7 , D e l t a , Utah

-33 - -;. ^s
037
UNCUSSIFIED
^.-•w,^:^..w:l,-fc^ , .^^..^.^ . •^..-.^*^.. «i.illtin<i«1iniiiiiliTni I III iliirii' i i M a i i i raTili-'T - •" ---'-''• --mi nil- - i i n — - ^ ^ - -•- •- • -•••-'-

UNCLASSIFIED

taS

.0*

=h—
>
>
1-
U
< n
rT
<
UJ
ta
J
1 pi 1 n

to'
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13 18 23 04 09 14 19
APRIL 26. 1953 A r m L 27.' 1953 TIME. GCT

Fig. 3.26 - Active dust in a i r a f t e r burst No. 7, Hanksville, Utah

- 3 l f -

UNCLASSIFIED
«i'.:' \18
.^aje^u.^ ^ ^ _ , ^ . . ^ ^„ . ^„.,.^.,. • .....•. • .._,__f--,|^-.^p..t^ff:i.-a-^i....W--^^.|-...^>^^. - . - . ^ . ^ . - . - . . . . . - . . - ^ . ^ ^ i & C • - ^.^---..^. •>. «.-. -.^..^ 1- iin-.-lr^iMiriUnirfnftir

UNCLASSIFIED

f-

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n r'
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17 22 03 08 13 18 23
MAV 1 9 . 1953 MAY 2 0 . 1953 TIME. 6CT

Fig. 3.27 - Active dust in a i r a f t e r burst No. 9 , Fannington, N, M,

-35 -
UNCLASSIFIED '^'-'J ^,-.,

'——^
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r-^ \

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10

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-
17 22 03 08 13 18 23
MAY 19. 1953 MAY 20. 1953 TIME. GCT

Fig. 3.28 - Active dust in a i r a f t e r burst No, 9, Grand Junction, Colo,

-36-
UNCLASSIFIED OZ 0
 - • • • ' - • ' —
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n
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1' 22 0s i: 1 1^1 2
MAY 19, 1953
oj MAY 20, 1953 TIME, GCT

F i g . 3.29 - Active dust in a i r a f t e r b u r s t No. 9, Albuquerque, N. M.

-37 -
UNCLASSIFIED
''^^1
•fimiiirilliilfWft%t>iEMlMWlf^ 111^ h •n-il liln'i m--'"- .^...-.ait^^^-. ..-.„.•,..£fc.^^.>^^ia.;...,fe^.^n,„,. ,.,-t,.„..A„.tf,m««t.^*^,ri» -KYI'^V,, LYaiiw-tiiferitiV

UNCLASSIFIED

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1
1

03 08 13 18 23 04 09
JUNE 5. 1-953 TIME. GCT JUNE 6, 1953

Fig. 3.30 - Active dust in a i r a f t e r burst No, 1 1 , Cortez, Colorado

- 38 -
UNCLASSIFIED 3'_ ^' l'^ ^^^2
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mmtimitdiaii^mimiUKetimmgtAm "••MM t III III! 11^ iiDiiii I 11 I mil liiiiiitliniiMiiiliiMVirii -n--. —-•••fifft—-^--J - - - -v-,..

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10 =

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JUME 5, 1953
d 13 • 13
TIME, GCT
2 .1 (jJ
JUNE 6, 1953
0

F14» 3«31 - A c t i v e d u s t In a i r a f t e r b u r s t N o . 1 1 , Farmington, N . M.

-59 -
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3^'" •"<3
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 I ^ LlAiiikMiMMMi OWN ji^m^

i
Table 3»l - Continued

Looatlon b Mass GeozBetrlo Peroent

Start TlM» Beta, Median Standard Ls8s Than
Burst G9 C» T» Diam* DeTJatlon 5 Microns

11 BieaiksTllle» Utah
6A-I60O 190
598 292 Et
6/^-0l|00 150 I9O 1.8 9U
1 150 O98 1.5 95
6/^-1600 650 1.1 3.6 89
780 1.1 298 90

ProTo, Utah
6A-II4OO 230 5.2 295 1*7
01
t3

01

n:-

1
k N
;
 Table 3 . 2 - PARTICLE SIZE DISTRlBDn(»f OF RADIOACTIVE DDST IV AIR
(Aeroteo Samples)

Start start Sampling

Burst Date Time Period Beta, Per Cent Smaller
No 9 Location GCT GCT Hrs. d/m/il3 Than 5 Miorona

1 Cortes, Colo9 3/17 1700 21* 36,800 68

R N N 3/18 1700 3.33 1*00 O9O
m Elko, Nevada 1500 21* 8
3/17 305
2 It N
3/2i* ihoo 21* 680 2
H H M 8 910
3/25 11*00 99.2
m Ogden, Utah 3/2k 11*00 2k 3,21*6 2.
N N N 6
3/25 11*00 567 58
H Wendover, Utah 3/2U 1300 21* 190 IOO9O

3 Albaquerque, NoM. UA li*00 2 105 10

k El Centre, Callf9 k/6 li*00 21* , 100 50

5 Tucson, Arlsona Vii 1500 21* 110 6U

• • H 6 102 18
V12 1500

6 Winslev, Arlsona I4/I8 1300 ^ 4.51*1* 3k

•
Needles, Calif9 Via 1700 21* k6k 3k
 Table 3.2 •> Continued

Start Start Sampling

Burst Date Time Period Per Cent ^nailer
Noo Location GCT OCT Hrso dAA5 Than ^ Microns
6 Albaquerque, NoMo V18 1300 21* I.90I* 33
w W H
V19 1300 1,280 61
16 3 A
». Farmington, NoMo ll*00 Ii* 2,658
V19 67
1 Wlnslcfw, Arizona V25 1500 21* l+,028 1*2
H
Grand «toat30n, Colob U/26 11*00 21* 3P91*0 70
n Gunnison, Coloa V26 11*30 18^ 155 29
It
Albuqueifqus, NoMo V26 1500 18 l*ol465 20
N
Farmingtitn, NoMo V25 11*00 21* 208 85
It It M
I4/26 11*00 20 3p860 lOOeO
n Deltap Utah V25 1300 2U 1,1*82 6
* n K k/26 1300 20 921* 10
Ii Hanksville, Utah V26 18
ll*00 370 0.0
H 16
Ogden, Utah I4/26 1700 260 13
8 Cortes, C0I09 5/8 1500 21* 781* 3
« Gx'and Junstiou, Ooloo 5/8 ll*00 21* 312 37
 Table 3 o2 - Cohtinued

Start Start Sampling

Burst Date Time Period Beta, Per Cent S e l l e r
No 9 Lseation GCT OCT Hrs 9 d/m/i? Than 5 Microns

8 Grand Junction, Ooloo 5/9 11*00 15 2,560 hk

R m
9 5/19 121*5 21* 1*«326 7
H W R
5/20 1300 8 lp2l*8 k
tt Albuquerque, VoMo 5/19 1600 2k 3el60 7
m W R 5/20 1600 3 1«752 16
m Pamington, NoMo 1200 21* 5*650 I9O
5/19
m R R 5/20 1200 12 1,280 10
10 Hanksville, Utah 5/25 1700 2k 529 18
It R R 5/26 1700 2 310 36
H Vendover, Utah 5/25 1630 2k 799 98
R 128
Rook Springs, 1 ^ 9 5/25 1700 21* 38
R H R 5/26 1700 6 28
1*071*

u Cortez, C0I09 6/^ 11*00 17 221* 92

R Farmington, NoMo 6A 1700 2k 168 31*
W R <t
6/^ 1700 Ik 1*80 65
R Hanksville, Utah 6A 1600 2k 752 21
R R R
6A 1600 15 381* 98
"'*^'- —i^-^-^- itii | | . .•.,.•»,,..... -.- -I... «||.| ,, I ( . . - J . < a » « » . . ^ . i t . ; t - » . . . . - , t ...i^....i. »- ,i.«»»n»—If -i-mf |,(t^^..-..fi...,..a

UNCLASSIFIED

TBble 3.3 =• DECAY RXPONERT, X

Sampling Sample
Station Day TSrpe Burst r
Neir Torks N. T. 3/18 Settled 1 1.36
Cortez, Colorado 3/16 Aerotes* 1 I0I8
Cortes, Colorado 3/18 Aerote<5*» 1 1.22
Corte?, Colorads 3/ip Filtered 1 loOl*
Ogden, Utah 3/21* Settled 2 lo33
Ogden, Utah 3/21* Settled 2: 1.33
Salt Lake City, Utah 3/21* Settled 2 1.36
Winslow^ Arizona V19 Filtered 6 lo35
Winslow, Arizona 1*A9 Filtered 6 lo36
Salt Lakp City, Utah V20 Filtered 6 loi*3
Farmington; N* M» V26 Filtered 7 1.35
Farmington, N. M* V27 Filtered 7 1.33
Albany, Nefw York V26 Settled 7 1.1*7
Billings, Montana 5/9 Filtered 8 1.26
Grand Junction, ColOo 5/20 Filtered 9 1.35
Grand Junction, Colo 5/20 Filtered 9 1.39
Grand Junction, Colo. Filtered
. 5/19 9 1.37
Fanttingtcnj, N, Mo 6/5 Filtered 11 1„06
Cortez, Colorado 6/5 Filtered 11 1„21
Grand Junction, Colo. 6/5 Filtered 11 1.31

Mean lo30

• Large particle aerotec fraction,

*» Small particle aerotec fraction,

»5&=.
MfUMIMU^Mldu&aiiiM <-..j,.,.iM«..t^.u.- ... ... _„-ti'.-.^, . j.^.,..^.... .. ...„ . . ^.ji„.^. „.,,, ,.,...,^^.11 .i,-ij..jn , -r .rMtlirllrt-riili

UNCLASSIFIED

^
10'

10=
\
1
\

nV \\
-
1\ \
> \\ \
u

10^
\I V^ \^
\ \
\ s^ v
\ \ V
\ \
^ y BURST 6 Exp. 1.2
\ \ \ ^
SI

' " - - /

BURST 7 , Ex rnrr-
JO^
- j /
- ^
^ ^
" •* Nl .^

*» —

" ^ • ^ ^ ^ y BU RST7, Exp.1.3!

^ ^ ^

^ ~

I 1000 2000 3000 HOOO 5000

DAYS AFTER FEBRUARY 2 8 , 1953

F i g . 3.38 - A l b a n y , N.Y. f a l l o u t , April 26, ' 5 3 , extrapolated from

counting day, Apr, 30, on b a s i s of two b u r s t s & two exponents
-53 -
UNCLASSIFIED d iKS7
 ...J. ,.,.....^ > 1^.- .....•••>...,.-. J..,, . ^^ ..t...,,..-,.„^,j:: .»^' f, . W i l i - i t . , . . „ r.i.jaiti<[i.iia,«IJ.,n.fMi

UNCLASSIFIED

60 65 70 75 80 85
DAYS SINCE FEBRUARY 28, 1953

Fig. 3.39 -Albany, N.Y. f a l l o u t , April 26, '53, extrapolated ft:om

counting day, Apr* 30, on basis of two bursts & two exponoits
-51*-
UNCLASSIFIED
3" UScS
 —^ -^-'-\l • y...-"—-^i-J

UNCLASSIFIED

1
I07 I:I2

I * • • * --
I
I
I0« .
1
w
1,
V
\ \
f:
>•
v>
\ \
\

V- M
. \

inS
X x V
V
^
X \^ • ^

^ \ ^ "^ ^^
^^^'^Vw r- -..»,
r ^ ^
^ ^ • - - ^ _

2:1

15 50 100 150 200 250 300

DAYS SINCE FEBRUARY 28, 1953
Fig, 3.1*0 - Salt Lake City fallout. Mar. 21*, '53, extrapolated from
counting day, Apr. 1, on basis of exponent 1.2 & two bursts
-55-
UNCLASSIFIED '59
 Table 3.1* MOBILE TEAM DATA

BURST Max. Air Time of Max, Fallout (dA/ft2)

Date Time Aotivitv Hrs. After Extrapolated to
Mb. OCT GCT Location (d/m/ft2) Burst Time of MajC9

1 3/17 1320 Cortez, Colorado 1,1* I io5 13 293 X 106

2 3/2U 1310 Elko, Nevada l*o5 X 10** 10 1*97 X io5

» R K Ogden, Utah 2.5 X io5 12 295 X lo7
at H N Wendover, Utah 1*,8 X 10^
io3 X 10^ 15
6 V18 1235 Winslow, Arizona loi I 10^ 16 I98 X 106
• « N Needles, California 396 I io5 20 8,0 X lol*
n R tt Albuquerque, N. Mo 59!* X io5 S2 I95 X 10^
K tt tt Farmington, N. Mo 692 X io5 399 X lol*^
32

7 V25 1230 Winslow, Arizona I92 X io5 16 99O X 10^

• «l W Grand Junction, C0I09 I9O X 10** 1*0 i*90 X io5
« w tt Albuquerque, No M« I93 X 10** 36 996 X io5
Ml tt tt Farmington, N9 M9 I93 X io5 1*0 iJlvX 10^
It R tt Delta, Utah 595 X io5 2S( 29l*x io5
•> tt tt Hanksville, Utah 1.0 X lo'* 298 X 10^
32
 ""1
!

•iMMiliMMiiaiiM9ailiMHHMiiRiMMM>ia999^^ •iliJIHMkMMMM Jtmmmm ^ ^ • -

Table 3.1* - Continued

BURST Max. Air Time of Maxo Fallout (d/Vft^)

Date Time Activity Hrs9 After Extrapolated to
No 9 GCT GCT Location . (d/m/ftg) Burst Time of Max.

9 5/19 1205 Farmington, N. Mo 2o2 X 105 12 397 X 106

•< tt R Grand' Junction, C0I09 9,2 X lol* 16 390 X 106

" " " Albuquerque, No M9 1,5 110** 16 396 X 10^

11 6/1* 1115 Cortes, Colorado 2*5 X lo3 30 i»6 X io5

I I • R R Farmington, No Mo 1*97 X io3 27 6,6 X lo5
M ^ tt R- tt Hanksville, Utah lol I lo'* 28 1,7 X lo5

tTi
 . Ji-«.Vt« ^ f' J-i^

,.>.._ ^ . '^-^•A.Mrtfft H V iii^rrt-f^^'*'*'*'^^*^*-"-^

UVCLA3SIF|E|>

/
w

12 -
/

)0 •

J 8- /
•o
u. w
/
o
m
o
J 6 .
•J

^-
o
_>

2 •* -
• •
•

2
»
•

Y •
•

GAMMA RADIATION, 3 FEET ABOVE GROUND, MR/HR

Figo 39l*l ° Fallout compared with ifo-«"^«n^ Geaaea

-Radiation duriixg Sampling Period.

-58-
UNCIA3SIFIBD

i}^2
 UNCLASSIFIED

Chapter k

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this chapter is to present a cjaalitative descrip^

tion of the findings following each burst based orj all the pertinent data.,
which include air concentrations and decay rates as w$ll as fallout activ^
ity.

Four of the ele-^-en test explosions ware followed by low levels

of fallout activity possibly attriouoao^e lo «arj.ier ourstSo Jailoot
and air concentrations after four other bursts were moderate and formed
time and space patterns tending to jtistify attributing the activity to
the latest bursts before samplingo Ilie remaining tnree explosionsj,
mimbers,23 7 and 9s"were clearly responsible for most of the activity
shown on their respective mapSj, Figurea 3o2<, 3oT and 3.99 ameczating to
more than 7$% of the total for the series. These inferenoas depend on
both the air concentration and gumnea film data aiod ^hsy infLueaace tks
interpretation of the decay rate results.

k»l BUHSTS 1ffiROUGH^

.Only I95I of the total fallout is atti^ibuted 1&0 the first Hr®
explosions. Most of this ii-action (11)6) osourr^i between March 2k%t and
3lst3 the dates cf bursts 2 and 3,

Salt Lake City experienced an especially heavy falloat on the

2lfiik and 25th, BxtrapiQlated to 8J1 hours af^^a? bur^t the fallout fbr ttia
day o f the explosion amcmted to 28pOOOpOCO d/as/^'^^e "Sljg Nerada amd
Casper, WjrtMing ware also sceaoa of ijaapr fallosalj en tisai day, ranging
^ram. two million to fcmr million-d/a/ilj", Most of the acti^ty follewljag
burst 2 settled in a smalL area which included Salt Zaks City (IPlgora 3o2)o

Heasurable airborne ooncentrationa were found at SlkOj,' Nevada

and Ogden, Utah* These concentrations based on short period samples coL=.
lected by mobile teams are plotted against time in Figures 3olh and 3ol5»
Figure Jolii has a second grapa showing the readings of the aatoKiati«s air
dust monitor<, an instrtimen: designed in this laboratory and consisting ef
a sampler J, counter and recorder. The reading? are given in disintegra-
tions per minute. At the design flow the volume cf one twenly minute
sample is about ona cmbit meter.

The automatic instrument shows high readings at times when ti^

filtered samples have insignificant activity. Ohis is probably due tc
inclusion in the Instrument reading of the gamma background which may be
high when weapons test debris is present in the survey area. This source
of error is being corrected in newer models of the instruments.

-59-
UNCUSSIFIED
3 i'(>3
•• a..>a^--..«i-n„ ,1,-, ,.^ ,. -,„,„,—...^ ..j^. . . , -lY'i-, ,, 11 r»i I r ••^••^•- ..^1.-.. > •.-• ....- <•• „-...:••, »...-.. .••.... - 1 . .f-. • i.,.«.J.il,f, ,,- „i-.1,1. ..f,>^»ai

UHCLASSIFIED

Peak activlly arrived at 51ko and Ogden about 12 hours after

burst and this was the reason for extrapolating Salt Lake City fkllout
to 12 hour age.

Bursts 1, 3, ii and 5 accounted fbr only 8^ of the total fall- ^

out for the series* Daring the periods following each of these explo-
sions the mobile teams found significant concentrations of radioactive
dust in the air only at Cortez, Colorado (Figure 3.13) after burst 1, •
The lower levels of activity, not considered significant, at other mobile
team locations showed two indications that the material in the samples
may have contained residual frttm earlier oursi;3. One sign was a steady
diminution in the computed concentrations Arom a maximum at the start of
the sampling period and the other sign was a low value of the decay ex-
ponent i^nL* in Table 3.3). If the activities of samples collected after
burst 5 are attributed to burst h the decay exponents appear typical and
the air concentrations show random fluctuations at a low level. The
possibility of the samples containing residual activity makes it unsafe
to assume that the maps for bursts 3 and 5 present a true picture of the
fallout attributable to those explosions. Some of the activity shown on
these maps may have heea generated by bursts 2 and k»

li.2 BUBSTS 6 THROUGH 11

Similarly, a considerable part of the activity after bursts 8

and 10 may have been due to numbers 7 and 9* Bursts 6 and 10 are charged
respectively with 2% and ^% of the series total. The mobile teams found
negligible airborne activity after these explosions and the low values
of the decay exponent are consistent with the hypothesis that the samples
tested for decay are attributable to earlier bursts. Number 7 accounted
for ^$% and number 9 for 31jC of the total fallout for the series and it
woula have been reasonable to asqiect some residual activity In samples
collected after May 8th and 25th even if bursts 8 and 10 of those dates
bad not taken place.

Fairly large amounts of radioactive dust fell out over about

half of the United States after burst 7, Activities were low in the
Northeastern part of the country except for a flash fallout at Albany,
Hew Tork during a heavy rain on April 26th. Reports3 of radiation read-
ings higher than 10 mr/hr obtained at Troy with survey instruments fur-
nished independent confirmation of this heavy fallout.

On May 1st a flight was made to measure radiation levels in the

Ekidson Valley. Gamma readings at 500 feet altitude converted to ground
level radiation showed the first appreciable rise at Poughkeepsie in the
flight up the East side of the river and increased ta a maximum of 0,22
mr/ir at the town of Rensselaer Just South of Tjn^oy. During the return
flight along the West bank the ma;clmu]a of 0,25 mr/hr was found near Ravena,
South af Albany,

-60 - -*

UNCLASSIFIED ,3/: ^
 •••- - -' - I (a^iflilia.i.f-i nf,.- . .--••^r..,i-^V;-,-^<i-,.,..,*.t^.,.m.ti.^n

UHCIASSIPIED

The fallout at Albany for the period between bursts 7 and 8

was Il4.,000 i/n/tt^ extrapolated to January 1, 1951+, It was exceeded
at Las Vegas, Nevada and Roswall, New Mexico, where the cumulative
fallout for the same period was 30,000 and 22,000 6/m/t^ respectively,
• * . • '

Outside the Albany area bursts 7 and 9 were praotioally equal

as sources of fallout. The dust from number 9 spread throughout the
I » country producing activities over 500 i/m/ti^ (extrapolated to January 1,
1954) at suoh widely separated stations as Metrquette, Albuquerque and
Atlanta, The mobile teams found maximum conoentratious of radioaotivity
in the air at Farming-con,'^%mmaxLQ®^ and Grand Junction, Colorado, irtiere
the levels reached 210,000 and 90,000 d/i06 (see Figures 3«27 and 3,28),
There was sane aotivity at Albuquerque, New Maudoo {Figure 3,29)o

On, the nap, Fig%ire 3»6o one oan trace the path of r"^'»"<'"'™
aotivi-ty following bnarst 6 along the Gulf Coast -through 1*8 Vegas, Albu-
querque, Port Arthur and New Orleans, Total fallout over the nation -was
moderate. Typical patterns of airborne conoen-bration were esdiibited at
four of the mobile stations and are shwon in Figures 3oi7 *o 3<»20« The
maximum was 10,800 d/ia/i5 at Wiaalow, Arisona, The maximum fallout,
5«-t00 (J/iy^ft (corrected to January 1, 1954) occurred at Albuquerque,

The fallout after the last explosion of the series -was 2 ^ of

-Uie total, A pa-th of maximiaa aotivity is distinguishable through
Ifyomlng, Colorado, Kansas, l^ssourio Illinoia, Michigan and New Yorko
Air activity oonosntrstlons at Cortez, Colorado, Farmington, New Mexico,
• . and Hanksville, Utah are plotted in Figures 3,30 to 3o32<>

in sxxmmary, it appears that bursts 2, 7 and 9 were responsible

for most of the aotlvi-^ found in the gummed film and filtered air samplesi
that smaller amounts -with distinct maxima along paths or at points are
a-ttrlbutable to numbers 1, i|.o6 and 11 and -that the fallout Immediately
after bursts 3o 5p 8 and 10 is not oer-tainly due to those shots but may
have been-wholly or partly residual from earlier ones.

UNCLiSSIFIED
 • .. •Jr.<^-,.^^.>.^.^V^^.,.. .^^,...^.,^.^-- .^^J.^ ....••—-^.-:-^.- ^. .t......-.^t. .... •..-. .-A. .•..•.,•,..-...„•--• ..... ^.. •f.*Jt.»*ig>.^»-...t.iri.iiii-l i..rTirtfi^i.>*M.„i.>^^

REFEBSNCES

!• I10<^05 - Secret
"Radioactive Debris From Operations Tumbler & Snapper"
Part I = Health & Safety Division - January 12, 1953
HIO-U512 - Secret
•Radioaetive Debris From Operations Tumbler & Snapper"
Part I I - R, Jo L i s t , Weather Bureau =• February 25, 1953

2. NTO-U522 = Secret
"Radioactive Debris From Operation Ivy*
Health & Safety Division - April 28, 1953

Private Communication = Unclassified

Professor Herbert Clark of
Renssalaer Polytechnic Institute

U# NIO-li555 - Secret
"A Meteorological Analysis of the Transport of
Debris From Operation Ivy"
Lo F, Hubert, L, Machta & R. J, List, Weather Bureau
October 30, 1953

5. NIO-1576 - Secret
"Radioactive Debris From Operations Buster &. Jangle"
Health & Safety Division = January 28, 1952

6. UCLA-2ii3 = Secret
•Preliminary Study of Off=site Airborne Radioactive Ma-terials,
Nevada Pro-\ring Grounds"
J. H, Olafson &. others, U.CJL.A. Atomic Saiergy Project
February 19, 1953

.62 -

3' I' rG(i

Appendix

WORLD-WIDE MONITORING

This discussion of the world-wide sampling network is pre-

sented separately in an appendix in order to avoid unnecessary classifi-
cation of information on nation wide monitoring.

1 OPERATICW OF THE NETWORK

Sampling stations distributed throughout the world, most of

them in the Northern hemisphere5, were provided by the Weat)ier Bureau, the
State Department, the Air Force, the Na-vy, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Com-
mission, the Canadian Weather Service and the Canadian a-tomic energy in-
s-tallation at Chalk River.

The stations are listed in Table A-1. As Indicated in the

-table, twenty-four hour fallout samples were collected at some of them
and seven day samples at others. Except for the longer sampling period
at some localities the -world=wide network operated in exactly the same
manner as the fixed s-tations in the United States which collected dust
settling on gummed film. This was the only type of sample collected
outside the Uni-ted S-tates.

2 FINDINGS

The activity falling out during the periods between bursts

was extrapolated to January 1, 195U and the results are listed in Table Al©
In each case the radioactive dust was assumed to be due to the most recent
burst and to have precipitated in the middle of the sampling period.

Outside of the United States only three stations experienced

fallout greater than 1000 d/m/ffe^. They were Stephenville, Newfoundland
after burst 6, Seven Island^ Quebec after burst 7 and Bermuda after burst
8. Outside of North America only Benmida„ Rhein v^-^n, Hiroshima and
Nagasaki were found to have fallout greater thsn 3OO i/m/ft^.

The activities c: 360 i/m/ft^ at Hiroshima and U50 d/m/ft^

at Nagasaki tend to confirm each other. Each is the mean of duplicates
which agree well. The figures are listed under burst 7 but we ha-ve no
evidence to justiJQr attributing data from such remote locations to par^
ticular bursts.

Eight stations appear to be practically free of free of fall-

out. They are Anchorage, Port Simpson, Thule, Canal Zone, Lima, Pretoria,
Guam and Honolulu.

At foreign stations the fallout was of a lower order than In

the United States,

- 65 -

3--:^ r-ivr
1-^'****'***'**''^*^******^'''*' '^" ....^,r.- . ...L-. _ -..•.....-.. u.^. „ ...l.-..!.-,.^ ^^.>, , • „ , , 1. . - . . . _ii«.S.^^a...», . . . . . . - « ......B- -^. ..•. Jl«,j,..J,L.^.-,.„

3 DECAT RAIES

As In the case of samples from the dcanestic network the

extrapolations were performed on the basis of the formula

-*=(l^y
using 1,2 as the value of X . The effect of possible error in this
value is discussed in section 3<>U but that discussion can be amplified
here bj reference -to the monitoring of Operation Ivy-, during which
1,35 appeared to be a better value for the exponent in -the decay for-
mula than 1.2. The fijftesn days following MIKE shot, the first shot
of the Ivy series, made it possible to obtain several samples of rel-
atively high activity attributable, without doubt, -bo a single explosion,
Fbr these reasons the decay rates determined fi?om the samples are prob-
ably more than usually reliable.

Olafson and others" have found values for the exponent generally
larger than 1.2 and ranging from 1.2 to l,k for fallout and airborne dxist
between ten and fifteen miles from ground zero. They also found that
samples collected after burst 7 of the Snapper series contained activity
attributable to Snapper 6. It was this finding which suggested that
activity found at mobile stations in the United S-tates after certain
explosicns might be residual from previous bursts.

-6U-

^'" reti
p f C < iu

Table Al - FALLOUT OUTSIDE U, S. FOLLOWING EACH BURST

(d/m/ft2 extrapolated to Jan. 1, I95I+)

Burst No. t 1 2 3 1 + 5 . 6 I 8 9 10 11
Burst Dat«^»* . 5717 iT^ 3/^1 1^6 i / l l 1^/16 V^5 578 5A9 5 / ^ ^ TOTAL
Anchorage
Alaska 21 33
Nor-fch Bay
Ontario 9 200 15 e? 5i* 27
Mooeoonee
Ontario 0 510 45 18 12 3 33 33 6 660
Moncton
New Bninswick 0 9 480 300 21 21 27 90 9^0
Montreal
Quebec 6 6 540 36 290 16 170 UPO
Seven Islands
Quebec 3 9 3600 59 18 21 3700
Winnipeg
Manitoba 0 lobo 3 57 76 200 66 1500
Churchill
Manitoba 0 16 30 3 0 I42 3 190
Reglna
Saskatchewan 0 57 3 240 84 90 54 21 550
Edmonton
Alber-ta 3 6 3 0 24 15 6 200 12 270
 c •

Table Al - Continued

Burst No, t 1 i l k 5 , ^ 2 8 i i o u
Burst Datet* ^ i/^ ihl li/L^ l^ b^ b^ ^ ^ ^/^ §/L. I2!!±
IVestwick
Scotland 0 6 27 2
12 9 51 HO 0 6 - P29

Rhein Main
Oemany 15 330 93 6 9 59 510 0 36 - lObo

Pre-boria
South Africa 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 - 6
Dakar
Fr. West Africa 6 24 6 0 160 72 0 18 - 300
Tripoli
Tripolitania 12 27 0 0 120 30 0 36 - 230
Biroshima
Japan 0 36 9 3 360 36 0 42 - 490
Nagasaki
Japan 81 27 72 3 15 450 5 0 2% - 670
Anderson A,F,B,
Guam 12 0 0 6 18 0 0 - 42
Honolulu
Hawaii 6 0 9 9 24 0 6 54
* The last column ll'Sts -total fallout from 3/l7 to 6/9* Each o-ther colmpn represents a
period from the burst date at the head of -the column to the day before the next burst.
liiiiaiiMii llgllJ^ ^•1^1 ^ I' i & i i i i •IMaiata
# -

Table Al - Continued

Burst No. t 1 2 4 5 - 6 B 10 11
Burst Dates* 3>^7 3 M S. ^ TOTAL

Port Hardy
British Columbia 0 1^ 12 3 6 1 2 2118 6 1 2 3 100
Prince George
British Columbia 0 6 5 3 3 21 30 6 27 15 9 120
Port Simpson
Machensen 0 0 3 IS 24 6 6 60
Deep River
• Ontario 6o 15 3 12 3 30 72 0 31 170
1 Stephenville
Newfoundland 9 3 0 93 4800 100 69 33 ^ 0 5100
Thule
Greenland 3 6 3 6 24'
Keflavlk
Iceland 3 3 0 $1 6 24o 66 0 30 400
Albrdok A.F.B.
Canal Zone 3 0 6 6 Q 16 36
CU3
Kindley A,F,B,
Bermuda 3 390 15 30 15 100 no 3900 2go 540 45 5^
Lima
•KJ
Peru 0 6 6 0