Chapter English word

Chinese word

boiling

condensing

diffusion

evaporation

freezing

lattices

melting

sublimation

vibrate

atom

atomic (proton)
number

electron

electronic
confirguration

element

isotopes

mass number

neutron

noble gases

nucleus

proton

radioactive

valency electrons

anions (negative ions)

boiling points

bonding

cations (positive ions)

covalent bond

'delocalised' electrons

diatomic molecule

intermolecular
attractions/forces

ion

ionic bond

metallic bond

molecule

alloys

compound

ductile property of
metals

giant structures

malleable property of

metals

mixture

simple molecular
substance

balanced equations

5
5

product
reactant

word equation

activation energy

catalyst

catalytic converters

concentration

decomposition

enzymes

reaction rate

acid rain

lime water

oxide

precipitate

displacement
reactions

half equations

oxidation

oxidising agent

reactivity series

redox reaction

reducing agent

reduction

acid

acid-alkali indicator

acidic solution

alkali

alkaline solution

base

litmus

neutral solution

neutralisation
reactions

pH

pH

pH scale

pH

universal indicator
solution

10

anhydrous

10

hydrated

10

salt

10

saturated solution

11

chromatograms

11

chromatography

11

cobalt chloride paper,

test for water

11

distillation

11

flame test

11

petroleum

12

alkali metals

12

brine

12

halogen

12

monoatomic molecule

12

periodic table

12

transition element

13

anode (positive
electrode)

13

aqueous

13

cathode (negative
electrode)

13

electrode

13

electrolysis

13

solution

14
14
14
14

combustion
endothermic reaction
exothermic reaction
thermal
decomposition

15

dynamic equilibrium

15

equilibrium

15

forward reactions

15

reversible reaction

16

bauxite

16

Haber process

17

corrosion

17

cryolite

17

galvanising

17

mineral

17

ore

17

rusting of iron

17

sacrificial protection

17

slag

17

steel

18

alcohols

18

crude oil

18

isomers

18

methane

18

organic compounds

18

unsaturated
hydrocarbon

19

addition reaction

19

alkane

19

alkene

19

dehydration

19

fermentation

19

homologous series

19
19

incomplete
combustion
saturated
hydrocarbon

20

cracking

20

diesel

20

fraction

20

fractional distillation

20

hydrocarbon

21

addition
polymerisation

21

condensation
polymerisation

21

monomer

21

polymer

21

polymerisation

21

poly(ethene)

22

Avogadro constant

22

empirical formula

22

molar volume

22

mole

22

molecular formula

22

relative atomic mass

(Ar)

22

relative formula mass

(RFM)

24

Faraday constant

25

molar enthalpy
change

26

titration

explaination
a process during which a liquid changes into a gas as its particles gain more
energy and move a lot faster and also much farther apart from each other; only
happens at the boiling temperature as opposed to evaporation

Changing a vapour (or gas) into a liquid. This change is accompanied by a giving
out of energy.

The movement of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) from an area of high

concentration to one of lower concentration.

a process during which a liquid changes into a gas as some of its particles at the
surface gain more energy, move a lot faster and farther apart from each other
and eventually escape from the liquid; happens at any temperature between
melting and boiling point

process during which a liquid changes into a solid as its particles lose energy,
slow down and come closer together again

regular 3-dimensional arrangement of the particles (atoms, ions or molecules)

3D
a process during which a solid changes into a liquid

a process during which a solid changes directly into a gas because its particles
have alot more energy, move around very fast and are very far apart.

move forwards and backwards but in the same fixed position

The smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.

The number of protons in the

nucleus of an atom.

A negatively charged sub-atomic particle.

The way that the electrons are arranged into shells in an atom, for example
Na 2.8.1.
2.8.1.
A substance made up of atoms that all contain the same number of protons.

Atoms of the same element that have different masses. They contain the same
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

A neutral sub-atomic particle present in the nucleus of atoms.

any element form the last group in the Periodic Table

In an atom, the nucleus is the central part of the atom consisting of neutrons and
protons.

A positively charged sub-atomic particle found in the nucleus of atoms.

A radioactive substance has unstable nuclei. Radiation is emitted when an

unstable nucleus decays to a more stable form.

the electrons on the most outer shell;

A negatively charged ion.

A liquid turns rapidly to its vapour at a fixed temperature called the boiling point,
which varies with pressure

The forces joining atoms together.

A positively charged ion.

The force of attraction between the nuclei of two atoms and a pair of electrons
shared between them.

electrons that can move between atoms; they are not part of 1 atom

2 atoms only

The force of attraction between individual molecules.

An electrically charged atom or group of atoms

The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a compound.

The force of attraction between the positive metal ions and the delocalised
electrons in a metal.

The smallest particle of a substance that can have a separate, independent

existence.

mixture of a metal and small amounts of other metals and non-metals, made to
have certain improved properties eg harder, stronger, increased resistance to
corrosion, increased heat or electrical resistance

A substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined together.

a structure in which a very large number of atoms or ions are joined together
strongly and continuously in all 3 directions; a large network of particles

A combination of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds) that

are not chemically joined together.

substance made up of individual molecules held together by covalent bonds and

has weak intermolecular forces between these molecules

numbers of atoms are the same on either side of the equation (any equation
should be balanced as in any chemical reaction particles are only re-arranged
and are not destroyed or created); also shows the ratio in which reactants react
and products are produced during a chemical reaction

A substance made in a chemical reaction.

A Substance at the start of a chemical reaction.
an equation in which the names of the chemicals are used

The minimum energy required by colliding particles for reaction to occur.

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but which is chemically

unchanged at the end of the reaction.

a piece of equipment which is part of the exhaust of a car and which changes
nitrogen oxides into nitrogen before they are released into the atmosphere

the number of moles of per liter of solution; tells us how much solute is dissolved
inn a solvent

Breaking down a compound into simpler substances (either elements and/or

other compounds).

Proteins which act as biological catalysts.

A measure of change in concentration of a reactant with time. The greater the

change the faster the reaction.

Rain that has a pH < 5; produced when gases such as sulfur dioxide dissolve in
rainwater.
pH5
A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. It turns milky when carbon dioxide
passes through it. The precipitate formed is calcium carbonate.

a compound which ends with oxygen

An insoluble solid formed from a reaction taking place in aqueous solution.

A reaction in which one substance replaces another.

equation showing what goes on at each electrode in electrolysis

The removal of electrons from a substance, or the addition of oxygen.

A substance that is capable of oxidising another substance.

a list of metals with the most reactive metal first based on results from
experiments

A reaction in which both reduction and oxidation are taking place.

A substance that is capable of reducing another substance.

The addition of electrons to a substance, or the removal of oxygen.

A substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

A substance used to show if a solution is acidic or alkaline. It will have a

different colour in each type of solution.

A solution that has a pH< 7.

pH7
A base that dissolves in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-).

A solution that has a pH > 7.

pH7
A substance that neutralises an acid to form a salt.

The most common acid-alkali indicator. It is red in solutions with a pH <. 5 and
blue in solutions > 8.
pH58
A solution that has a pH of 7.
pH7
The reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt.

a number between 1 and 14 which tells us how strong or how weak an acid or
alkali is
114
a scale running from 1- 14 used to show how acid or alkaline a substance is
114
a mixture of indicators used to measure the pH because it goes different colours
pHpH
Without water e.g. anhydrous copper sulphate is copper sulphate
CuSO4
A hydrated substance contains water.

A substance formed when the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by either
metal ions or ammonium ions.

a solution which contains as much solute as possible

the result of a chromatography

a separating technique which uses the difference in solubility in a given solvent

between the different parts of a mixture to separate them

The process of separating a liquid from a solution of a solid in the liquid.

A method of identifying a metal cation by the colour it produces in a nonluminous Bunsen flame.

a mixture of organic compounds formed, as a result of high temperatures and

pressures, from the remains of living plants and animals which died millions of
years ago; contains fossil fuels

any metal in group 1 of the Periodic Table, most reactive metals

A concentrated solution of sodium chloride

in water.

An element in Group 7 0f the Periodic Table.

A molecule that contains only one atom (e.g. those of the noble gases).

A table in which the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic

number. Elements with similar properties appear in the same groups (vertical
columns).

metal in the transition block of the Periodic Table

positive electrode in electrolysis

In water. E.g. An aqueous solution of potassium nitrate

negative electrode in electrolysis

A solid electrical conductor that forms the connection between the electrolyte
and the external electrical circuit in electrolysis.

The decomposition of a substance

by passing an electric current through it.

a mixture made by dissolving a solute in a solvent

A chemical reaction involving burning.

A reaction that takes in heat energy.
A reaction that gives out heat energy.
Brcaking down by using heat.
The condition that exists when the rate of the forward and backward
in a reversible reaction mixture are equal.

reactions

is reached when the forward reaction and reverse reaction are going on at the
same time; at this point the amount of reactant or product does not change

the reaction which produces the products

A reaction that can take place in both directions. It is represented by the

of the symbol in the equation.

The main ore of aluminium, from which aluminium is extracted.

The name of the industrial process used for making ammonia.

A chemical reaction between a metal

and oxygen in the air.

use

A mineral of aluminium used in its molten form for dissolving aluminium oxide
in the electrolytic manufacture of aluminium.

the coating of steel or iron by zinc to protect it from rusting

A rock found in the Earth's crust that contains a metal or a metal compound.

A mineral that contains enough of a metal or a metal compound to make it

worthwhile extracting the metal.

A chemical reaction between iron and oxygen and water from the air in which
rust (hydrated iron(lll) oxide) is formed.

method of rust protection in which blocks of more reactive metal are attached to
iron; the more reactive metal react with the air and water instead of the iron

The waste material produced in the blast furnace during the production of iron.

an alloy of iron with other elements

a homologous series of organic compounds which has -OH as its functional

group; ethanol is a member of this homologous series
-OH
A naturally occurring mixture of many hydrocarbons.

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different displayed
formulae.

The simplest member of the alkane family with a formula CH4. It is the major
component of natural gas.
CH4
compounds that have the element CARBON in it
C
A hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond.

a reaction in which atoms are added to an unsaturated carbon compound; the

atoms are added using the double bond as one of the double bonds breaks and is
used to make two new bonds, e.g. alkenes and halogens

A saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2.

CnH2n+2
An unsaturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n.
CnH2n

A reaction where water (or the elements of water - hydrogen and oxygen) is
removed.
-
The conversion of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

A group of organic compounds in which each member differs from the next
member by a -CH2- unit.
CH2
burning in not enough oxygen

A hydrocarbon containing only single bonds.

The process of breaking long-chain alkane molecules into short-chain alkanes
and alkcnes.

One of the fractions produced on fractional distillation of crude oil.

A mixture containing several compounds all of which have similar boiling

points.

The process of separating the liquids in a mixture of miscible liquids

A compound made up of only the elements hydrogen and carbon.

the joining together of many unsaturated monomer molecules (double bonds) to

form a long molecule; new monomers are added to the chain at the double
bonds

the joining together of many of two different monomer molecules to form one
single long molecule during which a small molecule is removed for each link
between the monomers

The unit molecuIe from which a polymer is made.

A long-chain molecule made up of repeating units of monomers.

a chemical reaction in which many small molecules or monomers are joined

together to form a long molecule called a polymer

polymer made from polymerising ethene molecules - addition polymer

This is the number of particles (ion pairs, atoms or molecules) in one mole of the
substance.

The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present in a compound.

The volume of one mole of a gas. At r.t.p. it is 24 dm3.

--24dm3.
The amount of substance containing 6 x 1023 particles (atoms, molecules or
formulae) of the substance.
6*1023
The exact number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of a
substance.

The weighted mean mass of an element relative to one- twelfth the mass of an
atom of carbon-12.
-121/12-12
1/12
The sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in the formula
of a substance.

The quantity of electric charge carried by one mole of electrons.

The net heat energy change per mole in a chemical reaction.

A method to determine the exact volume of one solution that will react with a
given volume of another solution.