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Keywords:
Wind
generation,
Permanent-magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG), Low voltage ride-through
(LVRT), Control Design, Voltage dip.
Abstract
This paper investigates the control and operation of
permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based
wind generation systems employing the full-scale frequency
converter under network fault conditions. The factors
inducing the oscillations of DC-link voltage of the full-scale
frequency converter during grid voltage dips are analyzed. A
novel control strategy is proposed to suppresses the DC-link
voltage oscillations and enhance the low voltage ride-through
(LVRT) capability of PMSG-based wind turbine. The
generator-side converter is controlled to maintain a stable
DC-link voltage, while the grid-side converter is controlled to
provide a dynamic coordinated control for the active and
reactive power output according to the grid voltage amplitude
variations during grid faults. The simulation results
implemented in Matlab/Simulink show that the proposed
control strategy not only improves the stability of PMSG by
means of suppressing the DC-link voltage oscillation, but also
provides a dynamic reactive power support to restraint the
disturbance of the grid voltage.
1 Introduction
The significant increase of wind power over the last decade
has a serious influence on the security and stability of the
power system. Grid connection requirements have been
imposing stricter regulations on wind farms especially in
terms of low voltage ride-through (LVRT) and grid support
capabilities [1-2].In order to ensure the fulfilment of those
codes, it becomes crucial for the well-established wind
turbines to redesign an advanced wind turbine controller by
means of a reliable and economic reform scheme, which
makes wind turbines behave like conventional synchronous
generator during an abnormal voltage is detected, remaining
connected and supplying reactive power to secure a safe and
reliable grid operation during and after the abnormal voltage
has ended. The above redesign scheme will certainly present a
challenge to the well-established wind turbine technologies.
Variable speed wind turbines, equipped with multi-pole
permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and fullscale frequency converter, have been proven to have more
excellent performances in the aspect of low voltage ride-
*ULG
Pm
Pg
Ps
306*
Vs I s
Po p t
Ps
Zr
Vc I g Lc Vg
Vs*=1
I sq
V s I sq
+
PI
I sd
1.4
15
1.2
14
Pmax
1.0
P /pu
V R I ds jZ
s s
e s
s
dt
(1)
3
Vs I s
Ps jQs
2
Te 2 p Im s I s
where e is the electrical speed. Vs and Is are the stator
voltage and stator current vectors respectively. s and f are
the stator and rotor flux respectively. Rs is the stator resistance,
and Ls_d and L s_q are the d-axis and q-axis stator inductances
respectively. Ps and Qs are the stator output active and
reactive power respectively. Te is the electrical torque, and p
is the number of PMSGs pole pairs.
Using stator-flux-oriented control, where the stator
resistance is neglected and the stator flux vector in
synchronous reference frame is assumed to be constant, the
active power, reactive power and electromagnetic torque of
PMSG can be further deduced as
3
Ps 2 Vs I sq
(2)
Vs I sd
Qs
2
Te 2 pn\ s I sq
Vs
Vs
13
12
0.8
0.6
Popt
11
0.4
10
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
Z0 0.6
0.8
Zr /pu
9
8
Wind speed[m/s]
7
1.0 Z1Zmax
1.4
Vc
Vg Rc I g jZe Lc I g Lc
dt
Pg
dVdc
P
s
C
Vdc Vdc
dt
3
Pg jQg Vg Ig
2
(3)
where Vg and I g are the grid voltage and grid current vectors
respectively. Vc is the output voltage of the grid-side
converter. Rc and Lc are the equivalent resistance and
equivalent inductance of the grid-side filter reactor
respectively. C and Vdc are the DC-link capacitance and
voltage respectively. Pg Qg are the output active and
reactive power of the grid-side converter respectively.
Using grid voltage oriented control, where the resistance Rc
and the transient state of the inductance Lc are neglected, the
total output active power and reactive power of the grid-side
converter can be given by
Pg
Q
g
3
Vg I g_d
2
3
Vg I g_q
2
(4)
PI
Vdc
*
Q =0
PI
*
Ig_d
*
Ig_q
PI
Vs
*
Vdc
PI
*
Is_d
*
Is_q
Vdc
Pg
3
Vg I gd
2
*
Ig_d1
1
Vg*
PI
*
Ig_d
*
Ig_q1
I*
g_dq
Vg
Ig_d1*
Vg*
Ig_d2*
*
Ig_q2
*
Ig_d
14
Pn
P/pu
15
Popt
13
12
0.6
0.2
PA
Plim
0.2
0.6
Z r /pu
11
&
%
'Z r
10
8
Wind Speed
[m/s]
Z r0 1 Z r1
1.4
5 Simulation Studies
Simulations were performed using Matlab/Simulinks
SimPower System Blockset to verify the proposed control
scheme and compare the performance of the different control
strategies. The wind farm is simulated as a lumped 20MW
PMSG model containing 10 PMSGs, each rated at 2MW.
Detailed converter models were constructed and the switching
frequency of is 2 kHz. The control strategies illustrated in
Figs. 5 and 6 were implemented. The simulation system
shown in Fig.8 is used. The grid voltage drops down to 20%
of the rated value at 2s, and the duration is 0.625s.
Ps
'Pdc
Pg
T1
PMSG
102MW
B1/690V
Z1
T2
Z2
Grid
B2/35kV B3/220kV
5 Conclusion
This paper presents a novel control strategy based on the
mechanical rotor storing energy, to achieve the low voltage
ride-through of PMSG-based wind turbine and provide a
dynamic reactive power supply to power system, during grid
faults. The generator-side converter is employed to maintain a
stable DC-link voltage, while the grid-side converter is used
to realize the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and the
coordinated control for the active and reactive power. During
the low voltage ride-though of PMSG-based wind turbine, the
active power output of the generator is controlled by the
generator-side converter according to the variation of the DClink voltage. The power surplus is transformed in rotational
energy of the rotor mass so as to improve the DC-link voltage
stability. Meanwhile, the grid-side converter is employed to
realize the coordinated control strategy for the active and
reactive power output of the grid-side converter according to
the grid voltage change range.
The main achievements that will be obtained in this paper
are as follows:
1. The effective application of the generator rotor energy
storage reduces the losses of the active power during the
process of the LVRT.
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.05
0.5
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.05
r(pu)
Pg(pu)
Ps(pu)
Pm(pu)
Us(pu)
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.7
1
1.5
1
0.5
Id(pu)
1
0
-1
0
1
0
-1
1.2
1.2
Udc(pu)
Iq(pu)
1
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.8
3
4
Time (s)
0.8
3
4
Time (s)
a
b
Fig.9 The comparison of PMSG low voltage ride through dynamic responses in both control strategies
2.
References
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power impact on system operations and planning[C].
IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2010:
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large-scale integrated wind farms on the security and
stability of regional power system [J]. International
Conference on Power System Technology, 2010: 1-6.
[3] Li Jianlin, Zhuying, He Xiangtao,et al. Study on low
voltage ride through characteristic of full power
converter direct-drive wind power system[C]. IEEE 6th
International Conference on Power Electronics and
Motion Control, 2009: 331-340.
[4] Yao Xingjia, Liu Yingming, Bao Jieqiu, et al. Research
and simulation of direct drive wind turbine VSCF
characteristic[C] IEEE International Conference on
Automation and Logistics, 2008: 1683-1687.
[5] Banham Hall D D, Taylor G A, Smith C A, et al.
Towards large-scale direct drive wind turbines with
permanent magnet generators and full converters[C].
IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2010:
1-8.