2749

APPENDIX B: Comparative Hematology

Harvey A. Ragan

According to Hawkey (1), there are over 4200 living species of

mammals. Adequate hematologic characterization of these mammals
has generally been done only for humans and, to a lesser extent, the
common laboratory animals and some domestic species. Despite
voluminous databases for these three categories, rarely are the age
(young or adult), prandial state, blood collection procedures, or (for
nonhuman species) the housing and environmental conditions or the
strain of the species stated in literature reports.
Tables B.1 and B.2 list some hematologic variables reported by
different investigators in a variety of vertebrate species. The tabulated
data are representative, but certainly are not exhaustive; an attempt
was made to include primarily reports describing studies involving a
large number of animals, but this limitation was not always possible.
Many references for the various species are not cited in the text or
tables but are presented unnumbered under each species in order to
offer valuable information on additional data, techniques, or
procedures. Also included in the References are several extensive
monographs on comparative hematology, including those of Andrew
(2), Archer and Jeffcott (3), Hawkey and Dennett (4), Lawkowicz and
Czerski (5), Meyer et al. (6), Mitruka and Rawnsley (7), Payne et al. (8),
Sanderson and Phillips (9), Schalm et al. (10), Schermer (11), Wintrobe
(12), and Wolford et al. (13). Some references contain good
descriptions and illustrations of the blood cells of the various species.
Because mean corpuscular volume (MCV) more commonly is measured
or calculated and then used clinically and in toxicologic studies than is
red cell diameter, the latter is no longer reported in these tables.
However, some of the older reports and many of the monographs
referenced contain this information for various species.
Many of the tabular data are from animals kept under laboratory
conditions, such as dogs, miniature swine, rats, mice, or hamsters, and
generally should not be considered representative of values that one
may encounter from all ``normal'' animals of that species. Controlled
environmental conditions in laboratories vary and may have a
profound influence on the hemogram. Even animals from the same
supplier but different shipments may manifest highly significant
differences in hematologic values. Therefore, except in the clinical
setting, use of hematologic data from intracurrent control animals is
imperative for comparison with data from treated experimental groups
rather than relying totally on historical data. Clinically, a database of
expected normal values for the sex and age of each species should be
established by individual laboratories or clinics.
With the exception of the nucleated red cells of birds, reptiles, and
amphibians, circulating erythrocytes of most vertebrates are non-

BC
106
muL)

nucleated and similar cytologically to those of humans, with the

exception of size. Some distinct differences may be present, however,
such as the refractile bodies noted as inclusions in cat erythrocytes.
Polychromasia of the red cells is a common finding in rats and
particularly in
2750

2751

TABLE B-1 -- Hematologic Values in Selected Species of Mammals

HGB
(g/dL)

VPRC
(mL/dL)

MCV
(fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

Retics
(%)

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph
(103 / (103
muL) /muL)

Mono
(103
/muL)

Eos (103
/muL)

Baso
(103
/muL)

Platelets
(103 /muL) An

00.1

16.10.7

40.51.3 67.31.9 26.91.1 40.11.9

--

8.41.4 4.50.7 2.90.7 0.370.10 0.170.06 0.080.31

--

60.2

16.80.5

39.71.4 68.03.7 28.71.2 42.71.6

--

10.11.0 5.70.8 3.50.8 0.530.06 0.140.03 0.050.16

--

01.4

14.01.8

48.35.8

72.1

20.9

29.0

--

10.33.6 3.81.6 4.42.7 0.500.80 0.500.40 0.200.20

--

01.5

13.81.8

48.87.1

71.8

20.3

28.3

--

7.41.4 3.31.4 3.61.0 0.200.10 0.300.20 0.100.10

--

--

--

40.0

--

--

--

--

6.8

4.3

1.3

0.48

0.49

0.05

--

--

--

52.0

--

--

--

--

8.9

5.9

2.1

0.31

0.29

0.02

--

402.5 16.81.9

46.75.6 46.15.9 16.51.8 35.82.2

--

3.80.8 1.91.4 1.81.1 0.040.20 0.190.08 0.030.20

2.512.5

1.4-7.0

--

-10.0

8.0-15.0

24-45

37-49

--

30-36

--

5.5-19.5

01.0

11.61.5

34.74.2

43.2

14.4

33.4

--

12.5

71.3

10.92.1

346

41.02.8

--

32.10.8

--

9.82.8 6.52.7 2.70.8 0.230.21 0.020.04 0.000.01

--

60.7

11.31.0

353

39.11.9 12.80.8 32.81.6

--

8.71.7 2.91.1 5.10.8 0.620.33 0.020.40 0.000.01

--

3.20.9 8.5+2.2

0.1-0.79

0.1-0.79

rare

175-500

0.02

0.800.34

0.00

--

TABLE B-1 -- Hematologic Values in Selected Species of Mammals

BC
106
muL)

HGB
(g/dL)

VPRC
(mL/dL)

MCV
(fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

Retics
(%)

0-8.0

8.0-14.0

26-42

37-54

--

26-36

--

.00

11.0

35.0

52.0

14.0

32.7

0.0

--

--

41.84.7

--

--

--

--

12.14.8 7.21.5 2.81.3 0.400.11 1.220.35 0.040.06

--

01.3

11.71.9

38.77.0

53.0

16.0

30.2

--

7.66.4 3.21.5 4.11.4 0.100.10 0.070.14 0.070.14

--

00.7

11.71.4

38.35.8

58.0

17.7

30.5

--

8.06.5 3.61.3 4.31.4 0.100.11 0.040.11 0.030.11

--

.10

15.4

48.0

78.6

24.9

31.3

0.6

7.5

4.7

1.5

0.45

0.82

0.08

240

5.5

14.3

42.5

77.5

26.6

33.2

0.7

10.4

7.2

2.0

0.52

0.82

0.01

225

3.7

14.5

39.0

103.0

38.5

37.2

3.2

7.5

4.8

1.7

0.23

0.83

0.00

132

--

15.81.3

47.13.4

--

--

--

1.0 0.6

14.63.3 8.41.1 4.51.0 0.580.23 0.890.72

0.00

--

50.4

15.60.9

45.22.9 64.02.1 22.20.6 34.60.7

--

10.12.3 6.7.2

2.50.8 0.380.26 0.370.22

0.00

26848

80.5

15.91.2

45.83.4 65.51.3 22.80.4 34.80.7

--

8.12.1 5.01.6 2.10.8 0.310.21 0.700.42

0.00

29958

60.6

10.51.7

34.24.6 66.22.3 20.41.0 30.81.1

--

10.13.4 6.32.9 2.60.9 0.940.59 0.110.21

0.00

343149

40.7

11.11.9

35.75.3 66.82.9 20.71.2 30.91.2

--

9.02.6 5.62.2 2.50.7 0.720.37 0.240.33

0.00

38886

5-8.5

12.0-18.0

37-55

60-72

--

31-37

--

5.5-16.9

3.012.0

1.0-4.9

0.1-1.40

0.10-1.49

--

175-500

15.0

45.0

70.0

22.8
34.0

0.8

11.5

7.0

2.8

0.75

0.55

0.00

350

6.8

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph
(103 / (103
muL) /muL)

4.0-12.0 1.5-5.0
8.0

2.2

Mono
(103
/muL)

Eos (103
/muL)

Baso
(103
/muL)

3.0-7.5

0.1-1.50

0.1-1.50

rare

175-620

4.5

0.40

0.70

0.06

500

Platelets
(103 /muL) An

TABLE B-1 -- Hematologic Values in Selected Species of Mammals

BC
106
muL)

HGB
(g/dL)

VPRC
(mL/dL)

MCV
(fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

Retics
(%)

WBC
(103
/muL)

3.3

13.6

41.0

125.0

41.0

32.5

0.1

11.4

00.4

10.22.4

34.84.8

--

14.32.2

43.46.5

--

--

--

15.90.7

48.41.8

--

0.2

17.8

55.4

8.1

16.2

8.1

14.6

14213 41.99.3 29.77.3

Neutro Lymph
(103 / (103
muL) /muL)

2.5

5.1

Mono
(103
/muL)

Eos (103
/muL)

Baso
(103
/muL)

0.46

0.34

2.70

540

0.54

0.06

--

Platelets
(103 /muL) An

--

8.82.0 3.00.3 4.60.4 0.540.27

--

--

11.32.9 4.52.4 5.61.7 0.750.21 0.270.29 0.080.13

--

--

--

--

5.91.8 1.80.6 3.41.2 0.260.10 0.210.15 0.050.06

--

54.0

17.6

32.2

4.0

9.7

5.5

3.5

0.43

0.23

0.01

453

49.2

61.0

19.9

32.8

5.3

10.5

6.2

3.5

0.46

0.27

0.02

545

48.0

59.6

18.1

29.9

0.3

5.4

3.0

1.3

0.49

0.59

0.00

247

20.4

14.80.4

47.51.0 54.62.1 17.70.8 32.40.8 3.10.8 12.12.0 2.41.1 9.51.8 0.110.05 0.140.09 0.190.06

--

--

14.10.5

45.81.3

9.61.7 2.50.9 7.11.6 0.130.03 0.130.06 0.110.04

--

--

--

--

3.30.9

50.51 15.90.6

49.32.0 54.53.7 17.51.1 32.30.7

--

13.55.9 1.90.9 11.41.1

0.04

0.16

0.01

--

50.51 15.00.4

46.81.4 54.53.7 16.91.1 32.10.7

--

8.70.4 2.01.1 6.51.1

0.03

0.10

0.04

--

601.1

9.70.8

27.81.9 24.12.7 8.40.9 33.52.8

--

10.62.3 4.02.5 6.21.4 0.200.10 0.200.20 0.020.02

--

90.9

9.70.6

29.02.0 19.31.2 6.50.3 33.62.3

--

14.11.4 4.81.9 6.61.0 0.700.30 0.900.20 0.140.07

--

3.00

82.3

90.3

10.0
10.31.5

13.0
15.80.6

28.0

19.5

6.5

33.0

31.55.4 20.02.3 6.60.7 33.01.8

41.3

79.1

24.9

31.0

45.72.0 78.81.6 27.20.7 34.50.9

0.0
--

1.4
--

9.0

3.3

5.0

10.13.6 4.12.0 5.32.7

13.3

7.3

4.7

0.30

0.50

0.05

450

0.10.1

0.40.3

0.20.1

--

1.20

0.01

0.07

250

3.91.6 2.21.0 1.70.8 0.040.05 0.020.06 0.020.06 47047049

BC
106
muL)

10.4

TABLE B-1 -- Hematologic Values in Selected Species of Mammals

HGB
(g/dL)

MCV
(fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

Retics
(%)

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph
(103 / (103
muL) /muL)

Mono
(103
/muL)

Eos (103
/muL)

Baso
(103
/muL)

Platelets
(103 /muL) An

40.43.1 84.12.1 27.90.6 33.20.8

--

6.61.4 2.40.8 4.11.6 0.050.05 0.080.11 0.010.02

34165

20.56 16.21.1

46.03.4

--

--

--

--

8.20.5 1.80.3 8.20.5

0.20

0.50

--

24249

10.5

18.01.0

50.53.3

--

--

--

--

8.30.4 1.70.3 8.30.4

0.20

0.20

--

23841

40.4

16.80.7

48.81.8 55.91.1 19.20.4 34.40.6

--

9.22.9 4.82.3 3.81.6 0.440.36 0.090.11 0.000.00

42842

70.3

16.80.6

48.21.8 56.41.4 19.40.3 34.60.5

--

9.84.1 3.71.8 7.23.4 0.490.36 0.130.10 0.000.00

44349

70.63

--

--

--

--

--

--

6.71.6 1.40.7 5.10.7 0.100.11 0.020.05 0.000.00

25864

40.54

--

--

--

--

--

--

6.71.6 1.60.7 4.90.7 0.140.11 0.020.03 0.000.00

26028

01.2

14.41.7

--

9.11.8 4.81.2 3.51.1 0.390.23 0.310.24 0.050.06

225

7.3

13.41.1

VPRC
(mL/dL)

41.04.5 45.54.3 15.91.5 35.21.4

13.8

38.0

51.9

18.6

35.3

0.0

11.0-19.0

32-52

36-50

--

31-38

--

--

--

43.0

--

--

--

--

19.3

13.9

2.5

0.77

5.2

13.7

40.5

77.8

28.4

34.0

1.6

9.4

7.9

0.9

--

--

48.0

--

--

--

--

21.1

17.5

1.6

-13.0

8.0

5.7

6.0-12.5 2.7-7.0

2.0
1.5-6.0

0.27

0.04

0.01

202

rare

90-350

0.77

0.77

--

0.28

0.24

0.05

175

0.91

0.70

0.00

--

0.10-1.00 0.10-1.00

51.0

15.11.4

50.35.3 68.38.0 20.41.6 30.22.2 5.93.8

6.02.2 3.80.8 2.00.8 0.050.06 0.040.06 0.010.02

--

15.10.9

48.42.7

7.03.6 1.80.7 5.10.7

--

--

31.2

--

--

--

--

27579

--

TABLE B-1 -- Hematologic Values in Selected Species of Mammals

BC
106
muL)

HGB
(g/dL)

VPRC
(mL/dL)

MCV
(fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

Retics
(%)

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph
(103 / (103
muL) /muL)

--

14.60.7

45.92.3

--

--

31.8

--

30.5

14.51.1

39.72.1 46.91.5 17.10.6 34.81.1 3.21.3

6.42.5 1.20.6 5.02.1 0.080.08 0.090.11 0.000.00

1144226

930.4 16.30.6

48.61.6 46.61.6 15.70.2 33.60.7 1.80.8

4.11.3 1.61.3 2.41.0

0.050.9 0.020.03 0.000.00

1044157

540.3 16.70.4

49.42.0 46.81.8 15.80.3 33.71.0 2.20.8

4.11.2 0.80.5 3.21.1 0.110.16 0.030.04 0.000.00

994155

8.03.0 2.10.8 5.80.8

Mono
(103
/muL)

Eos (103
/muL)

Baso
(103
/muL)

--

--

--

Platelets
(103 /muL) An
--

.76

14.5

45.0

57.7

18.4

31.9

2.5

7.4

2.3

4.0

0.18

0.58

0.03

--

4.0

10.1

31.9

79.0

26.0

32.0

--

12.0

4.7

5.5

1.12

0.56

0.12

250

--

--

91.1

14.91.7

42.93.5 59.04.1 20.91.1 35.52.1

--

3.922.0 1.92.7 3.21.6 0.090.08 0.020.31

60.9

12.41.1

38.53.1 56.07.0 18.02.3 32.11.6

--

16.95.7 5.53.8 10.73.1 0.410.40 0.310.58 0.060.11

--

80.9

12.41.1

38.53.1 59.37.0 19.22.3 32.31.6

--

17.94.7 5.23.0 10.82.8 0.470.40 1.383.2 0.050.11

--

81.2

14.11.8

42.13.4 55.45.4 18.62.3 33.52.3

13.84.3 5.83.6 7.02.2 0.450.32 0.550.48 0.090.14

--

31.1

15.61.0

45.93.4 61.67.0 21.02.3 34.22.3

11.62.0 3.21.5 7.51.5 0.390.22 0.520.40 0.090.09

--

50.9

14.41.6 40.203.9 59.95.4 21.52.3 35.81.6

--

13.52.8 7.02.8 5.31.5 0.530.32 0.500.45 0.090.16

--

60.7 16.191.3 45.13.1 65.25.4 23.41.6 35.91.6

--

10.93.3 3.31.7 6.42.1 0.470.23 0.600.34 0.060.16

--

20.4

9.01.3

27.33.4 77.07.0 21.21.0 32.90.5

--

9.70.6 6.40.4 3.00.4 0.190.10 0.000.00 0.000.00

--

00.7

14.41.3

40.63.6 59.52.2 21.30.8 35.90.5 0.70.5 11.92.2 4.42.0 6.71.3 0.060.09 0.580.36 0.110.09

33467

00.6

9.41.2

28.83.7 77.26.5 25.51.9 32.71.2 17.54.8 13.06.2 5.22.8 6.92.3 0.080.10 0.080.08 0.020.04

593226

0-8.0

10.0-18.0

50.32 12.90.7

33-50

50-67

--

30-34

39.02.3 76.02.6 25.40.9 33.10.7

--

--

10.022.0

3.210.0

4.5-13.0

0.1-2.00

0.2-2.00

9.23.1 5.70.7 3.30.4 0.180.18 0.090.09

rare

200-500

0.00.0

27958

BC
106
muL)

TABLE B-1 -- Hematologic Values in Selected Species of Mammals

HGB
(g/dL)

60.30 12.30.8

VPRC
(mL/dL)

MCV
(fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

37.42.5 77.13.1 25.31.0 32.80.6

Retics
(%)

--

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph
(103 / (103
muL) /muL)

Mono
(103
/muL)

Eos (103
/muL)

Baso
(103
/muL)

10.02.8 6.10.9 3.60.5 0.200.20 0.100.10

0.00.0

Platelets
(103 /muL) An

34887

50.4

11.70.7

382

834

262

321

1.20.4 10.94.0 5.92.2 4.62.2 0.110.13 0.220.19 0.010.03

33473

70.3

12.60.9

402

805

262

321

1.20.4 10.83.0 6.92.3 3.62.1 0.110.12 0.110.10 0.010.03

333136

60.4

13.41.0

414

824

261

332

1.10.3 10.33.4 7.03.2 2.91.0 0.240.17 0.090.13 0.060.07

337117

40.6

14.51.3

44.23.9 81.44.5 26.71.4 32.80.5

--

11.03.8 5.10.9 5.20.8 0.220.22 0.440.40

0.00.0

272116

20.5

13.41.2

41.03.2 81.94.0 26.71.3 32.60.6

--

13.64.3 6.01.0 6.81.0 0.270.27 0.410.40

0.00.0

27373

70.6

12.51.5

39.75.0 86.08.2

0-6.40

9.7-14.2

34-43

62-74

18-22

28-32

0-1.5

0-4.80 10.4-12.9

34-38

83-90

25-33

29-36

0.2-1.5

--

86.67.5

--

--

--

35-47

74-82

19-26

28-32

0-1.4

90.5

13.62.1

0-7.00 10.3-15.5

10.6

12.31.1

0-6.30 12.5-15.3

42.13.2 76.06.5
41-51

66-78

--

-21-26

31.22.2 0.30.2 12.55.1 7.92.0 4.11.9 0.140.15 0.330.40 0.030.07

29.12.0 0.50.4
31-34

40.5

17.11.3

52.23.7 81.34.1 26.61.6 32.80.6

50.2

16.11.1

90.2

0.4-0.7
--

2.8-9.7

350133

30-70 *

36-52

0-10

0-5

0-2

266-320

4.0-12.0 50-68 *

25-37

4-12

0-3

0.00

155-286

--

--

--

--

23093

17-34

0-8

0-2

0-1

149-309

8.12.6

--

3.9-15.0 60-82 *
10.3.6
2-11

4.01.7 5.61.7 0.110.16 0.320.31 0.030.05

418115

72-83 *

290-430

12-22

3-5

0-2

0-2

8.83.8 2.61.2 5.51.5 0.270.26 1.551.05 0.080.12

29590

51.13.9 85.74.1 27.01.1 31.50.3 0.70.3

3.30.5 1.40.2 1.70.2 0.110.03 0.000.00 0.020.00

18035

13.40.3

44.41.2 85.53.8 25.91.3 30.21.0 0.90.2

4.10.4 1.90.3 2.10.2 0.160.09 0.010.01 0.010.01

19335

70.5

14.71.3

44.83.5 78.72.1 25.70.8 32.70.8

7.23.1 2.31.4 4.62.0 0.070.06 0.310.18

00.3

17.40.7

52.03.0 74.04.0 25.01.3 33.01.0 2.60.5

7.62.7 3.30.9 4.01.0 0.040.05 0.120.14 0.010.02

39976

00.5

16.61.4

51.04.0 73.03.5 24.01.4 33.01.1 2.61.1 13.03.2 5.63.0 6.91.8 0.400.18 0.130.18 0.080.12

40282

--

--

--

>

>

BC
106
muL)

TABLE B-1 -- Hematologic Values in Selected Species of Mammals

HGB
(g/dL)

VPRC
(mL/dL)

MCV
(fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

Retics
(%)

--

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph
(103 / (103
muL) /muL)

Mono
(103
/muL)

Eos (103
/muL)

Baso
(103
/muL)

Platelets
(103 /muL) An

20.3

12.90.9

40.81.8 59.85.3

32.01.4

--

3.21.5 1.90.4 0.80.3 0.150.12 0.300.21 0.050.04

--

80.7

13.51.7

39.05.0 73.06.0 25.71.5 35.02.0

--

6.92.1 3.5.05 3.20.9 0.050.07 0.060.07 0.020.07

--

70.4

12.11.0

363

621

--

8.12.7 3215 *

6815

--

--

--

--

20.1

--

33.40.6

--

--

--

--

8.30.4 2.00.7 5.90.2

--

--

--

40316

5-5.8

9.6-13.1

31-41

62-82

18-27

28-32

0.8-5.0

4-16

0-3

1-6

230-690

00.4

14.00.6

43.02.0 65.04.0 21.01.0 32.54.0 24.44.0 6.81.2 1.70.8 4.10.5 0.430.22 0.030.03 0.220.03

--

00.6

12.70.6

39.02.0 66.02.0 22.01.0 32.83.0 24.04.0 5.60.9 1.90.2 2.70.8 0.360.11 0.070.04 0.260.11

--

.00

12.6

41.5

60.0

18.2

29.9

0.4

90.3

9.20.1

361

581

--

250

--

3.50.4 2.20.1 1.30.1 0.010.01

--

15.30.5

45.01.6

--

--

34.0

--

--

14.61.9

47.65.4

--

--

30.6

--

.09

14.5

43.7

61.8

20.5

33.2

--

5.6

1.5

3.9

0.15

.01

14.9

45.6

65.1

21.2

32.6

--

4.8

1.2

3.5

.18

13.6

41.5

67.1

22.0

32.7

--

3.7

0.7

.57

13.8

42.7

65.0

21.0

32.3

--

6.9

.86

14.0

43.2

63.2

20.4

32.4

--

7.6

21.20.4 33.70.1

3.1-9.2

5.9

38-66 *

3.6

26-51

1.6

0.30

0.44

0.00

181

--

--

--

13.53.3 3.31.2 8.91.4 0.770.42 0.500.39

0.00

--

8.62.7 2.30.6 5.30.5 0.670.27 0.380.32

0.00

--

0.08

--

--

0.06

0.03

--

--

2.9

0.05

0.03

--

--

0.7

6.1

0.12

0.00

--

--

0.7

6.6

0.14

0.09

--

--

90.7

13.71.0

41.62.5 58.23.3 18.80.6 33.01.2 5.72.4

8.61.5 1.10.4 7.31.5 0.150.19 0.030.05 0.000.00

81084

50.7

14.41.0

43.92.8 57.13.4 18.80.6 32.91.4 4.32.5

9.11.8 0.90.4 8.01.7 0.100.18 0.050.06 0.000.00

781120

BC
106
muL)

TABLE B-1 -- Hematologic Values in Selected Species of Mammals

HGB
(g/dL)

VPRC
(mL/dL)

MCV
(fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

Retics
(%)

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph
(103 / (103
muL) /muL)

Mono
(103
/muL)

Eos (103
/muL)

Baso
(103
/muL)

Platelets
(103 /muL) An

70.5

15.40.6

46.12.0 55.23.2 18.50.6 33.51.5 2.61.0

7.62.4 0.80.5 6.62.1 0.130.24 0.030.04 0.000.00

62575

70.4

15.80.5

47.42.2 56.43.2 18.70.6 33.31.7 1.70.7

8.12.5 0.90.4 7.12.3 0.080.13 0.060.12 0.000.00

61986

30.3

15.10.5

45.41.8 50.32.6 17.94.3 33.31.6 2.00.7

6.81.8 1.30.5 5.41.4 0.140.19 0.090.17 0.000.00

51259

20.4

15.30.7

45.92.5 53.92.7 19.03.9 33.41.6 1.70.7

7.02.1 1.20.6 5.81.8 0.100.17 0.030.05 0.000.00

57381

30.3

13.90.5

38.04.9

--

--

--

--

3.10.6 1.50.2 1.60.5

0.030.03

--

--

60.2

14.40.4

38.11.4

--

--

--

--

1.70.3 0.60.4 1.10.2 0.000.02 0.010.02

--

--

40.4

13.90.7

42.82.0 63.63.4 20.81.2 32.50.6

--

12.03.6 2.31.4 9.53.4 0.230.21 0.020.05 0.000.02

1064191

60.4

14.20.6

43.01.7 63.03.1 20.71.4 32.91.0

--

12.03.0 2.01.2 9.92.5 0.110.16 0.070.13 0.010.04

1061217

50.8

14.61.5

43.84.6 60.03.2 19.91.0 33.30.8

--

13.23.7 1.71.1 11.13.6 0.340.21 0.070.06 0.040.22

855211

40.5

14.01.0

41.52.8 60.02.4 20.21.0 33.80.9

--

11.42.9 1.30.8 9.72.5 0.170.14 0.090.09 0.030.04

978234

50.6

15.30.8

45.02.3 52.94.8 18.01.6 33.90.9

--

11.13.0 1.40.7 9.32.7 0.350.32 0.080.08 0.020.04

795137

50.5

14.50.6

43.21.7 56.14.0 18.91.4 33.60.7

--

9.03.4 1.00.5 7.83.4 0.200.15 0.080.10 0.010.01

851165

80.3

13.10.7

37.31.9

--

--

--

--

2.40.8 1.10.4 1.20.5 0.030.03 0.060.05

--

--

40.5

14.040.8 44.33.5

--

--

--

--

3.60.9 1.10.4 2.50.6

0.00.0

1.20.9

--

--

70.1

12.62.6

38.11.3

--

--

--

--

3.00.2 0.80.2 2.20.2

0.00.0

0.030.05

--

--

16.6

52.5

108.0

35.2

31.4

1.0

0.35

0.02

0.00

--

35.01.0

32.1

9.9

30.9

--

10.00.3 3.00.1 6.50.1 0.250.02 0.240.03 0.050.05

24.0-49.0

23.048.0

--

29.035.0

--

4.0-12.0 1.0-5.0

4.5

900.2 10.80.3

-15.0

8.0-16.0

4.4

2.6

1.4

2.0-9.0

0.00.0

2.0-9.0

0.1-0.75

rare

-300-800

TABLE B-1 -- Hematologic Values in Selected Species of Mammals

BC
106
muL)

HGB
(g/dL)

VPRC
(mL/dL)

MCV
(fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

Retics
(%)

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph
(103 / (103
muL) /muL)

Mono
(103
/muL)

Eos (103
/muL)

Baso
(103
/muL)

2.0

11.5

35.0

34.0

10.0

32.5

0.0

8.0

2.4

5.0

0.20

0.40

0.05

400

10

15.1

51.4

54.0

16.0

30.0

--

16.0

7.7

6.7

0.48

1.12

0.00

540

16.2

45.0

113.0

40.5

36.0

--

10.4

8.4

1.6

0.31

0.21

0.00

256

6.6

53.5

16.7

71.3

23.3

32.9

--

15.0

12.0

1.8

0.61

0.87

--

--

7.4

17.2

53.5

72.3

23.7

32.9

--

12.0

8.1

1.4

0.65

0.63

--

--

8.5

14.2

39.0

46.1

16.5

34.3

0.1

8.1

5.1

2.6

0.32

0.08

0.00

214

Platelets
(103 /muL) An

#Data presented as mean1 standard deviation unless a range is indicated.

ells; HGB, hemoglobin; VPRC, volume of packed red cells; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpus
ion; Retics, reticulocytes; WBC, white blood cells; Neutro, neutrophils; Lymph, lymphocytes; Mono, monocytes; Eos, eosinophils; Baso, basophils.
(a) Ragan HA, Debban KH, Romsos CO, Redezke D, Weller RE, Buchanan J. Hematology and clinical
chemistry values in common laboratory animals. Manuscript in preparation.
*Leukocyte differential in percent.

2756

TABLE B-2 -- Blood Counts in Various Vertebrates Other Than Mammals

Species

Author

RBC
(106
/muL)

HGB
(g/dL)

Wintrobe

0.44

7.8

VPRC MCV
(mL/dL) (fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph Mono Eos Baso

(103 / (103 / (103 / (103 / (103 / Thrombocyte
muL) muL) muL) muL) muL) (103 /muL)

179

27

0.15

2.6

0.00

0.21

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

24

--

--

--

--

--

7.0

Amphibia

rog

oad

29.3

670

[12]

Biswas et 0.680.02 11.20.2 32.20.6 48013 34.70.5

al [60]

Amphiuma Wintrobe
[12]

0.03

9.4

40.0

13860

3290

TABLE B-2 -- Blood Counts in Various Vertebrates Other Than Mammals

Species

Author

RBC
(106
/muL)

Cryptoranchus

Wintrobe

0.07

13.3

49.0

7425

2010

27

1.9

1.00

0.76

--

0.10

0.10

--

0.67

8.2

30.0

450

123

27

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

0.81

4.4

13.8

171

54

32

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

1.05

8.5

28.0

267

82

31

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

0.74

6.2

22.1

300

85

28

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

HGB
(g/dL)

VPRC MCV
(mL/dL) (fL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

WBC
(103
/muL)

Neutro Lymph Mono Eos Baso

(103 / (103 / (103 / (103 / (103 / Thrombocyte
muL) muL) muL) muL) muL) (103 /muL)

[12]

Reptiles

Alligator

izard

nake

urtle

Wintrobe
[12]

Wintrobe
[12]

Wintrobe
[12]

Wintrobe
[12]

Birds

Duck

Magath et
al [61]

3.06

15.6

--

--

--

--

23.4

5.7

14.4

2.50

.40

.35

30.7

Chicken

Lucas et
al [62]

2.96

10.7

31.9

107.7

36.1

33.5

28.9

6.8

20.7

0.33

0.41

0.59

37.2

Guinea

Wintrobe

3.69

14

50.0

136

38

28

1.6

1.1

--

5.12

0.16

--

2.82

12.7

44.6

160

45

29

--

5.5

--

0.48

--

--

Goose

[12]

Wintrobe
[12]

igeon

Magath
et al [61]

3.53

14.4

--

--

--

--

16.7

0.6

0.50

5.88

0.67

37

urkey

Wintrobe

1.93

11.2

39.2

203

58

29

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

[12]

ishes

almon

Nieminen
et al [63]

--

--

35.41.2

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Rainbow
rout

Nieminen
et al [63]

--

--

37.91.0

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Carp

Field et al

0.84

10.5

31.3

311

72

34

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

135

31.9

23.6

37.930.3

0.71

32.1

4.66

0.47

0.01

37.821.0

Mackerel

rout

Rock Cod

lounder

[64]

Martins
et al [65]
Field et al

3.480.8 11.11.6 47.05.4

1.01

8.5

27.2

314

75

31

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

1.49

5.2

23.8

159

35

22

--

84.0 *

6.0

10.0

--

0.78

2.1

8.34

108

28

25

6.0

0.12

5.6

0.24

--

[64]

Wintrobe
[12]

Wintrobe
[12]

TABLE B-2 -- Blood Counts in Various Vertebrates Other Than Mammals

Species

kate

Dogfish

Dogfish

Author

RBC
(106
/muL)

HGB
(g/dL)

MCH
(pg)

MCHC
(g/dL)

WBC
(103
/muL)

Wintrobe

0.10

1.6

9.9

952

153

16

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

0.07

1.4

7.3

1010

195

19

45.0

--

--

--

--

--

--

0.39

4.4

--

--

112

--

83.5

4.2

55.5

0.84

14.61

13.5

VPRC MCV
(mL/dL) (fL)

Neutro Lymph Mono Eos Baso

(103 / (103 / (103 / (103 / (103 / Thrombocyte
muL) muL) muL) muL) muL) (103 /muL)

[12]

Wintrobe
[12]

Reznikoff
et al [66]

Abbreviations: RBC, red blood cells; HGB, hemoglobin; VPRC, volume of packed red cells; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular
hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WBC, white blood cells; Neutro, neutrophils; Lymph, lymphocytes; Mono, monocytes
Eos, eosinophils; Baso, basophils.
*Leukocyte differential in percent.

2757

mice, and may become evident with even minimal bone marrow stress. Tremendous variation is noted in
the diameter and volume ranges of the red cells when interspecies comparisons are made. Values for red
cell mass and red cell life span, although not included in the tables, may be found in many of the
references. Many in-depth studies concerning hemoglobins of various animals have been performed and
references are present in the Suggested Readings for the appropriate species.

The cytologic and staining characteristics of the various leukocytes

often are unique for a given species and, in some cases, they differ
considerably from those in humans, but their functions are similar to
those of comparable human cells. For instance, in rabbits, guinea pigs,
and birds, neutrophils have rather large eosinophilic granules that
Ehrlich named pseudoeosinophils or heterophils, and the blood of
guinea pigs contains a large number of mononuclear cells with peculiar
inclusions called Kurloff corpuscles. Neutrophils are commonly
doughnut- and U-shaped in the blood of mice and some other rodents,
and those in rabbits are hypersegmented. Elephant blood contains an
unusual type of white cell that has a bilobed nucleus and cytoplasmic
staining characteristics intermediate between those of lymphocytes
and monocytes. Enzyme cytochemical analysis also reveals differences
in reactivity among the mammalian species. In some species, such as
rats, mice, rabbits, hamsters, pigs, and cattle, the neutrophil to
lymphocyte ratio is reversed from that of humans. Leukocyte
differential values in the tables are reported as absolute values when
the original reports contained these data, or if the conversion could
validly be made; otherwise, they are cited as relative values or, in
some cases, as ranges as in the original papers.
Platelet cytology in the common laboratory and domestic species is
similar to that in humans, but the blood of some species may

commonly manifest ``giant'' platelets. In birds and amphibians,

thrombocytes, that is, nucleated cells, are present that have an
appearance similar to normoblasts. The response of platelets and
thrombocytes to various aggregating agents varies considerably with
the species, and results should be extrapolated to humans with caution
when using animal models in coagulation studies. Several of the
references contain values for coagulation parameters in various
species. In addition, there are some comparative coagulation studies
on multiple species, including the proceedings of a Workshop on
Animal Models of Thrombosis and Hemorrhagic Diseases, which
contains many pertinent references for nonhuman species , and
studies by Didisheim et al. and Rowsell and Mustard .
For valid results, obtaining good-quality blood samples and then
handling them appropriately before and during processing is
imperative. Blood collection from animals often is left to inexperienced
or inadequately trained personnel who proceed under the
misconception that getting ``something red'' in the collection tube is
adequate. Blood collection techniques often are unique for a given
species and vary considerably depending on the species. The
Suggested Readings section contains numerous citations regarding
blood collection procedures for various species. Finally, rigid quality
control procedures must be instituted and followed at each laboratory
or clinic. A study that is otherwise well conducted may easily be
invalidated if sampling techniques and quality control procedures are
ignored. The last section of the Suggested Readings contains several
general publications on quality control methods in the clinical
pathology laboratory.
[14]

[15]

[16]

References
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CM. Comparative mammalian haematology: Cellular components and blood coagulation of

captive wild animals. London: William Heinemann Medical Books, 1975.
2. Andrew
3. Archer

W. Comparative Hematology. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1965.

RK, Jeffcott LB. Comparative Clinical Hematology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific 1977.

4. Hawkey

CM, Dennett TB. Color atlas of comparative veterinary hematology. Ames: Iowa State
University Press, 1989.
5. Lawkowicz

W. Czerski P. Comparative haematology of laboratory animals (selected aspects). Acta

Haematol (Basel) 1966;36:13-25.
6. Meyer

DJ, Coles EH, Rich LJ. Veterinary laboratory medicine: Interpretation and diagnosis. WB
Saunders Company. Philadelphia: 1992.
7. Mitruka

BV, Rawnsley HM. Clinical, biochemical and hematological reference values in normal
experimental animals and normal humans. New York: Masson, 1981.

8. Payne

BJ, Lewis HB, Murchison TE, Hart EA. Hematology of laboratory animals. In Handbook of
Laboratory Animal Science, Vol. 3, EC Melby, NH Altman, eds. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1976.
9. Sanderson
10. Schalm's

JH, Phillips EC. An atlas of laboratory animal hematology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.
Veterinary Hematology. 4th ed. Jains NC, ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 1986.

11. Schermer

S. The blood morphology of laboratory animals. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1958.

12. Wintrobe

MM. Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood of various
vertebrates. Folia Haematol 1933;51:32.
13. Wolford

ST, Schroer RA, Gohs FX, et al. Reference range data for serum chemistry and hematology
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WJ, EJW Bowie, KM Brinkhouse et al, eds. Workshop on animal models of thrombosis and
hemorrhagic diseases. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1975.
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P et al. Hematologic and coagulation studies in various animal species. J Lab Clin Med

1959;53:866.
16. Rowsell

HC, Mustard JF. Blood coagulation in some common laboratory animals. Lab Anim Care
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17. Cuba-Caparo

A. Some hematologic and temperature determinations in the 7-banded armadillo (Dasypus

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18. D'Addamio

GH, et al. Hematologic parameters for wild and captive ninebanded armadillos (Dasypus
novetninctus). Lab Anim Sci 1978;28:607.
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CJ, Simpson JG, Schalm OW: Clinical hematology in zoo animals. I. Hemograms. Am J Vet
Clin Pathol 1967; 1:105-114.
20. McEwan

EH. Hematological studies of barren-ground caribou. Can J Zool 1968;46:1031-1036.

21. Rohovsky

MW, Griesemer RA. The hematology of the germfree cat. Lab Anim Sci 1969;19:60.

22. Adams

R, Garry FB, Aldridge BM, et al. Hematologic values in newborn beef calves. Am J Vet Res
1992;53:944-950.
23. Strike

TA. Hemogram and bone marrow differential of the chinchilla. Lab Anim 1970;20:33.

24. Michaelson

SM, Scheer K, Gilt S. The blood of the normal beagle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1966;148:532.

25. Nirmalan

G et al. Hematology of the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus). Can J Physiol Pharmacol
1967;45:985.
26. Lee

EJ, Moore WE, Fryer HC, Minocha HC. Haematological and serum chemistry profiles of ferrets
(Mustela putorius furo). Lab Anim 1982;16:133.
27. Thornton

PC, Wright PA, Sacra PJ, Goodier TEW. The ferret, Mustela putorius furo, as a new species in
toxicology. Lab Anim 1979;13:119.
28. Dillon

WG, Glomski CA. The Mongolian gerbil: Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the cellular
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29. Mays

A. Baseline hematological and blood biochemical parameters of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones
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