Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Soldering
Brazing
Welding
Welding
Consolidation of two
materials by means of
Temperature
Pressure
Classification of
common welding
processes
along with their
AWS (American
Welding Society)
designations.
Cracks
Inclusions
Incomplete fusion
Arc Strikes
Metallurgical changes
Cavities
Unacceptable weld shape
Incomplete penetration
Spatter
Excessive Distortion
Weld Procedures
Various weld
procedures used to
produce welded
joints. (Courtesy
Republic Steel
Corporation,
Youngstown, OH).
Design Considerations
Welding produces monolithic structures
Welded joints do not stop crack propagation,
cracks propagation typically does not travel
through a bolted joint
Vibration stresses are transferred through a weld
joint
Heat Effects
In fusion welding, the heat melts some of the
base material, which is then rapidly cooled,
creating changes in the granular structure.
The pool of metal bonding the base material is
a blend of each material, and forms a cast
structure in the joint zone.
Surrounding the pool of metal is the heat
affected zone, where metallurgical properties
have been changed.
Grain structure
and various zones in
a fusion weld.
Heat Effects
Post weld heat treatment can be used to
reduce the impact of the heat affected zone.
Welding techniques can be used to reduce the
heat distortion in welds
Distortion is the result of thermally induced
stresses
One-side fillet
weld in a T-joint
Two-fillet weld in a
T-joint with a
high vertical web
Various types and locations of cracking that can occur as a result of welding.
AWS Weldability
Summary
Proper weld considerations
Selection of the process and fillers
Design of the Joint
Effects of heating and cooling on weld and parent
materials
OXYFUEL-GAS WELDING
Oxyfuel-Gas Welding
Group of welding processes that use the flame
produced by the combustion of a fuel gas and
oxygen as the source of heat
Oxyfuel-gas Welding
Oxyacetylene Flame
Temperatures
Typical
oxyacetylene flame and the
associated temperature
distribution.
Neutralizing Flame
Oxidizing Flame
Carburizing Flame
Oxidizing Flame
hotter than the neutral flame ( 3600C)
used when welding copper and copper alloys
harmful for welding steel
Carburizing Flame
Flame temperature is 3050C
Used in welding Monel (nickel-copper alloy), high
carbon steels and some alloy steels
Propane
Propylene
Butane
Natural Gas
Hydrogen
With air and oxygen, can be used to weld lowmelting-temperature nonferrous metal
Not suited for ferrous metals
Oxyfuel Application
FLAME STRAIGHTENING
Flame Straightening
Uses controlled, localized upsetting as a
means of straightening warped or buckled
material
ARC WELDING
Arc Welding
Consumable-electrode Arc
Welding
Four Processes
Schematic of SMAW