Nomenclature

Prats relative capacity parameter

channel width

Archie constant

linear regression constant

ellipse axis, ft, m

slope of log-log plot of net pressure versus time

viscosity degradation coefficient

bfD dimensionless fracture width

intermediate area, ft2, m2

blf

ac

length scale characteristic

bM Mayerhofer et al. (1993) method intercept

asH,max horizontal axis of the maximum damaged

ellipse, ft, m

linear flow fracture width

bN Nolte method intercept

bs

damage extent normal to the fracture plane, ft, m

asH,min horizontal axis of the minimum damaged

ellipse, ft, m

formation volume factor, RB/STB, res-ft3/scf,

res-m3/m3

asV,max vertical axis of the maximum damaged

ellipse, ft, m

Skempton pore pressure coefficient

ratio of the inner cup radius to bob radius

asV,min

vertical axis of the minimum damaged

ellipse, ft, m

aX

chemical activity of species X

area, ft2, acre, m2

Bo formation volume factor for oil, RB/STB,

res-m3/m3

ABL

representative formation property in the

boundary layer

Bw formation volume factor for water

Ac

acid capacity number

Ae

area at the end of an interval

Aelas

elastic area

Aetch

acid-etched area

Af

fracture face surface area, ft2, m2

Afso

fracture area at screenout, ft2, m2

Aik

influence function

AL

leakoff area

APZ

representative formation property in the pay

zone

AT
b

Bg formation volume factor for gas, res-ft3/scf,

res-m3/m3

cf

fracture compliance

cf

pore compressibility, psi1, bar1

cg

compressibility of gas, psi1, bar1

co

compressibility of oil, psi1, bar1

co

borate foam viscosity adjustment factor

ct

total compressibility, psi1, bar1

ctf

fracture compressibility, psi1, bar1

cw

compressibility of water, psi1, bar1

wellbore storage, bbl/psi, m3/bar

proppant concentration, ft3/ft3, m3/m3

critical transitional pore size

chemical concentration, mol/L

y-axis intercept for spurt

constrained modulus, psi, bar, Pa

Reservoir Stimulation

N-1

discharge coefficient

Cpfl

fluid heat capacity

rock type and grain size constant

Cpi

shape factor accounting for wellbore curvature

product concentration at the solid/liquid

interface, mol/L

C*

critical overlap concentration, lbm/1000 gal,

dL/g

CR

general reservoir-controlled leakoff coefficient,

ft/min1/2, m/s1/2

CA

reservoir geometric shape factor

CRD dimensionless reservoir conductivity

CA

acid concentration

Ct

combined fluid-loss coefficient, ft/min1/2, m/s1/2

Cc

compressibility control leakoff coefficient,

ft/min1/2, m/s1/2

Cv

viscosity-controlled leakoff coefficient,

ft/min1/2, m/s1/2

Cce

effective reservoir-controlled fluid-leakoff

coefficient, ft/min1/2, m/s1/2

Cve

effective filtrate-controlled leakoff coefficient,

ft/min1/2, m/s1/2

CCO

total interface concentration of carbonate

species

Cw

wall or filter-cake fluid-loss coefficient,

ft/min1/2, m/s1/2

Ccv

combined leakoff coefficient, ft/min1/2, m/s1/2

CW

acid concentration at solid/liquid interface

Cd

dimensionless discharge coefficient

Cwall surface acid concentration

CD

dimensionless wellbore storage coefficient

Cwcv total leakoff coefficient, ft/min1/2, m/s1/2

Cdiv

concentration of diverter particles, lbm/gal,

kg/m3

Cdiv net concentration of diverter particles after

dissolution effects, lbm/gal, kg/m3
Cdrag drag coefficient
Cdyn

dynamic constrained modulus, psi, bar, Pa

Ceqm equilibrium concentration

CfD

dimensionless fracture conductivity

C0

acid concentration at capillary inlet

C1

external phase constant

CF

concentration factor

diameter, in., m

distance, ft, in., m

dprop proppant particle diameter, in., m

dsol

solid particle diameter, in., m

dtbg

tubing diameter, in., m

CfDapp apparent dimensionless fracture conductivity

diameter, in., m

CfD,opt optimal dimensionless fracture conductivity

distance, ft, in., m

CfDtrue actual dimensionless fracture conductivity

turbulence coefficient

diffusion constant, cm2/s

DA

molecular diffusion coefficient, cm2/s

De

effective acid diffusion coefficient, cm2/s

Deff

effective acid diffusion coefficient, ft2/s, m2/s

DH

hydraulic diameter, in., m

Dp

pipe inner diameter, in., m

Cgel

gel mass concentration in fluid

CH

shape factor

CHF

concentration of hydrofluoric acid

Ci

reactant concentration at the solid/liquid interface, mol/L

CL

leakoff or fluid-loss coefficient, ft/min1/2,

m/s1/2

Co

rock cohesion, psi, bar, Pa

Dp

perforation diameter, in., m

Co

initial reactant concentration

Dpe

Cp

product concentration

effective diffusion coefficient for reaction

products, cm2/s

N-2

Nomenclature

Dw

wire diameter, in., m

FL

linear flow function

Da

Damkhler number

Fmeas

fracture development function for measured

data

Fsim

fracture development function for simulated

data

F0

surface flux at time zero

acceleration of gravity, ft/s2, m/s2

Damt mass-transfer-limited Damkhler number

Darxn reaction-rate-limited Damkhler number
De

Deborah number

DR

damage ratio

Youngs modulus, psi, bar, Pa

plane strain modulus, psi, bar, Pa

Eav

average Youngs modulus, psi, bar, Pa

Edyn dynamic Youngs modulus, psi, bar, Pa

Ef

reaction rate constant

En

effect of all previous time steps

Es

secant Youngs modulus, psi, bar, Pa

Et

tangent Youngs modulus, psi, bar, Pa

Et

Youngs modulus of a plastic material, psi, bar,

Pa

friction factor

elastic influence function

faL

apparent length fraction

fd

drag coefficient

ffL

ratio of fracture to loss volume during injection

fLS

volume fraction lost to spurt

fp

pad volume fraction

fpad

pad volume fraction

fs

slurry volume fraction

fv

volume fraction

fw

water fractional flow

spurt fraction

g(tD) dimensionless fluid-loss volume function

gf

fracture gradient, psi/ft, Pa/m

g0

fluid-loss volume function

shear modulus, psi, bar, Pa

G(tD) dimensionless fluid-loss time function

G*

corrected value of G-function at closure

elastic storage modulus, psi, bar, Pa

viscous loss modulus, psi, bar, Pa

Gc

fluid-loss time function G(tD) at fracture

closure

Gdyn

dynamic shear modulus, psi, bar, Pa

Ge

strain energy release rate

GRAPI gamma ray value

h

height, ft, m

formation or reservoir thickness, ft, m

hardening parameter

heat transfer coefficient

hcp

height at the center of perforations, ft, m

hD

dimensionless height

hf

fracture height, ft, m

hfD

ratio of the leakoff area to the characteristic

length

fill fraction

hfo

initial fracture height, ft, m

formation factor

hL

permeable or fluid-loss height, ft, m

force, lbf, N

hpay

height of the pay zone, ft, m

fracture development function

hs

penetration into bounding layer, ft, m

Fb

ratio of wellbore width or net pressure

hwD

dimensionless completion thickness

Fc

critical load

depth, ft, m

Fi

surface flux at the ith time step

injection rate

Reservoir Stimulation

N-3

interest rate

kpf

perforation friction proportionality constant

diffusion flux

kr

relative permeability, md

influence function

kr

reservoir permeability, md

Iani

index of horizontal-to-vertical permeability

anisotropy

kr

surface reaction rate constant, cm/s

acid flux

pseudosteady-state productivity index

JF

fractured well productivity index

JH

pseudosteady-state productivity index of

horizontal well

Jideal

ideal productivity index

Jo

initial productivity index

Jreal

real productivity index

JV

pseudosteady-state productivity index of

vertical well

permeability, md

kc

damaged zone permeability, md

kcake

filter or diverter cake permeability, md

kd

dissociation constant

kf

fracture permeability, md

kfD

dimensionless fracture permeability

kfil

relative permeability of the formation to

filtrate, md

kfl

thermal conductivity of a fluid

kfoam

foam permeability, md

kfs

fracture permeability in the near-well skin

effect zone, md

kg

gas effective permeability, md

kh

thermal conductivity, BTU/hr ftF,

J/s mC

kH

horizontal permeability, md

kHs

damaged horizontal permeability, md

ki

initial permeability, md

knear wellbore near-wellbore friction proportionality

constant
ko

oil effective permeability, md

ko

initial permeability, md

N-4

kr,app apparent reservoir permeability, md

krg

gas relative permeability, md

kro

oil relative permeability, md

krw

water relative permeability, md

ks

damaged permeability, md

ksph

spherical permeability, md

kV

vertical permeability, md

kVs

damaged vertical permeability, md

kw

water effective permeability, md

kx

maximum permeability directed parallel to the

principal permeability axis, md

kx

permeability in the x direction, md

ky

minimum permeability directed perpendicular

to the principal permeability axis, md

ky

permeability in the y direction, md

kz

vertical permeability, md

k0

reaction rate constant at the reference

temperature

bulk modulus, psi, bar, Pa

mass-transfer coefficient, cm/s

equilibrium constant

coefficient of earth stress, dimensionless

empirical kinetic constant

Mark-Houwink coefficient, dL/g

power law fluid rheology consistency

coefficient, lbf-sn/ft2

power law effective consistency coefficient,

lbf-sn/ft2

Ka

equilibrium constant of acid

Kads equilibrium constant of the exothermic adsorption of molecules at surface reactive sites
Kc

conditional equilibrium constant

Nomenclature

Kc

G-plot slope correction factor for pressuredependent leakoff

Kd

dissociation constant

Kdyn

horizontal well length, ft, m

Lapp

apparent of equivalent fracture penetration, ft,

m

dynamic bulk modulus

Le

length to tip, ft, m

Keq

effective equilibrium constant

Lp

productive length, ft, m

Kfoam

consistency coefficient for the foam phase

Lt

length of the fracture tip region, ft, m

Kg

mass-transfer coefficient

Lv

length of filtrate-invaded zone, ft, m

KI

stress intensity factor, psi/in.1/2, bar/m1/2

KIc

critical stress intensity factor, psi/in.1/2,

bar/m1/2

slope on semilogarithmic straight line,

psi/cycle (oil), psi2/cycle or psi2/cp/cycle (gas)

Archie constant

linear regression constant

reaction rate order

power law turbulence factor

mbf

bilinear flow slope, psi/hr1/4, bar/hr1/4

mc

early-time slope used to compute the wellbore

storage coefficient C

mcf

linear flow slope in an elongated reservoir

stress intensity factor at top fracture tip,

psi/in.1/2, bar/m1/2

mepr

early pseudoradial flow slope

mG

slope of the G-plot, psi, bar, Pa

Ko

coefficient of earth pressure at rest, dimensionless

mGc

slope of the G-plot at fracture closure, psi, bar,

Pa

Kpipe

consistency index for pipe flow, lbf-sn/ft2

mhl

linear flow slope of a horizontal well

Kr

reaction rate

mlf

linear flow slope, psi/hr1/2, bar/hr1/2

Kr

temperature-dependent reaction rate constant

mM

Mayerhofer et al. (1993) method slope

Ks

bulk modulus of the solid constituents, psi,

bar, Pa

mn

straight-line slope

mN

Nolte method slope

KIceff

effective fracture toughness, psi/in.1/2,

bar/m1/2

KIclag

critical stress intensity factor in the fluid

lag region, psi/in.1/2, bar/m1/2

KIc-apparent apparent fracture toughness, psi/in.1/2,

bar/m1/2
KIl
KIu

stress intensity factor at bottom fracture

tip, psi/in.1/2, bar/m1/2

Ks

solubility constant

mp

match pressure, psi, bar, Pa

Kslot

consistency index for slot flow, lbf-sn/ft2

mpp

spherical flow slope

Kv

consistency index for a concentric cylinder

viscometer, lbf-sn/ft2

mrf

radial flow slope, psi, bar, Pa

m3/4

slope of the G-plot at the 34 point, psi, bar, Pa

length, ft, in., m

Macid moles of acid per unit rock face area

diverter cake thickness, ft, m

Mgel

specific density of gel mass in the fluid

ld

length of damaged zone, ft, m

Mv

viscosity average molecular weight, g/mol

lp

perforation channel length, ft, m

MW

molecular weight, g/mol

length, ft, m

number or order

fracture half-length, ft, m

index of time step

Reservoir Stimulation

N-5

power law fluid rheology behavior index,

dimensionless

pD,up

dimensionless pressure for a uniformpressure, fixed-length fracture

power law effective index, dimensionless

pe

ne

index of time step after shut-in

constant outer reservoir pressure, psi, bar,

Pa

nf

power law exponent of the filtrate

pf

fissure or fracture pressure, psi, bar, Pa

nperf

number of perforations

pf

fracturing fluid pressure, psi, bar, Pa

NDH

dimensionless cumulative recovery from a

longitudinally fractured horizontal well

pf

far-field pore pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pfc

formation capacity

pfo

fissure opening pressure, psi, bar, Pa

ph

hydrostatic pressure, psi, bar, Pa

phead

hydrostatic head of wellbore fluid, psi, bar,

Pa

NDV

dimensionless cumulative recovery from a

fractured vertical well

Np

oil cumulative production, bbl, m3

NRe

Reynolds number

NSc

Schmidt number

pi

initial reservoir pressure, psi, bar, Pa

NSh

Sherwood number

pif

coefficient of passive stress

breakdown pressure for fracture initiation,

psi, bar, Pa

pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pinj

injection pressure, psi, bar, Pa

reservoir pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pISI

instantaneous shut-in pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pb

bubblepoint pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pit

wellhead injection pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pbh

borehole pressure, psi, bar, Pa

piw

bottomhole injection pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pc

constant confining pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pm

microannulus pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pc

closure pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pm

mud pressure in the wellbore, psi, bar, Pa

pc

capillary pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pmeas

measured pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pcf

casing friction pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pnet

net pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pcorr

pressure corrected for non-plane-strain contribution, psi, bar, Pa

pnet,crit

critical net pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pnet,fo

pressure at center of the perforations, psi, bar,

Pa

net pressure required for fissure opening,

psi, bar, Pa

pnet,max

maximum net pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pD

dimensionless pressure

pnet,si

net pressure at shut-in, psi, bar, Pa

pD

dimensionless pressure derivative

pnet,so

net pressure at screenout, psi, bar, Pa

pDLs

dimensionless pressure difference for pressuredependent leakoff

po

wellbore pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pp

far-field reservoir pressure, psi, bar, Pa

ppf

perforation friction, psi, bar, Pa

pcp

pdr

downstream restriction pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pdsc

pressure downstream of the surface choke, psi,

bar, Pa

pdsv

pressure downstream of the safety valve, psi,

bar, Pa

N-6

ppipe friction pipe friction pressure, psi, bar, Pa

ppwD

dimensionless pseudopressure

pr

reservoir pressure, psi, bar, Pa

Nomenclature

ps

pressure at the outer bound of the damaged

zone, psi, bar, Pa

psc

standard condition pressure, psi, bar, Pa

psep

separator pressure, psi, bar, Pa

psim

simulated pressure, psi, bar, Pa

psurf

surface pressure, psi, bar, Pa

ptf

tubing flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa

ptip

net pressure at fracture tip for extension, psi,

bar, Pa

qD

dimensionless flow rate

qDND dimensionless non-Darcy flow rate

qe

flow at tip

qf

volume rate of storage in a fracture

qg

gas production rate, Mscf/D, m3/d

qi

injection rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s

qi,max maximum injection rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d,

m3/s
qL

rate of fluid loss, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s

qlast

last flow rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s

qL,C

rate of fluid loss for reservoir-controlled

leakoff, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s

qn

leakoff rate from one wing through two faces,

B/D, m3/s

pur

upstream restriction pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pusv

pressure upstream of the safety valve, psi,

bar, Pa

pvapor

fluid vapor pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pw

wellbore pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pwD

dimensionless wellbore pressure

qo

initial flow rate, B/D, m3/s

pwf

bottomhole flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa

qo

oil production rate, B/D, m3/s

pwf,ideal ideal bottomhole flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pwf,real real bottomhole flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa
pwfs

wellbore sandface flowing pressure, psi, bar,

Pa

qo,max maximum oil production rate at two-phase

flow, B/D, m3/s
qperf

flow entering a perforation

qRT

total reservoir production rate, B/D, m3/d

pwh

wellhead flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa

qs

damaged flow rate

pws

bottomhole shut-in pressure, psi, bar, Pa

qT

total injection rate

p1 hr

pressure on extension of semilogarithmic

straight line at t = 1 hr, psi, bar, Pa

qtot

constant total injection rate

qw

water production rate, B/D, m3/d

Qp

cumulative production, B/D, m3/d

radial distance, ft, m

reaction rate

rA

rate of reactant consumption, mol/cm2/s

rac

stimulation radius, ft, m

p3/4

pressure at the G-plot 4 point, psi, bar, Pa

Pe

Peclet number

PI

productivity index, B/D/psi (oil), Mscf/D/psi

(gas), m3/d/bar

PIs

damaged productivity index, B/D/psi (oil),

Mscf/D/psi (gas), m3/d/bar

PVBT

number of pore volumes to breakthrough

rb

acid bank radius, ft, m

PVinj

number of pore volumes injected

rbob

bob radius

flow rate, B/D (oil), Mscf/D (gas), m3/d

rcup

cup radius

qapp

apparent flow rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s

rD

rate of surface reaction, mol/cm2/s

qave

average flow rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s

re

reservoir radius, ft, m

qc

flow rate in capillary pores

reH

qc

injection rate into core face

radius of horizontal drainage ellipse formed

around a horizontal well, ft, m

Reservoir Stimulation

N-7

rf

radial extent of foam bank, ft, m

rfeldspar reaction rate of feldspar, mol feldspar/cm2/s

Rso

solution-gas/oil ratio

Rsw

solution-gas/water ratio

rHF

radial penetration of hydrofluoric acid, ft, m

Rt

true formation resistivity, ohm-m

rhyd

hydraulic radius

Rw

resistivity of formation water, ohm-m

ri

specific reaction rate of mineral i

Rxo

resistivity of the flushed zone, ohm-m

ri

inner radius

R0

filter-cake resistance, sm1

ro

outer radius

R0,app apparent filter-cake resistance, sm1

rp

ratio of permeable area to fracture area

skin effect, dimensionless

rp

probe radius

reactive surface area

rpD

dimensionless ratio of permeable area to

fracture area

sc

skin effect from partial penetration,

dimensionless

rperf

perforation radius, in., m

sc + skin effect due to partial penetration and slant,

dimensionless

rquartz reaction rate of quartz, mol quartz/cm2/s

rs

radius of damaged or displaced section, ft, m

scake

temporary skin effect due to diverter cake,

dimensionless

rv

fraction of well drainage volume occupied by

the crest at water breakthrough

sd

skin effect due to damage, dimensionless

rw

wellbore radius, ft, m

(sd)o

perforation skin effect in openhole,

dimensionless

rw

effective or apparent wellbore radius, ft, m

(sd)p

rwD

dimensionless effective wellbore radius

rwh

wormhole radius

perforation skin effect due to perforations

terminating outside the damaged zone,
dimensionless

pore radius

se

vertical eccentricity skin effect, dimensionless

reaction rate

sf

universal gas constant, psi ft3/mol R,

bar m3/mol K

skin effect while flowing at pseudoradial

conditions, dimensionless

sf

fracture stiffness, ft/psi/m

fracture radius, ft, m

sf

skin effect due to a fracture, dimensionless

RA

rate of appearance of reactant

sfoam foam skin effect, dimensionless

RAt

rate of reactant consumption at the tip

sfs

fracture face damage skin effect, dimensionless

RB

rate of mineral dissolution

sH

plane-flow skin effect, dimensionless

Rcake

diverter cake resistance, m1

so

initial skin effect, dimensionless

Reff

effective radius, ft, m

so

constant skin effect, dimensionless

Rf

radial fracture radius, ft, m

sp

skin effect due to perforations, dimensionless

Ri

overall reaction rate of mineral i

st

total skin effect, dimensionless

Rmf

resistivity of the mud filtrate, ohm-m

sV

vertical skin effect, dimensionless

Ro

resistivity of 100% water-saturated formation,

ohm-m

swb

wellbore skin effect, dimensionless

sx

vertical effects skin effect, dimensionless

pressure-difference curve, dimensionless

skin effect due to slant, dimensionless

Rp

N-8

Nomenclature

surface area

SF

surface area per unit volume of solids for fastreacting minerals

tDrw dimensionless time referenced to the effective

wellbore radius rw
tDxf dimensionless fracture time

Sg

gas-phase fluid saturation, fraction

te

time at end of pumping or injection, min, s

Si

reactive surface area of mineral i

tend time of the end of dual-porosity behavior

So

oil-phase fluid saturation, fraction

Soi

initial oil saturation, fraction

texp time of fracture opening and initial fluid

exposure

Sor

residual oil saturation, fraction

ti

injection time

Sp

spurt-loss coefficient, gal/ft2, m3/m2

ti

time at the end of the ith step

SRE

rock embedment strength

tknee knee time for the crossing of pressure derivatives

SS

surface area per unit volume of solids for

slow-reacting minerals

tmin minimum time

tn

time at the end of step n, s

Sw

water saturation, fraction

ton

time of onset of dual-porosity behavior

Swc

connate water saturation, fraction

tp

producing time, hr

Swi

irreducible water saturation, fraction

tp

pumping or injection time, hr

time, day, hr, min, s

tP

compressional wave arrival time

t*

reduced time

tpss

time to pseudosteady state, hr

ta

pseudotime

tr

time at reference point r

taD

dimensionless pseudotime

tS

tBT

time of water breakthrough, hr

time of tip screenout or injection without

screenout

tc

closure time, min

tS

shear wave arrival time

tcD

dimensionless closure time

tso

time at screenout

tD

dimensionless time

tsp

spurt time

tDA

dimensionless time referenced to reservoir

drainage area

t0

reference time

tDblf

dimensionless time at start of formation linear

flow regime

tD dimensionless ratio of time to pumping time

T

temperature, F, C, K

absolute temperature, R, K

dimensionless time for after-closure analysis

constant for tectonic effects on stress

wire tension, lbf/ft

dimensionless time at which formation linear

flow behavior ends

Td

dead weight, lbf

TD

dimensionless temperature

time of departure from flow regime trend

Tf

flowing temperature, F, C

tD,knee dimensionless knee time for the pressure

derivatives

Tfl

fluid temperature, F, C

Ti

fluid temperature at the fracture mouth, F, C

tDebf

dimensionless time at end of bilinear flow

regime

tDefl

dimensionless time at which fracture linear

flow behavior ends

tDelf
tdep

Reservoir Stimulation

N-9

Tinlet temperature at inlet, F, C

volume, ft3, m3

Tknee dimensionless knee time for after-closure

analysis

Vac

acid volume injected, ft3, m3

Vf

fracture volume, ft3, m3

Vf

fluid volume

To

offset temperature, F, C

To

tensile strength, psi, bar, Pa

VF

volume of fast-reacting minerals

Tp

dimensionless time at the end of pumping for

after-closure analysis

Vfp

fracture volume at the end of pumping, ft3, m3

Tr

reservoir temperature, F, C

Vfso

fracture volume at screenout, ft3, m3

Tref

reference temperature, F, C

VHC

volume of hydrocarbons, ft3, m3

Ts

wire strength, lbf/ft

VHCl

volume of hydrochloric acid, ft3, m3

Tsc

standard condition temperature, F, C, K

VHF

volume of hydrofluoric acid, ft3, m3

TR

tool response

Vi

volume of fluid injected, bbl, gal, m3

velocity, ft/s, cm/s

Viso

fluid volume injected at screenout, bbl, gal,

ft3, m3

acid flux

VL

leaked-off fluid volume, bbl, gal, m3

ug

volumetric flux of gas

VL,C

uL

leakoff velocity, ft/s, cm/s

volume of fluid lost due to filtration, bbl, gal,

m3

uP

P-wave velocity, ft/s, m/s

VLp

leaked-off volume during pumping, bbl, m3

ur

rising velocity of spherical particles in a fluid,

ft/s, cm/s

VLp,C

volume of fluid lost due to filtration at the

end of pumping, bbl, gal, m3

uS

S-wave velocity, ft/s, m/s

VLs

usol

solid particle velocity, ft/s, cm/s

volume of fluid lost during shut-in, bbl, gal,

m3

ut

terminal settling velocity, ft/s, m/s

VL,S

fluid-loss component due to spurt, bbl, gal, m3

utip

fracture tip velocity, ft/s, cm/s

VLs,C

volume of fluid lost due to filtration during

shut-in, bbl, gal, m3

uw

volumetric flux of water

terminal proppant settling velocity, ft/s, m/s

VM

molar volume

u
v

flow velocity, ft/s, cm/s

v^

specific volume of foam

vA,x

Ficks law for the velocity of species A

vc

damaged zone velocity, ft/s, cm/s

vfall

settling rate, ft/s, cm/s

v^ l

specific volume of the base liquid

vL

fluid-loss velocity, ft/min

vL

specific fluid-loss volume

vm

matrix velocity, ft/s, cm/s

vx

average fluid velocity along the fracture length,

ft/s, cm/s

N-10

Vmineral volumetric fraction of a mineral

Vp

pore volume, ft3, m3

Vprop

bulk proppant volume injected

Vrp

relative proppant volume, lbm/md-ft3

VS

volume of slow-reacting minerals

VS

volume of fluid lost to spurt, gal/100 ft2

Vwall

volume of fluid leaked off at the fracture wall

width, ft, m

fracture width, ft, in., m

we

average fracture width at end of pumping, ft,

m

Nomenclature

wetch

acid-etched width, ft, m

zw

standoff from oil-water contact, ft, m

wf

fracture width, ft, m

zw

wL

leakoff width, ft, m

elevation of midpoint of perforations from the

bottom of the reservoir, ft, m

wlost

proppant volume lost to the fracture width

wmax

maximum width, ft, m

wmax,p maximum fracture width at the end of

pumping, ft, m
wmax,si maximum fracture width immediately after
shut-in, ft, m

zwD dimensionless completion elevation

Z

gas deviation factor, dimensionless

Symbols

Forscheimer equation coefficient

wn

average fracture width at time step n, ft, m

Biot poroelastic constant

wo

wellbore width, ft, m

proportionality constant

wp

propped width, ft, m

specific diverter cake resistance, m/kg

wp-eff

effective propped width, ft, m

exponent of fracture area growth, dimensionless

wso

width at screenout, ft, m

order of reaction

ww

width at the wellbore, ft, m

bf

bilinear flow constant

Welas

elastic energy stored in a solid

wellbore storage constant

Wext

potential energy of exterior forces

cf

elongated reservoir constant

Wi

weighting factors

sealing fault constant

Wkin

kinetic energy

geometry coefficient

Ws

energy dissipated during propagation of

a crack

hl

linear flow to a horizontal well constant

lf

linear flow constant

dimensionless pressure constant

linear distance, ft, m

xe

well drainage dimension, ft, m

pp partial penetration constant

xe,opt

optimal well spacing, ft, m

dimensionless time constant

xf

productive fracture half-length, ft, m

linear thermal expansion coefficient

xfa

apparent fracture half-length, ft, m

lower bound of area exponent, dimensionless

xfeldspar feldspar volume fraction of a sandstone

upper bound of area exponent, dimensionless

xs

half-length of the skin effect zone, ft, m

perforation-phase-dependent variable

volumetric dissolving power

XC

dissolving power of acid

dissolving power coefficient related to acid

strength

XHCl

bulk rock fraction dissolved by hydrochloric

acid

stiffness

ratio of average to wellbore net pressure or

width

vertical linear distance, ft, m

linear distance, ft, m

Forscheimer equation coefficient

zTVD

true vertical depth, ft, m

non-Darcy flow rate coefficient

zw

elevation from reservoir bottom, ft, m

net pressure or width ratio during injection

Reservoir Stimulation

N-11

net pressure or width ratio during shut-in

shear strain

channel factor

G-plot slope correction factor for pressuredependent leakoff

specific gravity

shear rate, s1

ab

interaction energy per unit surface area

between liquids a and b

shear rate at the bob, s1

fracture surface energy

fluid

specific gravity of fluid

specific gravity of gas

interfacial tension

prop

specific gravity of proppant

volume-averaged shear rate, s1

foam quality, fraction

(d)

Euler gamma function

(x)

gamma function

dip of the formation (angle with the horizontal), degree

rate of deformation tensor

pfriction

friction pressure ratio with and without

solids

ph

hydrostatic pressure drop, psi, bar, Pa

pint

difference in the pressure intercept, psi,

bar, Pa

pmisalign

perforation misalignment friction, psi,

bar, Pa

pnear wellbore near-wellbore pressure loss, psi, bar, Pa

pnf

pressure difference due to near-face

leakoff effects, psi, bar, Pa

ppf

friction through the perforation, psi, bar,

Pa

ppiz

pressure drop across a polymer-invaded

zone, psi, bar, Pa

pr

pressure drop in the reservoir, psi, bar,

Pa

pR

total pressure increase in the reservoir

beyond the filtrate invasion region, psi,
bar, Pa

pRC

pressure increase in the reservoir beyond

the filtrate region due to Carter-based
leakoff, psi, bar, Pa

pRS

pressure increase in the reservoir beyond

the filtrate region due to spurt, psi, bar,
Pa

change in concentration

psafe

pressure safety margin, psi, bar, Pa

activation energy, kcal/mol

pT

heat of reaction

total pressure difference between the

fracture pressure and initial reservoir
pressure, psi, bar, Pa

MD

change in measured depth, ft, m

ptort

pressure difference or gradient, psi, bar, Pa

tortuosity component of pressure, psi,

bar, Pa

pc

pressure drop between filtrate/reservoir

interface and far-field reservoir, psi, bar, Pa

ptotal

difference between fracture pressure and

far-field reservoir pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pcake

pressure drop across the filter cake, psi,

bar, Pa

pv

pressure drop across the filtrate-invaded

zone, psi, bar, Pa

pct

total pressure drop, psi, bar, Pa

pw

difference in wellbore pressure, psi, bar,

Pa

viscous pressure contribution, psi, bar,

Pa

time difference, hr

sonic transit time in the formation

pdeparture pressure departure, psi, bar, Pa

pentry

fracture entry pressure, psi, bar, Pa

pface

pressure drop across fracture face dominated by filter cake, psi, bar, Pa

N-12

Nomenclature

shut-in time, hr, min, s

efficiency

tae

effective pseudotime

diffusivity constant

tc

closure time

efficiency including spurt loss

tC

compressional wave traveltime

fracture hydraulic diffusivity

tcD

dimensionless closure time

fD

dimensionless fracture hydraulic diffusivity

tD

dimensionless time difference

efficiency at end of pumping

tD

dimensionless shut-in time

so

efficiency at screenout

tDso

dimensionless time after a screenout

angle, degree

te

effective time

fluid-loss exponent

tma

sonic transit time in the rock matrix

dimensionless time

tS

shear wave traveltime

opening-time distribution factor

tso

time following screenout

tsup

superposition time function

ratio of fracture-opening stress to minimum

stress

spurt effect factor

thermal diffusivity

overall dissolution rate constant, cm/s

Tsurf temperature change at the surface, F, C

TBT change in true bed thickness, ft, m
TVD change in true vertical depth, ft, m
V

change in volume

so

spurt correction at screenout

density difference, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

interporosity constant

experimental coefficient for the tortuosity reorientation of a fracture path

max difference in maximum porosity

stress difference, psi, bar, Pa

$n

apparent time multiplier

incremental revenue

characteristic relaxation time

introduced error

rt

total mobility

ratio of closure time to the time interval

multiphase mobility

longitudinal strain

length scale corresponding to pore size

axial strain

viscosity, cp

elastic strain

apparent viscosity, cp

acid front position divided by the linear flow

core length

base viscosity of base fracturing fluid, cp

minimum tectonic strain

eff

effective viscosity, cp

maximum tectonic strain

fil

viscosity of fracturing fluid filtrate, cp

plastic strain

fluid fluid viscosity, cp

radial strain

gas viscosity, cp

specific volume expansion ratio

gi

gas viscosity at initial reservoir pressure and

temperature, cp

volumetric strain

intrinsic viscosity, cp

poroelastic stress coefficient

Reservoir Stimulation

N-13

inh

inherent viscosity, cp

ratio of slurry density to fluid density

oil viscosity, cp

rock

rock density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

viscosity ratio

slurry density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

viscosity of reservoir fluid, cp

sol

solid particle density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

relative viscosity, cp

stress, psi, bar, Pa

slurry slurry viscosity, cp

effective stress, psi, bar, Pa

sp

specific viscosity, cp

axial stress, psi, bar, Pa

water viscosity, cp

BL

stress acting on a bounding layer, psi, bar, Pa

zero-shear viscosity, cp

uniaxial compressive strength, psi, bar, Pa

100

viscosity at 100F [40C], cp

closure pressure or stress, psi, bar, Pa

high-shear-limiting viscosity, cp

effective confining stress, psi, bar, Pa

Poissons ratio

normal stress across a fissure, psi, bar, Pa

stoichiometric ratio of reactants to products

failure effective ultimate strength, psi, bar, Pa

CaCO3 stoichiometric coefficient of CaCO3

minimum horizontal stress, psi, bar, Pa

dyn

dynamic Poissons ratio

HCl

stoichiometric coefficient of hydrochloric acid

minimum effective horizontal stress, psi, bar,

Pa

undrained Poissons ratio

maximum horizontal stress, psi, bar, Pa

fluid-loss term

H,max maximum horizontal stress, psi, bar, Pa

dimensionless area or position

h,min minimum horizontal stress, psi, bar, Pa

forward rate constant

mean stress, psi, bar, Pa

reverse rate constant

min

minimum stress or minimum principal stress,

psi, bar, Pa

density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

normal stress component, psi, bar, Pa

mass of diverter cake per unit area of available sandface, g/cm3

effective normal stress, psi, bar, Pa

density of reactant, g/cm3

equal-stress constant, psi, bar, Pa

bulk density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

pay

stress of the pay zone, psi, bar, Pa

brine

brine density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

PZ

stress acting on the pay zone, psi, bar, Pa

density of acid solution

radial stress, psi, bar, Pa

ref

constant state of stress, psi, bar, Pa

CaCO3 density of calcium carbonate, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

div

density of diverter particles, kg/m3

shear stress, psi, bar, Pa

fluid density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

vertical stress, psi, bar, Pa

liquid density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

effective vertical stress, psi, bar, Pa

ma

density of matrix components, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

maximum principal stress, psi, bar, Pa

oil density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

maximum principal effective stress, psi, bar,

Pa

proppant or particle density, lbm/ft3, g/cm3

N-14

Nomenclature

2
2

intermediate principal stress, psi, bar, Pa

cake diverter cake porosity, fraction

intermediate principal effective stress, psi, bar,

Pa

porosity from density, fraction

effective porosity, fraction

eff

minimum principal stress, psi, bar, Pa

fracture porosity, fraction

minimum principal effective stress, psi, bar, Pa

initial porosity, fraction

tangential stress, psi, bar, Pa

porosity from neutron, fraction

circumferential stress, psi, bar, Pa

proppant pack porosity, fraction

shear stress, psi, bar, Pa

porosity from sonic, fraction

time of fracture opening

total total porosity, fraction

dimensionless slurry time

angle, degree

characteristic time for fracture propagation,

dimensionless

channel flow function

foam yield stress, lbf/ft2, bar, Pa

change of angle, degree

oct

octahedral shear stress, psi, bar, Pa

dimensionless hydrofluoric acid concentration

wall shear stress, lbf/ft2, bar, Pa

dimensionless rock dissolution rate

yp

yield point, lbf/ft2, bar, Pa

angular velocity, rad/s, rpm

porosity, fraction

storativity ratio

angle of internal friction, degree

stoichiometric coefficient

Reservoir Stimulation

N-15