Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
N.KAVYA (12JN1A0136)
Under the guidance of
D. V. PURUSHOTHAM, M. Tech
Associate professor
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that seminar work entitled
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING is a
bonafide work carried out in the IV-II semester by N.KAVYA (12JN1A0136) in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in CIVIL ENGINEERING from JNTU
ANANTAPUR during the academic year 2012-2016. Who carried out the seminar work under the
guidance.
SEMINAR GUIDE
D.V.PURUSHOTHAM, M.Tech
Associate Professor
Abstract
Remote Sensing and GIS techniques become potential and indispensable tools for
solving
many problems
of
civil
engineering
and
terrain.
Remote
sensing
Contents
1) Abstract
2) Remote Sensing
Types of remote sensing
3) Geographic Information System
Working of GIS
Data capture
Relating information from different sources
Data structures
Data integration
5) Conclusion
6) Reference
Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing is the science and art of acquiring information (spectral, spatial,
and
Working of GIS
Relating information from different sources:
The power of a GIS comes from the ability to relate different information in a spatial
context and to reach a conclusion about this relationship. Most of the information
we have about our world contains a location reference, placing that information at
some point on the globe. When rainfall information is collected, it is important to
know where the rainfall is located. This is done by using a location reference
system, such as longitude and latitude, and perhaps elevation. A GIS, therefore,
can reveal important new information that leads to better decision making.
Geologic map
Data capture:
Various techniques are being used to capture the information. Maps can be digitized by hand-tracing
with a computer mouse on the screen or on a digitizing tablet to collect the coordinates of features.
Electronic scanners can also convert maps to digits. Coordinates from Global Positioning System
(GPS) receivers can also be uploaded into a GIS. Software tools that automatically extract features
from satellite images or aerial photographs are gradually replacing what has traditionally been a
time-consuming capture process.
Data structures:
Traditionally, there are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS for both kinds of abstractions
mapping references: raster images and vector
Raster data files consist of rows of uniform cells coded according to data values. An example is land
cover classification.
Raster files can be manipulated quickly by the computer, but they are often less detailed and may be
less visually appealing than vector data files.
pollution is often clearly depicted on aerial and space images. Materials that form
films on the water surface, such as oil films, can also be detected through the use
of aerial and satellite images. Normal colours or ultraviolet aerial photography is
often employed for the detection of oil films on water. Thick oil slicks have a
distinct brown or black colour. Thinner oil sheens and oil rainbows have a
characteristic silvery sheen or iridescent colour banding but do not have a distinct
brown or black colour. Knowledge of groundwater location is important for both
water supply and pollution control analysis. Remote sensing plays a vital role in
delineating potential areas of groundwater occurrence for detailed exploration, thus
reducing the cost and time involved in groundwater exploration. Potential
groundwater areas cannot be seen on satellite images directly. The clue to the
groundwater search is the fact that sub-surface geological elements forming
aquifers have almost invariable surface expressions, which can be detected by
remote sensing techniques. Satellite data provide information about geomorphic
features, structures, land uses and rock types indicating the presence of
groundwater. Some selected landforms and structural features that are indicators
for potential groundwater zones are valley fills, alluvial fans, dykes etc
4) Water Resources Engineering:
The water storage built in through reservoirs, tanks, etc., are often reduced due to
sedimentation. Remotely sensed data can be used to monitor the water bodies
over time and assess the silting condition. In case of gauged reservoirs of medium
to large sizes, RS data can provide an assessment of sediment volume and
reduction in the capacity of sediment volume and reduction in the capacity of the
reservoir. In case of small water bodies such as tanks, it is possible to come out
with a list of problematic tanks with symptoms of heavy siltation and loss of water
holding capacity. The condition of tank bunds, fore shore encroachment, etc., also
can be analyzed with the help of high spatial resolution RS data. Characterization of
water bodies in terms of geological, geomorphological, hydro geological, soil and
land use / land cover parameters carried out using RS data enables conservation of
land and water resources. The RS based input integrated with ground based
information through GIS is useful for broad reconnaissance level interpretation of
land capability, irrigation suitability, potential land use, water harvesting areas,
monitoring the effects of soil and water conservation measures, estimation of run
off and sediment yields and monitoring land use change including land
degradation. The commercial areas of irrigation projects are fed by different
sources of irrigation like reservoir, tanks, ponds and wells. Assessment of command
areas and crops would be highly useful in water release policy or conjunctive use of
water in the overall project command area. Satellite data has been advantageously
used to obtain such information on surface irrigation projects.
5) Landslides:
Landslide is the result of a wide variety of processes which include geological,
geomorphological and meteorological factors. The important terrain factors are
lithology, structure, drainage, slope, land use, geomorphology and road network. A
complete landslide hazard assessment requires an analysis of all these factors
leading to instability in the region. The feature extraction of some of these factors
can be done
from the interpretation of satellite images. With the increase in efficient digital
computing facilities, the digital remote sensing data and their analysis have gained
enormous importance. Then the spatial and temporal thematic informations
derived
from remote sensing and ground based information need to be integrated for data
analysis. This can be very well achieved using GIS which has the capabilities to
handle voluminous spatial data. With the help of GIS, it is possible to integrate the
spatial data of different layers to determine the influence of the parameters on
landslide occurrence.
Conclusion
There are ample evidences of applying the recent advances in satellite based
remote
sensing and GIS technology in various fields of civil engineering. Indias space
programme ensuring continuous availability of RS data and launching of future
satellites carrying high spatial and spectral resolution sensors can go a long way in
providing useful information required for civil engineering applications.
Reference
www.GIS.com the guide to geographic information system.
Remote Sensing and GIS approach.
Sri rama, B. Bhatt, M.R. & Pathan, S.K., Least Cost Highway Alignment Using GIS
Technique.
http://egsc.usgs.gov/--- reference in working of GIS
www.wikipedia.com ---reference to remote sensing and types