Processes

Processes

Chapter
Chapter 23
23

Turning (outside surface)

straight, taper, facing, contour, form, cut-off,
threading, knurling

Machining Processes Used to Produce Round Shapes:

Turning and Hole Making

Boring (internal holes)

Drilling (internal)
Reaming (internal)

taper, form, drilling, threading, reaming

z

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Machining
Machining Surface
Surface Roughness
Roughness

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Drilling
Drilling Holes
Holes

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Drilling
Drilling Operations
Operations

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Drilling
Drilling Video
Video

Various types of drills and drilling and reaming operations.

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Drilling
Drilling Machines
Machines

Various
Various Types
Types of
of Drills
Drills

Figure 23.24 (a) Schematic illustration of the components of a vertical drill press. (b) A radial
drilling machine. Source: (b) Courtesy of Willis Machinery and Tools.

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Reamers
Reamers

Drills
Drills

Figure 23.26 (a) Terminology for a helical reamer.

(b) Inserted-blade adjustable reamer.
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General
General Capabilities
Capabilities of
of Drilling
Drilling

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Speeds
Speeds and
and Feeds
Feeds in
in Drilling
Drilling

Feed, f
Speed, V
Depth of cut, d
Diameter, D
RPM, N
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Drilling
Drilling Design
Design Considerations
Considerations

Boring
Boring Process
Process Characteristics
Characteristics

Design for clamping

Flat surfaces preferred
z Tolerances requirements
z Machinability of materials
z Allowance for tool
z Depth of hole (walking)
z Diameter of hole
z

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Single point tool

Enlarges or straightens an existing hole
z Produces accurate holes (better
tolerances than drilling)
z Able to produce large internal holes
z Can be performed on a lathe, boring mill,
or jig bore machine tools

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Boring
Boring Design
Design Considerations
Considerations
Through holes, not blind holes
z Greater length to diameter more difficult
z Avoid intermittent cuts

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Turning
Turning Process
Process
Creates cylindrical external or internal
shapes
z Creates flat surfaces on part ends (faces)
z Uses a single point tool
z Wide variety of shapes
z The machine tool is called a lathe

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Boring
Boring and
and Boring
Boring Mill
Mill

Boring
Boring

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Lathe
Lathe CAD
CAD Video
Video

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Video
Video Lathe/Turning
Lathe/Turning

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Lathe
Lathe Cutting
Cutting Operations
Operations
z

Turning: produces straight, conical, curved, or

grooved workpieces

Facing: produces flat surfaces at the end of the

part and perpendicular to its axis. Also used to
produce grooves.

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Lathe
Lathe Cutting
Cutting Operations
Operations
z

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Parting or Cutting Off: cuts a piece from the

end of a part
Threading: produces external or internal
threads
Knurling: produces a regularly shaped
roughness on cylindrical surfaces, as in making
knobs

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Lathe
Lathe Cutting
Cutting Operations
Operations

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Cutting
Cutting Screw
Screw Threads
Threads

Form tool: produces axisymmetric parts

z Boring: enlarges a previous hole or to
produce circular internal grooves
z Drilling: produces a hole
z

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Lathe
Lathe

NC
NC Lathe
Lathe and
and Turret
Turret

Figure 23.2 General view of a typical lathe, showing various components.

Source: Courtesy of Heidenreich & Harbeck.
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Parts
Parts Made
Made on
on Lathes
Lathes

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Turning
Turning Operation
Operation

Figure 23.3 Schematic illustration of the basic turning operation, showing depth-ofcut, d; feed, f; and spindle rotational speed, N in rev/min. Cutting speed is the surface
speed of the workpiece at the tool tip.
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Tool
Tool

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Turning
Turning Formulas
Formulas

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Turning
Turning Parameters
Parameters

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Turning
Turning Feeds
Feeds &
& Speeds
Speeds

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z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z

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Equipment
Tooling
Setup time
Load/unload time
Direct labor
Indirect labor
Cycle time, idle time
Overhead rate

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Rotating parts or tools

z Hot, sharp chips
z Eye and skin irritation from cutting
fluids
z

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Example
Example from
from Book
Book

Safety
Safety Factors
Factors

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Cost
Cost Elements
Elements

Feeds
Feeds &
& Speeds
Speeds for
for Tool
Tool Materials
Materials

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A 6-in long, 0.5 in diameter 304 stainlesssteel rod is being reduced in diameter to
0.48 in by turning on a lathe. The spindle
rotates at N=400 rpm , and the tool is
traveling at an axial speed of 8 in/min.
Calculate, the cutting speed, material
removal rate, cutting time, and power.

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