Pakistan

This article is about the country. For other uses, see ond in South Asia, to have that status. It has a semiPakistan (disambiguation).
industrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture
sector, its economy is the 26th largest in the world in
terms of purchasing power and 45th largest in terms
Coordinates: 30N 70E / 30N 70E
of nominal GDP and is also characterized among the
i
Pakistan ( i /pkstn/ or
/pkistn/; Urdu: emerging and growth-leading economies of the world.

ALA-LC: Pkistn, pronounced [pkstn]), ocially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu:
The post-independence history of Pakistan has been
characterised by periods of military rule, political in

ALA-LC: Islm Jumhriyah Pkistn IPA:

[1]
[slmi dmurih pkstn]), is a country in stability and conicts with neighbouring India. The
South Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with country continues to face challenging problems, includa population exceeding 199 million people.[13] It is the ing overpopulation, terrorism, poverty, illiteracy, and
36th largest country in the world in terms of area with corruption. Despite these factors it maintains stratean area covering 881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi). Pak- gic endowments and development potential while it has
the
istan has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the made substantial progress in reducing poverty giving it [20]
second
lowest
headcount
poverty
rate
in
South
Asia.
Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bor[21]
dered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran It is ranked 16th on the 2012 Happy Planet Index,
has been among the highest perto the southwest and China in the far northeast respec- while its stock exchange
[22]
forming
in
Asia.
It
is
a member of the United Natively. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistans
tions,
the
Commonwealth
of Nations, the Next Eleven
narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a
Economies,
Shanghai
Cooperation
Organisation, ECO,
maritime border with Oman.
UfC, D8, Cairns Group, Kyoto Protocol, ICCPR, RCD,
The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was previously UNCHR, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Group
home to several ancient cultures, including the Mehrgarh of Eleven, CPFTA, Group of 24, the G20 developing naof the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civili- tions, ECOSOC, founding member of the Organisation
sation, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of Islamic Cooperation, SAARC and CERN.[23]
of dierent faiths and cultures, including Hindus, IndoGreeks, Muslims, Turco-Mongols, Afghans and Sikhs.
The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian
Achaemenid Empire, Alexander of Macedonia, the Arab
Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal
Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the
British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led
1 Etymology
by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the subcontinent's struggle
for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east
and west of the Subcontinent where there was a Muslim The name Pakistan literally means "Land of the Pure in
majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new Urdu and Persian. It comes from the word pk mean[24]
constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A ing pure in Persian and Pashto while the word istn is
civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pak- a Persian word meaning place of; it is a cognate of the
Sanskrit word sthna (Devanagari: [stan]).[25]
istan as the new country of Bangladesh.
It was coined in 1933 as Pakstan by Choudhry Rahmat
Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who published it in his
pamphlet Now or Never,[26] using it as an acronym (thirty
million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN) referring to the names of the ve northern regions of the
British Raj: Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, and
Baluchistan".[27][28][29] The letter i was incorporated to
ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and
meaningful name.[30]

Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting

of four provinces and four federal territories. It is an
ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. A regional
and middle power,[18][19] Pakistan has the seventh largest
standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear
power as well as a declared nuclear-weapons state, being the only nation in the Muslim world, and the sec-

HISTORY

History

region.[36][37] Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage

centre.[38] The Vedic civilisation ourished in the ancient
Gandhran city of Takail, now Taxila in Punjab.[33]
Main article: History of Pakistan
Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the reSee also: Outline of South Asian history
gion: the Persian Achaemenid Empire around 519 BCE,
Alexander the Great's empire in 326 BCE[39] and the
Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya and
extended by Ashoka the Great until 185 BCE.[33] The
2.1 Early and medieval age
Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria
Main articles: Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indus Valley Civ- (180165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and
ilization, Vedic Civilization, Sikh Empire and Mughal reached its greatest extent under Menander (165150
BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the
Empire
[33][40]
Taxila had one of the earliest universities
Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in region.
and centres of higher education in the world.[41][42][43][44]
The Medieval period (6421219 CE) is dened by the
spread of Islam in the region. During this period,
Su missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a
majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam.[45] The Rai Dynasty (489632 CE) of
Sindh, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surrounding territories.[46] The Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist
empire that under Dharampala and Devapala stretched
across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through
Northern India to Pakistan and later to Kamboj region in
Afghanistan.
The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered
Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in
711 CE.[47][48][49][50][51] The Pakistan governments ofcial chronology identies this as the point where the
foundation of Pakistan was laid.[47][52][53] This conquest set the stage for the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (9751187 CE), the Ghorid Kingdom and the Delhi
Sultanate (12061526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last
of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (15261857 CE). The Mughals introduced Persian
literature and high culture, establishing the roots of IndoPersian culture in the region.[54] In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire ruled
by Muslim emperors.[55] By the mid-18th century, the
Marathas had routed Mughal armies, and won over several Mughal provinces including Punjab[56] For a brief
period the Marathas collected tributes from Sindh.[57]
By the early 18th century, the increasing European inStanding Buddha from Gandhara
uence slowly disintegrated the empire as the lines beand political dominance were increasSouth Asia originated from areas encompassing present- tween commercial
[55]
[31]
ingly
blurred.
The earliest known inhabitants in the
day Pakistan.
region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of During this time, the English East India Company, had
whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of established coastal outposts.[55] Control over the seas,
Punjab.[32] The Indus region, which covers most of Pak- greater resources, technology, and military force proistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures jection by East India Company of British Empire led
including the Neolithic Mehrgarh[33] and the Bronze Age it to increasingly ex its military muscle; a factor that
Indus Valley Civilisation (28001800 BCE) at Harappa was crucial in allowing the Company to gain control
and Mohenjo-Daro.[34][35]
over subcontinent by 1765 and sidelining the European
[58]
Expanding access beyond Bengal and
The Vedic Civilization (1500500 BCE), charac- competitors.
the
subsequent
increased
strength and size of its army
terised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of
enabled
it
to
annex
or
subdue
most of region by the
Hinduism, which would become well established in the

2.2

Colonial period

3
Movement

Edwin Lord Weeks illustration of an open-air restaurant near

Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore.

1820s.[55] To many historians, this marked the starting

of regions colonial period.[55] By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament
and itself eectively made an arm of British administration, the Company began to more consciously enter
non-economic arenas such as education, social reform,
and culture.[55] Such reforms included the enforcement of
English Education Act in 1835 and the introduction of the
Indian Civil Service (ICS).[59] Traditional madrasahs
primary institutions of higher learning for Muslims in the
subcontinent were no longer supported by the English
Crown, and nearly all of the madrasahs lost their nancial
endowment.[60]

2.2

Colonial period

The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early

18th century enabled the Sikh Empire's inuence to control larger areas until the British East-India Company
gained ascendancy over the Indian subcontinent.[61] The
rebellion in 1857 (or Sepoy mutiny) was the regions
major armed struggle against the British Empire and
Queen Victoria.[62] Divergence in the relationship between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in British
India; thus instigating racially motivated religious violence in India.[63] The language controversy further escalated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims.[64]
The Hindu renaissance witnessed the awakening of intellectualism in traditional Hinduism and saw the emergence of more assertive inuence in the social and political spheres in British India.[65][66] Intellectual movement to counter the Hindu renaissance was led by Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan who helped founding the All-India
Muslim League in 1901 and envisioned as well as advocated for the two-nation theory.[61] In contrast to the
Indian Congress's anti-British eorts, the Muslim League
was a pro-British whose political program inherited the
British values that would shape Pakistans future civil
society.[67][68] In events during World War I, British
Intelligence foiled an anti-English conspiracy involving
the nexus of Congress and the German Empire.[69] The
largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass
campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s
against the British Empire.[70][71][72]

Main articles: Pakistan Movement, Aligarh Movement

and British Raj

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) whose vision formed Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and
travelled on foot, bullock carts and trains to their promised new
the basis of Pakistan

home during the Partition of India. During the partition between 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in the retributive
genocide.[73]

The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the

1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of
Muslims in politics. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal called for the amalgamation
of North-West Muslim-majority Indian states consisting of Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (18761948) served as Pakistans Baluchistan.[74] Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of
rst Governor-General and the leader of the Pakistan Pakistan, greatly espoused the two-nation theory and led

the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of

1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.[61] In
World War II, Jinnah and British educated founding fathers in the Muslim League supported the United Kingdom's war eorts, countering opposition against it whilst
working towards Sir Syed's vision.[75]
As the cabinet mission failed in India, the Great Britain
announced the intentions to end its raj in India in 1946
47.[76] Nationalists in British India including Jawaharlal
Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad of Congress, Jinnah of
Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing
the Sikhsagreed to the proposed terms of transfer of
power and independence in June 1947.[77] As the United
Kingdom agreed upon partitioning of India in 1947, the
modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar) in amalgamating the Muslim-majority eastern and
northwestern regions of British India.[72] It comprised the
provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West
Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh; thus forming
Pakistan.[61][77] The partitioning of Punjab and Bengal
led to the series of violent communal riots across India
and Pakistan; millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and
millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India.[78] Dispute
over Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War
in 1948.[79][80]

2.3

HISTORY

had two British monarchs before it became a republic.[81]

Democracy was stalled by the martial law enforced by
President Iskander Mirza who was replaced by army
chief, General Ayub Khan. Forming presidential system in 1962, the country experienced exceptional growth
until a second war with India in 1965 which led to
economic downfall and wide-scale public disapproval in
1967.[82][83] Consolidating the control from Ayub Khan
in 1969, President Yahya Khan had to deal with a devastating cyclone which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan.[84]

Independence and modern Pakistan

Main articles: Dominion of Pakistan and History of Pakistan

After independence and the partition of India in

Signing of Tashkent Declaration to end hostilities with India in

1965 in Tashkent, USSR, by President Ayub alongside Bhutto
(center) and Aziz Ahmed (left).

The American CIA lm on Pakistan made in 1950 examines the

history and geography of Pakistan.

In 1970, Pakistan held its rst democratic elections since

independence, that were meant to mark a transition
from military rule to democracy, but after the East Pakistani Awami League won against Pakistan Peoples Party
(PPP); Yahya Khan and military establishment refused
to hand over power.[85][85][86][86] The 1971 Bangladesh
genocide led to a declaration of independence and to the
waging of a war of liberation by the Bengali Mukti Bahini
forces in East Pakistan, with support from India.[86][87]
However, in West Pakistan the conict was described as
a civil war as opposed to War of Liberation.[88]

1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the President of Muslim

League, became nations rst Governor-General as well
as rst President-Speaker of the Parliament.[81] Meanwhile, Pakistans founding fathers agreed upon appointing Liaquat Ali Khan, the secretary-general of the party, Independent estimates of civilian deaths during this pethe nations rst Prime Minister. With dominion status riod range from 300,000 to 3 million.[89] Preemptive
in the Commonwealth of Nations, independent Pakistan strikes on India by the Pakistans air force, navy, and

5
marines, in response to Indias support for the insurgency
in East Pakistan, sparked the conventional war in 1971,
which witnessed the Indian victory and East Pakistan
gaining independence as Bangladesh.[86]
With Pakistan surrendering in the war, Yahya Khan
was replaced by Zulkar Ali Bhutto as President; the
country worked towards promulgating constitution and
putting the country on roads of democracy. Democratic
rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 an era of selfconsciousness, intellectual leftism, nationalism, and nationwide reconstruction.[90] During this period, Pakistan
embarked on ambitiously developing the nuclear deterrence in 1972 in a view to prevent any foreign invasion; the countrys rst nuclear power plant was inaugurated, also the same year.[91][92] Accelerated in response
to rst nuclear test by India in 1974, this crash program
completed in 1979.[92] Democracy ended with a military
coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP, which saw General
Zia-ul-Haq become the president in 1978. From 1977
to 1988, President Zia's corporatisation and economic
Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one
of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.[93]
While consolidating the nuclear development, increasing
Islamization,[94] and the rise of homegrown conservative
philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidize and distribute
U.S. resources to factions of the mujahideen against the
USSR's intervention in communist Afghanistan.[95][96]

President Bush meets with President Musharraf in Islamabad

during his 2006 visit to Pakistan.

ened with facing impeachment, President Musharraf

resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by
Asif Ali Zardari.[105][106][107] Clashes with the judicature
prompted Gillani's disqualication from the Parliament
and as the Prime Minister in June 2012.[108] By its
own nancial calculations, Pakistans involvement in the
war on terrorism has cost up to ~$67.93 billion,[109][110]
thousands of casualties and nearly 3 million displaced
civilians.[111] The general election held in 2013 saw the
PML(N) almost achieve a supermajority, following which
Nawaz Sharif became elected as the Prime Minister, retime after fourteen years,
President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and Benazir turning to the post for the third
[112]
in
a
democratic
transition.
Bhutto, daughter of Zulkar Ali Bhutto, was elected as
the countrys rst female Prime Minister. The Pakistan
Peoples Party followed by conservative Pakistan Muslim
League (N), and over the next decade whose two lead- 3 Government and politics
ers fought for power, alternating in oce while the countrys situation worsened; economic indicators fell sharply, Main articles: Government of Pakistan, Politics of Pakin contrast to the 1980s. This period is marked by istan, Political history of Pakistan and Human rights in
prolonged stagation, instability, corruption, nationalism, Pakistan
geopolitical rivalry with India, and the clash of left Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal repubwing-right wing ideologies.[97][98] As PML(N) secured
a supermajority in elections in 1997, Sharif authorised
the nuclear testings (See:Chagai-I and Chagai-II), as a
retaliation to second nuclear tests ordered by India, led
by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in May 1998.[99]
Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil
district led to the Kargil War of 1999, and a turbulence in
civic-military relations allowed General Pervez Musharraf took over through a bloodless coup d'tat.[100][101]
Musharraf governed Pakistan as chief executive from
1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008
a period of enlightenment, social liberalism, extensive
economic reforms,[102] and direct involvement in the
U.S.-led war on terrorism. When the National Assembly historically completed its rst full ve-year term
on 15 November 2007, the new elections were called
by the Election Commission.[103] After the assassination
of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, the PPP secured largest
votes in the elections of 2008, appointing party member Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister.[104] Threat-

Parliament House

lic with Islam as the state religion.[113] The rst set was
adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958
who replaced it with the second set in 1962.[72] Complete and comprehensive Constitution was adopted in
1973suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated

3 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

in 1985is the countrys most important document, laying the foundations of the current government.[114] The
Pakistani military establishment has played an inuential
role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistans political
history.[72] There were military coups which resulted in
imposition of martial law and military commanders continued governing as de-facto presidents from 19581971,
19771988, and 19992008.[115] As of now, Pakistan has
a multi-party parliamentary system with clear division of
powers and responsibilities between branches of government. The rst successful demonstrative transaction was
held in May 2013. Politics in Pakistan is centered and
dominated by the homegrown conceive social philosophy, consisting the ideas of socialism, conservatism, and Prime Ministers Secretariat
the third way. As of the general elections held in 2013,
the three main dominated political parties in the country:
well as running the government operations, taking
the centre-right conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N
and authorizing executive decisions, appointments
(PML-N); the centre-left socialist Pakistan Peoples Party
and recommendations that require executive conr(PPP); and the centrist and third-way Pakistan Movement
mation of the Prime Minister.
for Justice (PTI) led by cricketer Imran Khan.
Provincial governments: Each of the four province
has a similar system of government, with a directly
Head of State: The President who is elected by
elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of
an Electoral College is the ceremonial head of the
the largest party or coalition is elected Chief Minisstate and is the civilian commander-in-chief of the
ter. Chief Ministers oversees the provincial governPakistan Armed Forces (with Chairman Joint Chiefs
ments and head the provincial cabinet, it is common
of Sta Committee as its principal military adviser),
in Pakistan to have dierent ruling parties or coalibut military appointments and key conrmations in
tions in each provinces. The provincial assemblies
the armed forces are made by the Prime Minister
have power to make laws and approve provincial
after reviewing the reports on their merit and perbudget which is commonly presented by the provinformances. Almost all appointed ocers in the
cial nance minister every scal year. Provincial
judicature, military, chairman joint chiefs and joint
governors who play role as the ceremonial head of
sta, and legislatures require the executive conrprovince are appointed by the President.[114]
mation from the Prime Minister, whom the President must consult, by law. However, the powers to
pardon and grant clemency vest with the President
of Pakistan.
Legislative:
The bicameral legislature comprises a 100-member Senate (upper house) and a
342-member National Assembly (lower house).
Members of the National Assembly are elected
through the rst-past-the-post system under
universal adult surage, representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies.
According to the constitution, the 70 seats reserved
for women and religious minorities are allocated to
the political parties according to their proportional
representation. Senate members are elected by
provincial legislators, with all of provinces have Supreme Court of Pakistan
equal representation.
Executive: The Prime Minister is usually the leader
of the majority rule party or a coalition in the
National Assembly the lower house. The Prime
Minister serves as the head of government and is
designated to exercise as the countrys chief executive. The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing a cabinet consisting of ministers and advisers as

Judicature: The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts: the superior
(or higher) judiciary and the subordinate (or lower)
judiciary. The Chief Justice of Pakistan is the chief
judge who oversees the judicatures court system at
all levels of command. The superior judiciary is
composed of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the
Federal Shariat Court and ve High Courts, with

3.1

Foreign relations of Pakistan

the Supreme Court at the apex. The Constitution
of Pakistan entrusts the superior judiciary with the
obligation to preserve, protect and defend the constitution. Neither the Supreme Court nor a High Court
may exercise jurisdiction in relation to Tribal Areas,
except otherwise provided for. The disputed regions
of Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan have separate
court systems.

3.1

7
istans nuclear deterrence program focused on countering Indias nuclear ambitions in the region, and nuclear
tests by India eventually led Pakistan to reciprocate the
event to maintain geopolitical balance as becoming a
nuclear power.[126] Currently, Pakistan maintains a policy
of credible minimum deterrence, calling its program vital
nuclear deterrence against foreign aggression.[127][128]

Foreign relations of Pakistan

Main article: Foreign relations of Pakistan

As the Muslim world's second most populous nation-

U.S President Barack Obama in conversation with Prime Minister

Nawaz Sharif, 2014.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi greets Prime Minister

Nawaz Sharif.

state (after Indonesia) and its only nuclear power state,

Pakistan has an important role in the international
community.[116][117] With a semi-agricultural and semiindustrialized economy, its foreign policy determines its
standard of interactions for its organizations, corporations and individual citizens.[118][119] Its geostrategic intentions were explained by Jinnah in a broadcast message
in 1947, which is featured in a prominent quotation on the
homepage of Pakistans Ministry of Foreign Aairs website: The foundation of our foreign policy is friendship
with all nations across the globe.[120]
Since then, Pakistan has attempted to balance its relations with foreign nations.[121][122][123] A non-signatory
party of the Treaty on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation,
Pakistan is an inuential member of the IAEA.[124] In recent events, Pakistan has blocked an international treaty
to limit ssile material, arguing that the treaty would target Pakistan specically.[125] In the 20th century, Pak-

Located in strategic and geopolitical corridor of the

worlds major maritime oil supply lines, communication
ber optics, Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.[129] Pakistan is an
inuential and founding member of the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and is a major non-NATO
ally of the United States in the war against terrorism
a status achieved in 2004.[130] Pakistans foreign policy and geostrategy mainly focus on economy and security against threats to its national identity and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with other Muslim countries.[131] Brieng on countrys foreign policy in 2004, the Pakistani senator reportedly explains: Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and noninterference in each others domestic aairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy.[132] Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a Permanent
Representative to represent Pakistans policy in international politics.[133] Pakistan has lobbied for the concept of
"Enlightened Moderation" in the Muslim world.[134][135]
Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations,[136] the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO)[137][138] and the G20 developing nations.[139] Pakistan does not have diplomatic relations
with Israel;[140] nonetheless some Israeli citizens have visited the country on a tourist visas.[141] Based on mutual
cooperation, the security exchange have taken place between two countries using Turkey as a communication
conduit.[142] Despite Pakistan being the only country in
the world that has not established a diplomatic relations
with Armenia, the Armenian community still resides in
Pakistan.[143]

3 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

U.S. imposed sanctions because of Pakistans secretive
nuclear development.[156] Since 9/11, Pakistan has been
a close ally with the United States on the issue of counterterrorism in the regions of the Middle East and South
Asia, with the US supporting the latter with aid money
and weapons.[157][158]

The United States-led war on terrorism led initially to

an improvement in the relationship, but it was strained
by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the war in Afghanistan and by issues related to
terrorism.[159][160][161][162] Since 1948, there has been an
ongoing, and at times uctuating, violent conict in the
President of Peoples Republic of China Xi Jinping, welcomed by southwestern province of Balochistan between various
eight JF-17s upon entering Pakistani airspace during a state visit. Baloch separatist groups, who seek greater political autonomy, and the central government of Pakistan.[163]
Pakistan also hosts Chinas largest embassy.[144]
Maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with the Arab world and other countries in the
Muslim World is a vital factor in Pakistans foreign
policy.[145] Pakistan was the rst country to have established diplomatic relations with China and relations
continues to be warm since Chinas war with India in
1962.[146] In the 1960s1980s, Pakistan greatly helped
China in reaching out to the worlds major countries
and helped facilitate U.S. President Nixon's state visit
to China.[146] Despite the change of governments in
Pakistan, variations in the regional and global situation, China policy in Pakistan continues to be dominant factor at all time.[146] In return, China is Pakistans largest trading partner and economic cooperation
have reached high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistans infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at Gwadar. Sino-Pak
friendly relations touched new heights as both the countries signed 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) in 2015 for cooperation in dierent elds.[147] [148][149][150] Both countries have signed the
Free Trade Agreement in the 2000s, and Pakistan continues to serve as China's communication bridge in the
Muslim World.[151]

3.2 Administrative divisions

Main articles: Administrative units of Pakistan and
Districts of Pakistan
A federal parliamentary republic state, Pakistan is a federation that comprises four provinces: Punjab, KhyberPakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan.[164] and four
territories: the Tribal belt, GilgitBaltistan, Islamabad
Capital Territory, and Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan exercises the de facto jurisdiction over the Frontier
Regions and the western parts of the Kashmir Regions,
which are organised into the separate political entities
Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan (formerly Northern
Areas). In 2009, the constitutional assignment (the Gilgit
Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order) awarded
the GilgitBaltistan a semi-provincial status, giving it
self-government.[165]

The local government system consists of a three-tier system of districts, tehsils and union councils, with an elected
body at each tier.[166] There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten[167] and Gilgit
Baltistan seven.[168] The Tribal Areas comprise seven
Because of diculties in relations with its geopolitical tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached
[169]
rival India, Pakistan maintains close political relations from neighbouring districts.
with Turkey and Iran.[152] Saudi Arabia also maintains Clickable map of the four provinces and four federal territories
a respected position in Pakistans foreign policy, and of Pakistan.
both countries has been a focal point in Pakistans foreign policy.[152] The Kashmir conict remains the major point of rift; three of their four wars were over Law enforcement is carried out by a joint network of
this territory.[153] Due to ideological dierences, Pak- the intelligence community with jurisdiction limited to
istan opposed the Soviet Union in the 1950s and dur- the relevant province or territory. The National Inteling Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan was one ligence Directorate coordinates the information intelliof the closest allies of the United States.[132][154] Rela- gence at both federal and provincial level; including the
such
tions with Russia have greatly improved since 1999 and FIA, IB, Motorway Police, and paramilitary forces
[170]
as
the
Pakistan
Rangers
and
the
Frontier
Corps.
cooperation with various sectors have increased between
Russia and Pakistan.[155] Pakistan has had on-and-o Pakistans premier intelligence agency, the Interrelations with the United States. A close ally of the Services Intelligene (ISI), was formed just within a year
United States in the Cold war, Pakistans relation with after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947.[171] Inter Serthe United States relations soured in the 1990s when the vice Intelligence Agency of Pakistan was ranked as the

3.4

Kashmir conict

top intelligence agency in the world in 2011, 2014 and volved in four conventional wars, the rst war occurred in
2015.[172][173]
Kashmir with Pakistan gaining control of Western Kashmir,
(Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan), and India capThe court system is organised as a hierarchy, with the
turing
Eastern Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir). TerriSupreme Court at the apex, below which are High Courts,
torial
problems
eventually led to another conventional
Federal Shariat Courts (one in each province and one in
war
in
1965;
over
the issue of Bengali refugees that
the federal capital), District Courts (one in each district),
led
to
another
war
in 1971 which resulted in PakJudicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Execunconditional
surrender
of East Pakistan.[186] Tenistans
utive Magistrate Courts and civil courts. The Penal code
sions in Kargil brought the two countries at the brink
has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is
of war.[100] Since 1947, the unresolved territorial prob[170][174]
largely derived from tribal customs.
lems with Afghanistan saw border skirmishes which
was kept mostly at the mountainous border. In 1961,
the military and intelligence community repelled the
3.3 Military
Afghan incursion in the Bajaur Agency near the Durand
Line border.[187][188] Rising tensions with neighboring
Main article: Pakistan Armed Forces
USSR in their involvement in Afghanistan, Pakistani
intelligence community, mostly the ISI, systematically
The armed forces of Pakistan are the eighth largest in the coordinated the U.S. resources to the Afghan mujahideen
world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about and foreign ghters against the Soviet Union's presence in
617,000 personnel on active duty and 513,000 reservists, the region. Military reports indicated that the PAF was in
as of tentative estimates in 2010.[175] They came into engagement with the Soviet Air Force, supported by the
existence after independence in 1947, and the military Afghan Air Force during the course of the conict;[189]
establishment has frequently inuenced in the national one of which belonged to Alexander Rutskoy.[189]
politics ever since.[115] Chain of command of the military is kept under the control of the Joint Chiefs of Sta Apart from its own conicts, Pakistan has been an active
Committee; all of the branches joint works, coordina- participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. It
tion, military logistics, and joint missions are under the played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers
Somalia, in 1993 in Operation Gothic
Joint Sta HQ.[176] The Joint Sta HQ is composed of from Mogadishu,
[190][191][192]
Serpent.
According to UN reports, the Pakthe Air HQ, Navy HQ, and Army GHQ in the vicinity of
[177]
istani
military
are
the
largest troop contributors to UN
the Rawalpindi Military District.
peacekeeping missions.[193]
The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Sta Committee is the
highest principle sta ocer in the armed forces, and the Pakistan has deployed its military in some Arab counproviding defence, training, and playing advisory
chief military adviser to the civilian government though tries, [194][195]
The PAF and Navy's ghter pilots have volroles.
the chairman has no authority over the three branches
[176]
untarily
served
in Arab nations' militaries against Israel
of armed forces.
The Chairman joint chiefs conin
the
Six-Day
War
(1967) and in the Yom Kippur War
trols the military from the JS HQ and maintains strate(1973).
Pakistans
ghter pilots shot down ten Israeli
gic communications between the military and the civilian
[176]
planes
in
the
Six-Day
War.[190] Requested by the Saudi
government.
As of current, the Chairman joint chiefs
is General Rashid Mahmood alongside chief of army sta monarchy in 1979, the special forces units, operatives,
in
General Raheel Sharif,[178] chief of naval sta Admiral and commandos were rushed to assist Saudi forces[196]
[179]
Mecca
to
lead
the
operation
of
the
Grand
Mosque.
Muhammad Zaka,
and chief of air sta Air Chief
Marshal Suhail Aman.[180] The main branches are the In 1991 Pakistan got involved with the Gulf War and sent
coalition, specically for
ArmyAir ForceNavyMarines, which are supported 5,000 troops as part of a US-led
[197]
[181]
the
defence
of
Saudi
Arabia.
by the number of paramilitary forces in the country.
Control over the strategic arsenals, deployment, employ- Since 2004, the military has been engaged in a war
ment, development, military computers and command in North-West Pakistan, mainly against the homegrown
and control is a responsibility vested under the National Taliban factions.[198][199] Major operations undertaken by
Command Authority which oversaw the work on the the Army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and
nuclear policy as part of the credible minimum deter- Operation Rah-e-Nijat.[200][201]
rence.[99]
The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close
military relations and regularly export military equipment and technology transfer to Pakistan.[182] Joint logistics and major war games are occasionally carried
out by the militaries of China and Turkey.[181][183][184]
Philosophical basis for the military draft is introduced by
the Constitution in times of emergency, but it has never
been imposed.[185] Since 1947, Pakistan has been in-

3.4 Kashmir conict

Main article: Kashmir conict
The Kashmir the most northwesterly region of South
Asia is a primary territorial dispute that hindered the
relations between India and Pakistan. Two nations have

10

fought at least three large-scale conventional wars in successive years of 1947, 1965, and 1971. The conict
in 1971 witnessed Pakistans unconditional surrender
and a treaty that subsequently led to the independence
of Bangladesh.[202] Other serious military engagements
and skirmishes included the armed contacts in Siachen
Glacier (1984) and Kargil (1999).[153] Approximately
45.1% of the Kashmir region is controlled by India while
claiming the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the
Siachen.[153] The claim is contested by Pakistan, which
approximately controls the 38.2% of the Kashmir region,
known as the Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan.[153][203]

GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE

tions including the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA),

Intelligence Bureau (IB), and the Motoway Patrol, as
well as several paramilitary forces such as the National
Guards (Northern Areas), the Rangers (Punjab and
Sindh), and the Frontier Corps (Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
and Balochistan).

The most senior ocers of all the civilian police forces

also form part of the Police Service, which is a component of the civil service of Pakistan. Namely, there are
four provincial police service including the Punjab Police, Sindh Police, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Police, and the
Balochistan Police; all headed by the appointed senior
Inspector-Generals. The Islamabad has its own police
India claims the Kashmir on the basis of the Instrument component, the Capital Police, to maintain law and order
of Accession a legal agreement with Kashmirs leaders in the capital. The CID bureaus are the crime investigaexecuted by Maharaja Hari Singh who agreed to accede tion unit and forms a vital part in each provincial police
the area to India.[204] Pakistan claims Kashmir on the ba- service.
sis of a Muslim majority and of geography, the same The law enforcement in Pakistan also has a Motorway Paprinciples that were applied for the creation of the two trol which is responsible for enforcement of trac and
independent states.[205][206] India referred the dispute to safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistans interthe United Nations on 1 January 1948.[207] A resolution provincial motorway network. In each of provincial
passed in 1948, the UN's General Assembly asked Pak- Police Service, it also maintains a respective Elite Poistan to remove most of its troops as a plebiscite would lice units led by the NACTA a counter-terrorism pothen be held. However, Pakistan failed to vacate the re- lice unit as well as providing VIP escorts. In Punjab and
gion and a ceasere was reached in 1949 with the Line Sindh, the Pakistan Rangers are an internal security force
of Control (LoC) was established, dividing Kashmir be- with the prime objective to provide and maintain security
tween the two nations.[208] India, fearful that the Muslim in war zones and areas of conict as well as maintaining
majority populace of Kashmir would secede from India, law and order which includes providing assistance to the
did not allow a plebiscite to take place in the region. This police.[212] The Frontier Corps serves the similar purpose
was conrmed in a statement by Indias Defense Minisin Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and the Balochistan.[212]
ter, Kirshnan Menon, who said: Kashmir would vote to
join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for
agreeing to plebiscite would survive.''[209]
Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the
people of Jammu and Kashmir to determine their future
through impartial elections as mandated by the United
Nations,[210] while India has stated that Kashmir is an
integral part of India, referring to the Simla Agreement(1972) and to the fact that elections take place
regularly.[211] In recent developments, certain Kashmiri
independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.[153]

3.5

Law enforcement

Main articles: Law enforcement in Pakistan, Pakistan

Intelligence Community and National Intelligence
Directorate
The law enforcement in Pakistan is carried out by joint
network of several federal and provincial police agencies. The four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction extending only to the relevant province or
territory.[114] At the federal level, there are a number
of civilian intelligence agencies with nationwide jurisdic-

4 Geography, environment and climate

Main articles: Extreme weather records in Pakistan,

Geography of Pakistan, Environment of Pakistan,
Climate of Pakistan, Tropical cyclones and tornadoes in
Pakistan and List of beaches in Pakistan
The geography and climate of Pakistan are extremely
diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of
wildlife.[213] Pakistan covers an area of 796,095 km2
(307,374 sq mi), approximately equal to the combined
land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is the
36th largest nation by total area, although this ranking
varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted. Pakistan has a 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the
south[214] and land borders of 6,774 km (4,209 mi) in
total: 2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km
(325 mi) with China, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India
and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran.[114] It shares a marine
border with Oman,[215] and is separated from Tajikistan
by the cold, narrow Wakhan Corridor.[216] Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads

4.1

Flora and fauna

of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia.[217]

11

4.1 Flora and fauna

Geologically, Pakistan is located in the Indus-Tsangpo

Suture Zone and overlaps the Indian tectonic plate in Main articles: Flora of Pakistan and Fauna of Pakistan
its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most The diversity of landscapes and climates in Pakistan
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the Eurasian plate,
mainly on the Iranian plateau. GilgitBaltistan and Azad
Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence
are prone to violent earthquakes. This region has the
highest rates of seismicity and largest earthquakes in the
Himalaya region.[218] Ranging from the coastal areas of
the south to the glaciated mountains of the north, Pakistans landscapes vary from plains to deserts, forests, hills
and plateaus .[219]
Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas:
the northern highlands, the Indus River plain and the
Balochistan Plateau.[220] The northern highlands contain
the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges
(see mountains of Pakistan), which contain some of
the worlds highest peaks, including ve of the fourteen
eight-thousanders (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or
26,250 feet), which attract adventurers and mountaineers
from all over the world, notably K2 (8,611 m or 28,251
ft) and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m or 26,660 ft).[221] The
Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the Thar Desert
in the east. The 1,609 km (1,000 mi) Indus River and
its tributaries ow through the country from the Kashmir
region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial
plains along it in Punjab and Sindh.[222]
The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid
conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent ooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry
season with signicantly less rainfall or none at all. There
are four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March
through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest
monsoon period, from June through September; and the
retreating monsoon period of October and November.[61]
Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of
alternate ooding and drought are common.[223]
K2 is the second-highest mountain on Earth

allows a wide variety of trees and plants to ourish.

The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine
trees such as spruce, pine and deodar cedar in the extreme northern mountains, through deciduous trees in
most of the country (for example the mulberry-like
shisham found in the Sulaiman Mountains), to palms
such as coconut and date in southern Punjab, southern
Balochistan and all of Sindh. The western hills are home
to juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses and scrub plants.
Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands
along the coast in the south.[224]

Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from

1,000 to 4,000 metres in most of the northern and northwestern highlands. In the xeric regions of BalochisSwat District
tan, date palm and Ephedra are common. In most of
Punjab and Sindh, the Indus plains support tropical and
Thar Desert forms a natural boundary between India subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forestry as well as
tropical and xeric shrublands. These forests are mostly
and Pakistan
of mulberry, acacia, and eucalyptus.[225] About 2.2%
or 1,687,000 hectares (16,870 km2 ) of Pakistan was
Astola Island
forested in 2010.[226]
The Clifton Beach in Karachi
The fauna of Pakistan reects its varied climates too.
Around 668 bird species are found there:[227][228] crows,
Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park
sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons and eagles commonly
occur. Palas, Kohistan, has a signicant population of
View from Skardu Fort towards Indus River
western tragopan.[229] Many birds sighted in Pakistan

Kaghan Valley in Northern Pakistan

Deodar,[lower-alpha 2] Pakistans national tree.

12

5 INFRASTRUCTURE

are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia and

India.[230]
The southern plains are home to mongooses, civets, hares,
the Asiatic jackal, the Indian pangolin, the jungle cat and
the desert cat. There are mugger crocodiles in the Indus, and wild boar, deer, porcupines and small rodents
are common in the surrounding areas. The sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals,
striped hyenas, wildcats and leopards.[231][232] The lack
of vegetative cover, the severe climate and the impact of
grazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a precarious position. The chinkara is the only animal that
can still be found in signicant numbers in Cholistan.
A small number of nilgai are found along the PakistanIndia border and in some parts of Cholistan.[231][233] A
wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north,
including the Marco Polo sheep, the urial (a subspecies
of wild sheep), markhor and ibex goats, the Asian black
bear and the Himalayan brown bear.[231][234][235] Among
the rare animals found in the area are the snow leopard,[234] the Asiatic cheetah[236] and the blind Indus river
dolphin, of which there are believed to be about 1,100
remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve
in Sindh.[234][237] In total, 174 mammals, 177 reptiles, 22
amphibians, 198 freshwater sh species and 5,000 species
of invertebrates (including insects) have been recorded in
Pakistan.[227][228]

Plain of Deosai National Park.

5 Infrastructure
5.1 Economy
Main articles: Economy of Pakistan and Economic
history of Pakistan

Economists estimate that Pakistan has been part of the

wealthiest region of the world throughout the rst millennium CE having the largest economy by GDP. This
The ora and fauna of Pakistan suer from a number of advantage was lost in the 18th century as other regions
[239]
problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of defor- edged forward such as China and Western Europe.
estation in the world. This, along with hunting and pol- In recent years, Pakistan has been a rapidly developing
lution, is causing adverse eects on the ecosystem. The country[240][241][242] and is one of the Next Eleven, the
government has established a large number of protected eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a
areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to deal with high potential to become the worlds largest economies
these issues.[227][228]
in the 21st century.[243] However, after decades of

4.2

National parks and wildlife sanctuaries

Main articles: Protected areas of Pakistan and National

parks of Pakistan
As of present, there are around 157 protected areas in
Pakistan that are recognized by IUCN. According to the
'Modern Protected Areas legislation, a national park is
a protected area set aside by the government for the protection and conservation of its outstanding scenery and
wildlife in a natural state. The oldest national park is Lal
Suhanra in Bahawalpur District, established in 1972.[238]
It is also the only biosphere reserve of Pakistan. Lal
Suhanra is the only national park established before the
independence of the nation in August 1947. Central
Karakoram in Gilgit Baltistan is currently the largest national park in the country, spanning over a total approximate area of 1,390,100 hectares (3,435,011.9 acres). The
smallest national park is the Ayub, covering a total approximate area of 931 hectares (2,300.6 acres).

social instability, as of 2013, serious deciencies in

macromangament and unbalanced macroeconomics in
basic services such as train transportation and electrical
energy generation had developed.[244] The economy is
semi-industrialized, with centres of growth along the
Indus River.[245][246][247] The diversied economies of
Karachi and Punjabs urban centres coexist with less developed areas in other parts of the country.[246] Pakistans estimated nominal GDP as of 2011 is US$202
billion. The GDP by PPP is US$838,164 million.[248]
The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,197,
GDP (PPP)/capita is US$4,602 (international dollars),
and debt-to-GDP ratio is 55.5%.[249][250] According to
the World Bank, Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The increasing proportion of Pakistans youth provides the country with a
potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment.[20] 21.04% of
the population live below the international poverty line
of US$1.25 a day. Unemployment rate among aged 15
and over population is 5.5%.[251]
Pakistan would become the 18th largest

5.1

Economy

13

economy in the world by 2050 with a GDP of

US$ 3.33 trillion.
Goldman Sachs, 2015, [252]

mittances to Pakistan are: the UAE; United States;

Saudi Arabia; the Gulf states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar,
and Oman); Australia; Canada; Japan; United Kingdom; Norway; and Switzerland.[264][265] According to the
World Trade Organization, Pakistans share of overall
A 2013 report published by the World Bank positioned world exports is declining; it contributed only 0.128% in
Pakistans economy at 24th largest in the world by pur- 2007.[266] The trade decit in the scal year 201011 was
chasing power and 45th largest in absolute dollars.[247] US$11.217 billion.[267]
It is South Asias second largest economy, representing
The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from
about 15.0% of regional GDP.[253][254] Pakistans ecoa mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculnomic growth since its inception has been varied. It has
ture as of 2010 accounts for only 21.2% of the GDP.
been slow during periods of democratic transition, but exEven so, according to the United Nations Food and
cellent during the three periods of martial law, although
Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400
the foundation for sustainable and equitable growth was
metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa
not formed.[83] The early to middle 2000s was a pe(20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of
riod of rapid economic reforms; the government raised
South America (24,557,784 metric tons).[268] Between
development spending, which reduced poverty levels by
2002 and 2007 there was substantial foreign investment
10% and increased GDP by 3%.[114][255] The economy
in Pakistans banking and energy sectors.[269] Other imcooled again from 2007.[114] Ination reached 25.0% in
portant industries include clothing and textiles (account2008[256] and Pakistan had to depend on a scal poling for nearly 60% of exports), food processing, chemiicy backed by the International Monetary Fund to avoid
cals manufacture, iron and steel.[270] There is great potenpossible bankruptcy.[257][258] A year later, the Asian Detial for tourism in Pakistan, but it is severely aected by
velopment Bank reported that Pakistans economic crisis
the countrys instability.[271] Pakistans cement is also fast
was easing.[259] The ination rate for the scal year 2010
growing mainly because of demand from Afghanistan and
11 was 14.1%.[260] On January 2014, a survey conducted
from the domestic real estate sector. In 2013 Pakistan
by the Japan External Trade Organization placed Pakexported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement.[272] Pakistan
istan just behind Taiwan in terms of business generated
has an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons of ceby Japanese companies. Pakistans data was generated
ment and 42,636,428 metric tons of clinker. In 2012 and
from 27 Japanese rms doing business here. The results
2013, the cement industry in Pakistan became the most
found that 74.1% of the Japanese companies estimated
protable sector of the economy.[273]
[261]
operating prot in 2013.

A Pakistani textile market. Pakistan has the third largest GDP growth rate of Pakistan compared with global average since
spinning capacity in Asia.
2000.

The Karachi Stock Exchange, one of the top-performing

stock markets in the world in 2014.
Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities, and its labour market is the 10th largest in
the world. The 7-millionstrong Pakistani diaspora contributed an estimated US$15 billion to the economy
in 2014-15.[262][263] The major source countries of re-

The Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan soared

by 180.6% year-on-year to US$2.22 billion and portfolio
investment by 276.1% to US$407.4 million during the
rst nine months of scal year 2006, the State Bank of
Pakistan (SBP) reported on 24 April. During JulyMarch
200506, the FDI year-on-year increased to US$2.224
billion from only US$792.6 million and portfolio investment to US$407.4 million, whereas it was US$108.1 million in the corresponding period last year, according to
the latest statistics released by the State Bank.[274] Pakistan has achieved FDI of almost US$8.4 billion in the
nancial year 2006-07, surpassing the government target
of $4 billion.[275] Foreign investment had signicantly declined by 2010, dropping by 54.6% due to Pakistans political instability and weak law and order, according to the
State Bank.[276]

14
The textile industry enjoys a pivotal position in the exports of Pakistan. Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of
textile products in Asia. This sector contributes 9.5%
to the GDP and provides employment to about 15 million people or roughly 30% of the 49 million workforce
of the country. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of
cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, and contributes 5% to the global
spinning capacity. China is the second largest buyer of
Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion of textiles
last scal. Unlike U.S. where mostly value added textiles are imported, China buys only cotton yarn and cotton fabric from Pakistan. In 2012, Pakistani textile products accounted for 3.3% or US$1.07bn of total United
Kingdoms textile imports, 12.4% or US$4.61bn of total
Chinese textile imports, 2.98% or $2.98b of total United
States textile imports, 1.6% or US$0.88bn of total German textile imports and 0.7% or US$0.888bn of total Indian textile imports.[277]

5 INFRASTRUCTURE
while the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy.[287] The electricity
generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes
roughly ~5.8% of electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel (petroleum), ~29.9% from
hydroelectric power and ~0.3% from coal.[288][289][290]
Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along
with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party
to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy
Agency.[291][292][293]
For the commercial usage of the nuclear power, China
has provided an avid support for commercializing the nuclear power sources in Pakistan from early on, rst providing the Chashma-I reactor. The Karachi-I, a Candutype, was provided by Canada in 1971 the countrys rst
commercial nuclear power plant. In subsequent years,
Peoples Republic of China sold the nuclear power plant
for energy and industrial growth of the country. In 2005,
both countries reached out towards working on joint energy security plan, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more than 160,000 MWe by 2030. Original admissions by Pakistan, the government plans for lifting nuclear capacity to 8800 MWe, 900 MWe of it by
2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020.[294]

Banking in Pakistan is competitive and protable. There

are 6 full-edged Islamic banks and 13 conventional
banks oering products and services. Islamic banking and nance in Pakistan has experienced phenomenal growth. Islamic deposits held by full-edged Islamic banks and Islamic windows of conventional banks
at present stand at 9.7% of total bank deposits in the In June 2008, the nuclear commercial complex was excountry.[278] The list includes the largest Pakistani com- panded with the ground work of installing and operpanies by revenue in 2012:
ationalizing the Chashma-III and ChashmaIV nuclear
power plants at Chashma, Punjab Province, each with
320340 MWe and costing . 129 billion,; from which
5.2 Nuclear power and energy
the . 80 billion of this from international sources, prinMain articles: Nuclear power in Pakistan, Energy in Pak- cipally China.
istan and Electricity sector in Pakistan
A further agreement for Chinas help with the project
Energy from the nuclear power source is provided by was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as
a counter to the U.S.India agreement shortly preceding
it. Cost quoted then was US$1.7 billion, with a foreign
loan component of $1.07 billion. In 2013, the second
nuclear commercial complex in Karachi was marginalized and expanded to additional reactors, based on the
Chashma complex.[295]

Jhimpir Wind Power Projects are currently producing around

250 mega-watt, are expected produce 3200 mega-watt in near
future

three licensed-commercial nuclear power plants, as of

2012 data.[285] Pakistan is the rst Muslim country in
the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power
plants.[286] The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
(PAEC), the scientic and nuclear governmental authority, is solely responsible for operating these power plants,

The electrical energy is generated by various energy

corporations and evenly distributed by the National
Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) among
the four provinces. However, the Karachi-based KElectric and the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) generates much of the electrical energy
as well as gathering revenue nationwide.[296] Capacity
to generate ~22,797MWt electricity has been installed in
2014, with the initiation of several energy projects in
2014.[288] Energy from the nuclear sources is provided
by three licensed commercial nuclear power plants operated Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) under licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority.[297]
Pakistan is the rst Muslim country in the world to embark on a nuclear power program.[298] Commercial nuclear power plants generate roughly 5.8% of Pakistans

5.4

Transport

15

electricity, compared with about 64.0% from thermal,

29.9% from hydroelectric power, and ~0.3% from the
Coal source.[296]

5.3

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Pakistan

Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and land-

Shangrila Resort, Skardu.

Daman-e-Koh is a garden overlooking the city of Islamabad.

Badshahi Mosque was commissioned by the Mughals in 1671. It

is listed as a World Heritage Site.

scapes attracted 1 million tourists in 2012.[299] Pakistans

tourism industry was in its heyday during the 1970s when
the country received unprecedented amounts of foreign
tourists. The main destinations of choice for these tourists
were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat
and Rawalpindi.[300] The countrys attraction range from
the ruin of civilisation such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa
and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations. Pakistan is
home to several mountain peaks over 7000 m.[301]
The north part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient architecture and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home
to small pre-Islamic Animist Kalasha community claiming descent from Alexander the Great. Pakistans cultural
capital, Lahore, contains many examples of Mughal architecture such as Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens,
Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. Before the global
economic crisis Pakistan received more than 500,000
tourists annually.[302]

In October 2006, just one year after the 2005 Kashmir

earthquake, The Guardian released what it described as
The top ve tourist sites in Pakistan in order to help
the countrys tourism industry.[303] The ve sites included
Taxila, Lahore, The Karakoram Highway, Karimabad
and Lake Saiful Muluk. To promote Pakistans unique
and various cultural heritage.[304][305] In 2009, The World
Economic Forums Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Report ranked Pakistan as one of the top 25% tourist destinations for its World Heritage sites. Tourist destinations
range from mangroves in the south, to the 5,000-yearold cities of the Indus Valley Civilization which included
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.[306]

5.4 Transport
Main article: Transport in Pakistan
The transport industry accounts for ~10.5% of the nations GDP.[307] Pakistans motorway infrastructure is
better than those of India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, but
the train system lags behind those of India and China,
and aviation infrastructure also needs improvement.[308]
There is scarcely any inland water transportation system, and coastal shipping only meets minor local
requirements.[309]
Highways form the backbone of Pakistans transport system; a total road length of 259,618 km accounts for 91%
of passenger and 96% of freight trac. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the private sector, which handles around 95% of freight trac. The

16

5 INFRASTRUCTURE

5.5 Science and technology

Main articles: Science and technology in Pakistan and
List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries

Jinnah International Airport in Karachi handles 16 million passengers annually.

Abdus Salam won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for

his contribution to electroweak interaction. He was the
rst Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science.

National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north
south links, connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Although this network only accounts for 4.2% of total road Atta-ur-Rahman won the UNESCO Science Prize for
length, it carries 85% of the countrys trac.[310][311]
pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the rst
The Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of Railways Muslim to win it.
(MoR), operates the railroad system. From 1947 until the
1970s, the train system was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the national
highways and the economic boom of the automotive industry. Since the 1990s, there was a marked shift in trafc from rail to highways; dependence grew on roads after
the introduction of vehicles in the country. Now the railways share of inland trac is only 10% for passengers
and 4% for freight trac. Personal transportation dominated by the automobiles, the total rail track decreased
from 8,775 km in 199091 to 7,791 km in 2011.[310][312]
Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost foreign
trade with China, Iran and Turkey.[313][314]

Development on science and technology plays an inuential role in Pakistans infrastructure and helped the
country to reach out to the world.[315] Every year, scientists from around the world are invited by the Pakistan
Academy of Sciences and the Pakistan Government to
participate in the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics.[316] Pakistan hosted an international seminar on Physics in Developing Countries for International
Year of Physics 2005.[317] Pakistani theoretical physicist
Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work
on the electroweak interaction.[318] Inuential publications and the critical scientic works in the advancement
Rough estimates accounts for 139 airports in Pakistan of mathematics, biology, economics, computer science,
scienboth military and civilian airports which are mostly pub- and genetics have been produced by the Pakistani
[319]
tists
at
the
domestic
and
international
standings.
licly owned. Though the Jinnah International Airport
is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, the In chemistry, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the rst Pakinternational airports in Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, istani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of
Quetta, Faisalabad, Sialkot and Multan also handle sig- the neem tree to the attention of natural products
nicant amounts of trac. The civil aviation industry chemists.[320][321][322] Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Omis mixed with public and private sectors, which has been maya invented the Ommaya reservoir, a system for treatderegulated in 1993. While the state-owned Pakistan In- ment of brain tumours and other brain conditions.[323]
ternational Airlines (PIA) is the major and dominated air Scientic research and development plays a pivotal role
carrier that carries about 73% of domestic passengers and in Pakistani universities, collaboration with the governall domestic freight, the private airlines such as airBlue, ment sponsored national laboratories, science parks, and
Shaheen Air International, and Air Indus, also provide co-operation with the industry.[324] Abdul Qadeer Khan
the similar services with low cost expenses. Major sea- regarded as the founder of HEU-based Gas-centrifuge
ports are in Karachi, Sindh (the Karachi port and Port uranium enrichment program for Pakistans integrated
Qasim).[310][312] Since the 1990s, the seaport operations atomic bomb project.[325] He founded and established
have been moved to Balochistan with the construction of the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, beGwadar Port and Gadani Port.[310][312]
ing both its senior scientist and the Director-General un-

5.6

Education

17

til his retirement in 2001, and he was an early and vital 5.6 Education
gure in other science projects. Apart from participating
in Pakistans atomic bomb project, he made major con- Main articles: Education in Pakistan and Higher Educatributions in molecular morphology, physical martensite, tion Commission
and its integrated applications in condensed and material
physics.[326][327]
The Constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide
In 2010, Pakistan was ranked 43rd in the world in terms free primary and secondary education.[339][340] At the
of published scientic papers.[328] The Pakistan Academy time of establishment of Pakistan as state, the country had
of Sciences, a strong scientic community, plays an in- only one university, the Punjab University in Lahore.[341]
uential and vital role in formulating the science policies On immediate basis, the Pakistan government established
recommendation to the government.[329]
public universities in each four provinices including the
The 1960s era saw the emergence of the active space Sindh University (1949), Peshawar University (1950),
program led by the SUPARCO that produced advances Karachi University (1953), and Balochistan University
in domestic rocketry, electronics, and aeronomy.[330] The (1970). Pakistan has a large network of both public
space program recorded a few notable feats and achieve- and private universities; a collaboration of public-private
ments. The successful launch of its rst rocket into universities to provide research and higher education in
space made Pakistan the rst South Asian country to the country, although there is concern about the low
[342]
have achieved such a task.[330] Successfully producing quality of teaching in many of the newer schools.
and launching nations rst space satellite in 1990, Pak- It is estimated that there are 3193 technical and vo[343]
and there are also
istan became the rst Muslim country and second South cational institutions in Pakistan,
[331]
madrassahs that provide free Islamic education and ofAsian country to put a satellite into space.
fer free board and lodging to students, who come mainly
As an aftermath of the 1971 war with India, the clandesfrom the poorer strata of society.[344] Strongly instigated
tine crash program developed atomic weapons in a fear
public pressure and popular criticism over the extremists
and to prevent any foreign intervention, while ushering in
usage of madrassahs for recruitment, the Pakistan govthe atomic age in the post cold war era.[127] Competition
ernment has made repeated eorts to regulate and monwith India and tensions eventually led Pakistans decision
itor the quality of education in the madrassahs.[345][346]
of conducting underground nuclear tests in 1998; thus becoming the seventh country in the world to successfully Education in Pakistan is divided into six main levels: nursery (preparatory classes); primary (grades
develop nuclear weapons.[332]
one through ve); middle (grades six through eight);
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the only Muslim
matriculation (grades nine and ten, leading to the
country that maintains a research station in Antarctica
secondary certicate); intermediate (grades eleven and
and it has maintained a presence there since 1991.[333]
twelve, leading to a higher secondary certicate); and uniAfter establishing an Antarctic program, Pakistan is one
versity programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate
of the small number of countries that have an active reprograms.[343] Network of Pakistani private schools also
search presence in Antarctica. The Antarctic program
operate a parallel secondary education system based on
oversees two summer research stations on the continent
the curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge Inand plans to open another base, which will operate all year
ternational Examinations of the United Kingdom. Some
round.[334] Energy consumption by computers and usage
students choose to take the O-level and A level exams
has grown since the 1990s when the PCs were introduced;
conducted by the British Council.[347] According to the
Pakistan has over 20 million internet users and is ranked
International Schools Consultancy, Pakistan has 439 inas one of the top countries that have registered a high
ternational schools.[348]
growth rate in internet penetration, as of 2011.[335] Key
publications has been produced by Pakistan, and domes- Initiatives taken in 2007, the English medium educatic software development has gained a lot international tion has been made compulsory to all schools across the
country.[349][350] Additional reforms taken in 2013, all
praise.[336]
educational institutions in Sindh began instructions in
Overall, it has the 27th largest population of internet
Chinese language courses, reecting Chinas growing role
users in the world. Since the 2000s, Pakistan has made
as a superpower and increasing inuence in Pakistan.[351]
signicant amount of progress in supercomputing, and
The literacy rate of the population is ~58 %. Male litvarious institutions oers research in parallel computeracy is ~70.2% while female literacy rate is 46.3%.[260]
ing. Pakistan government reportedly spends . 4.6
Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex; for
billion on information technology projects, with emphainstance, female literacy in tribal areas is 3.0%.[352] With
sis on e-government, human resource and infrastructure
the launch of the computer literacy in 1995, the governdevelopment.[337]
ment launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the
aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all children.[353] Through various educational reforms, by 2015 the MoEd expects to attain 100.00% en-

18

6 DEMOGRAPHICS

rollment levels among children of primary school age and

a literacy rate of ~86% among people aged over 10.[354]

6 Demographics

After earning their HSC, students may study in a profes- Main articles: Demographics of Pakistan, Demographic
sional college or the university for bachelorate program history of Pakistan and Pakistanis
courses such as science and engineering (BEng, BS/BSc, As per United States Census Bureau estimates the counBTech) surgery and medicine (MBBS, MD), dentistry
(BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), criminal justice and
law (LLB, LLM, JD), architecture (BArch), pharmacy
(Pharm D.) and nursing (BNurs). Students can also attend
a university for a bachelorate degree for business administration, literature, and management including the BA,
BCom, BBA, and MBA programs. The higher education
mainly supervises by the Higher Education Commission
(HEC) that sets out the policies and issues rankings of the
nationwide universities. In October 2014, education activist Malala Yousafzai became by far the youngest ever
person in the world to receive the Nobel peace prize.[355]
Kalash people maintain a unique identity and religion within
Pakistan.

5.7

Water supply and sanitation

trys population is at 199,085,847 (199.1 million) as of

2015,[13] which is equivalent to 2.57% of the world popMain article: Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan
ulation.[364] Noted as the sixth most populated country in
the world, its growth rate is reported at ~2.03%, which
Despite high population growth the country has increased is the highest of the SAARC nations and gives an annual
the share of the population with access to an improved increase of 3.6 million. The population is projected to
water source from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010, al- reach 210.13 million by 2020 and to double by 2045.
though this does not necessarily mean that the water from At the time of the partition in 1947, Pakistan had a popthese sources is safe to drink. The share with access ulation of 32.5 million,[265][365] but the population into improved sanitation increased from 27% to 48% dur- creased by ~57.2% between the years 1990 and 2009.[366]
ing the same period, according to the Joint Monitoring By 2030, it is expected to surpass Indonesia as the largest
Program for Water Supply and Sanitation.[356] There has Muslim-majority country in the world.[367][368] Pakistan
also been considerable innovation at the grass-root level, is classied as a young nation with a median age of
in particular concerning sanitation. The Orangi Pilot about 22, and 104 million people under the age of 30 in
Project in Karachi[357] and community-led total sanita- 2010. Pakistans fertility rate stands at 3.07, higher than
tion in rural areas are two examples of such innovation.
its neighbor India (2.57). Around 35% of the people are
[265]
However, the sector still faces major challenges. The under 15.
quality of the services is poor, as evidenced by intermittent water supply in urban areas and limited
wastewater treatment. Poor drinking water quality and
sanitation lead to major outbreaks of waterborne diseases.[358] major outbreaks of waterborne diseases swept
the cities of Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar
in 2006.[358] Estimates indicate that each year, more than
three million Pakistanis become infected with waterborne
diseases.[359] In addition, many service providers do not
even cover the costs of and maintenance due to low taris and poor eciency.[360] Consequently, the service
providers strongly depend on government subsidies and
external funding.[361] A National Sanitation Policy and a
National Drinking Water Policy have been approved in
2006 and 2009 respectively with the objective to improve
water and sanitation coverage and quality.[362][363] However, the level of annual investment (US$4/capita) still
remains much below what would be necessary to achieve
a signicant increase in access and service quality.

Vast majority residing in southern skirts lives along

the Indus River, with Karachi being its most populous commercial city.[369] In the eastern, western,
and northern skirts, most of the population lives in
an arc formed by the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad,
Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot,
Gujrat, Jhelum, Sheikhupura, Nowshera, Mardan and
Peshawar.[114] During 19902008, the city dwellers made
up 36% of Pakistans population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia which further increased to
38% by 2013.[114][265][370] Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more.[371]

6.1 Health
Expenditure spend on healthcare was ~2.8% of GDP in
2013. Life expectancy at birth was 67 years for females
and 65 years for males in 2013.[370] The private sector ac-

6.5

Religion

19

counts for about 80% of outpatient visits. Approximately is also a large Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven
19% of the population and 30% of children under ve are million residing worldwide.[382]
malnourished.[247] Mortality of the under-ves was 86 per
1,000 live births in 2012.[370]

6.5 Religion
6.2

Languages

6.3

Immigration

Main article: Religion in Pakistan

See also: Religion in South Asia
More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan, in- Pakistan is the second most populous Muslim-majority
cluding a number of provincial languages. Urdu the
lingua franca, a symbol of Muslim identity, and national unity is the national language which is understood by over 75% of Pakistanis and the main source
of nationwide communication but is only the primary
language of 8% of Pakistans population.[217][373][374]
English is the ocial language of Pakistan which is primarily used in ocial business, government, and legal
contracts;[114] the local dialect is known as Pakistani English. The Punjabi language is the most common in Pakistan and is mother-tongue of 45% of Pakistans population mostly of people in Punjab.[374] Regional Punjabi
dialects include Saraiki and Hindko. Saraiki is mainly
spoken in South Punjab, while the Hindko dialect is spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa,
the Pashto language is the provincial language and is well
understood in Sindh and Balochistan.[10] The Sindhi language is the common language spoken in Sindh while the
Balochi language is dominant in Balochistan.[10][61][375]

The Pakistan Census excludes the immigrants such as

the 1.7 million registered Afghans from Afghanistan,
who are found mainly in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and
tribal belt with small numbers residing in Karachi and
Quetta.[376][377] As of 1995, there were more than 1.6
million Bengalis, 650,000 Afghans, 200,000 Burmese,
2,320 Iranians, and Filipinos, and hundreds of Nepalese, Faisal Mosque, built in 1986 by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay
Sri Lankans, and Indians living in Karachi.[378][379] Pak- on behalf of King Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia.
istan hosts more refugees than any other country in the
country[388] and has the second largest Shia population
world.[380]
in the world after Iran.[389][390][391] About 97.0% of
Pakistanis are Muslims. The majority are Sunni, with
an estimated 520% Shia.[61][390][392] The Ahmadis, are
6.4 Social groups
another minority sect in Pakistan, albeit in much smaller
The population is dominated by four main social groups: numbers and are ocially considered non-Muslims by
Punjabis, Pashtuns (Pathans), Sindhis, and Balochs.[381] virtue of the constitutional amendment.[393] There are
Rough accounts from 2009 indicate that the Punjabis also several Quraniyoon communities.[394][395] After the
dominate with 78.7 million (~45%) while the Pashtuns 9/11 attacks in the United States, the sectarian vioare the second dominating group with ~29.3 million lence among Muslim denominations has increased with
(15.42%).[381] The Sindhis are estimated at 24.8 million systematic targeted killings of both sects, Sunnis and
(14.1%) with Seraikis a sub-group of Punjabis is approx- Shias.[396][397] In 2013, there were country-wide protests
imated at 14.8 million (8.4%).[381] The Urdu-speaking by both Shias and Sunnis calling an end to sectarian
Muhajirs (the Indian emigrants) stands at ~13.3 mil- violence in the country, toughen up the law and orlion (7.57%) while Balochs are accounted at 6.3 million der, and urging for Shia-Sunni unity in the country.[398]
(3.57%) the smallest group in population terms.[381][382] The Ahmadis are particularly persecuted, especially
The remaining 11.1 million (4.66%) belong to various since 1974 when they were banned from calling themethnic minorities such as Hazaras and Kalashs.[381] There selves Muslims. In 1984, Ahmadiyya places of wor-

20

7 CULTURE AND SOCIETY

ship were banned from being called mosques.[399] As there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families
of 2012, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as non- for socio-economic reasons.[409] The traditional dress for
denominational Muslims.[400]
both men and women is the Shalwar Kameez; trousers,
[38]
The
Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic inu- Jeans, and shirts are also popular among men.
middle
class
has
increased
to
around
35
million
and
the
ences, resulting in a religion with some traditions disupper
and
upper-middle
classes
to
around
17
million
in
[401]
tinct from those of the Arab world.
Two Sus whose
recent
decades,
and
power
is
shifting
from
rural
landownshrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri
[410]
Pakistani festivals such
in Lahore (c. 12th century)[402] and Shahbaz Qalander ers to the urbanised elites.
as Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Ramazan, Christmas, Easter,
[403]
in Sehwan, Sindh (c. 12th century).
Susm, a mysti[408]
Incal Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large pop- Holi, and Diwali are mostly religious in origin.
creasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking
ular following in Pakistan. Popular Su culture is cen[411]
tered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and an- 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.
nual festivals which feature Su music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular
character, which in their view, does not accurately reect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his
7.1
companions.[404][405]
After Islam, Hinduism and Christianity are the largest
religions in Pakistan, with 2,800,000 (1.6%) adherents
each in 2005.[61] In 1998 following a census, they were
followed by the Bah' Faith, which had a following of
30,000, then Sikhism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism,
each back then claiming 20,000 adherents,[406] and a very
small community of Jains. There is a Roman Catholic
community in Karachi which was established by Goan
and Tamil migrants when Karachis infrastructure was
being developed by the British during colonial administration between World War I and World War II. Inuence of atheism is very little with 1.0% of the population
aligned as atheist in 2005.[407] However, the gure rose
to 2.0% in 2012 according to Gallup.[407]

Clothing, arts, and fashion

Main articles: Suits in Pakistan, Pakistani clothing,

Sherwani, Jinnah cap and Peshawari chappal
The Shalwar Kameez is the national dress of Pakistan and
is worn by both men and women in all four provinces:
Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa as
well as in FATA and Azad Kashmir. Each province has
its own style of wearing the Shalwar Kameez. Pakistanis wear clothes range from exquisite colors and designs
to the type of fabric (silk, chion, cotton, etc).[412] Besides the national dress, the domestically tailored suits
and neckties are often and usually worn by men in the
country, and it is customary in oces, schools, and other
necessary places and popular gatherings.[412]

The fashion industry has ourished well in the changing

environment of fashion world. Since Pakistan came into
being, its fashion has been historically evolved from difMain articles: British heritage of Pakistan, Culture of ferent phases and made its unique identity apart from InPakistan and Public holidays in Pakistan
dian fashion and culture. At this time, Pakistani fashion
The civil society in Pakistan is largely hierarchical, is a combination of traditional and modern dresses and it
has become the cultural identication of Pakistan. Despite of all modern trends, the regional and traditional
dresses have developed their own signicance as a symbol of native tradition. This regional fashion is not static
but evolving into more modern and pure forms. The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in Lahore organizes
Fashion Week and Fashion Pakistan based in Karachi organizes fashion shows in that city. Pakistans rst fashion
week was held in November 2009.[413]

Culture and society

Truck art in Pakistan is a unique feature of Pakistani culture.

7.2 Feminism

emphasising local cultural etiquettes and traditional Is- Main articles: Women in Pakistan, Role of women in
lamic values that govern personal and political life. The Pakistani media and Women in the Pakistan Armed
basic family unit is the extended family,[408] although Forces

7.3

Media and entertainment

21

7.3 Media and entertainment

Main articles: Cinema of Pakistan, Media of Pakistan,
Music of Pakistan, History of Pakistani pop music,
Theatre of Pakistan and Pakistani dramas
The private print media, state-owned Pakistan Television
Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting CorporaBenazir Bhutto was the rst woman elected to lead a tion (PBC) for radio were the dominant media outlets until the 21st century. Pakistan now has a large network of
Muslim state, and only to be elected twice
domestic private 24-hour news media and television channels.[418] Foreign television channels and lms also air in
Pakistan.[418][419]

Malala Yousafzai is the youngest-ever Nobel Prize

laureate.
The social status of women in Pakistan varies and considerably depends on the social class, upbringings, and
regional divide due to uneven socioeconomic development and the impact of social formations on womens
lives in the country.[414] Pakistan has had a long history
of feminist activism since its birth.[414] Since 1947, the
APWA and Aurat Foundation the inuential feminist
organizations have played strong roles in inculcating
awareness about womens rights in the country.[414] Personalities such as Begum Rana'a, Benazir Bhutto, Malala
and Kalsoom Nawaz have been inuential in Pakistans
feminist culture.[414] The status of women, at an overall,
has improved due to enhanced religious and educational
knowledge. However, with regard to the Global average
the situation is quite alarming. In 2014, the World Economic Forum ranked Pakistan as the second worst country in the world in gender equality.[415]
The relationship of women with their opposite gender is
culturally that of gender subordination. There are certain assumed and assigned roles of women that are related to domestic chores compared with men who are
the breadwinners and professionals of the family. Contrastingly, in Urban areas of the country, more and more
women are assuming professional roles and are contributing to the family economics but the ratio of these women
compared with the traditional roles is way less. Most favored occupations for females accepted by the society are
that of Teaching and Tutoring.[414][416] Due to a heightened awareness among people, the educational opportunities for the Pakistani women have increased over the
years.[417] The religious clergy have also started supporting campaigns for women equity in households and workplace.

The Lollywood, an Urdu, Punjabi and Pashto lm industry is based in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. While
Bollywood lms were banned from public cinemas from
1965 until 2008, they have remained important in popular culture.[420][421] Contrary to the ailing lm industry,
the Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances
are popular, as many entertainment media air the series regularly.[422] Urdu dramas dominate the TV entertainment industry, and have debuted critically acclaimed
miniseries, and have featured popular actors and actresses
since the 1990s.[423] In the 1960s1970s, pop music and
disco (1970s) dominated the countrys music industry. In
the 1980s1990s, British inuenced rock music appeared
and jolted the countrys entertainment industry.[424] In
the 2000s, heavy metal music gained popular and critical acclaim.[425]
Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal
Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western
music.[426][427] Pakistan has many famous folk singers.
The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces
has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there
has been intolerance of it in some places.[428] Pakistan has
some of the worlds modern vibrant and open media.[429]
Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing
corruption.[430]

7.4 Urbanisation
Main article: Urbanisation in Pakistan
Since achieving independence as a result of the partition
of India, the urbanization has exponentially increased
and has several dierent causes for it.[369] Majority
of southern side population resides along the Indus
River, with Karachi being its most populous commercial city.[369] On the east,west, and northern skirts, the
most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities
of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Sargodha,
Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sheikhupura,
Nowshera, Mardan and Peshawar. During 19902008,
the city dwellers made up 36.0% of Pakistans population,
making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia. Furthermore, more than 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of

22

7 CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Long exposure of Empress Market in Karachi.

5,000 people or more.[371] Immigration, both from within

and outside the country, is regarded as one of the main
factors that has contributed to urbanisation in Pakistan.
One analysis of the national census held in 1998 highlighted the signicance of the Partition of India in the
1940s in the context of understanding urban change in
Pakistan.[431]
During the independence period, Muslim Muhajirs from
India migrated in large numbers and shifted their domicile to Pakistan, especially to the port city of Karachi,
which is today the largest metropolis in Pakistan.[431]
Migration from other countries, mainly those in the
neighbourhood, has further catalysed the process of urbanisation in Pakistani cities. Of particular interest is
migration that occurred in the aftermath of the independence of Bangladesh in 1971,[431] in the form of stranded
Biharis who were relocated to Pakistan. Smaller numbers
of Bengalis and Burmese immigrants followed suit much
later. The conict in Afghanistan also forced millions of
Afghan refugees into Pakistan, particularly in the northwestern regions. Inevitably, the rapid urbanisation caused
by these large population movements has also brought
new political and socio-economic complexities.[431] In
addition to immigration, economic events such as the
green revolution and political developments, among a
host of other factors, are also important causes of
urbanisation.[431]

7.5

Diaspora

Main articles: Cinema of Pakistan and Overseas Pakistani

Statistics approximated by the Pakistan government,
there are around 7 million Pakistanis residing abroad with
vast majority living in the Middle East, Europe and the
North America.[432] Pakistan ranks 10th in the world for
remittances sent home in 2012 at $13 billion.[433][434]
The term Overseas Pakistani is ocially recognized by
the Government of Pakistan; the Ministry of Overseas
Pakistanis was established in 2008 to exclusively deal

Nergis Mavalvala a Pakistani American astrophysicist who took

part in the LIGO gravitational wave detection experiment, rst
and only Pakistani women to do so

with all the matters and aairs of the overseas Pakistanis

such as attending to their needs and problems, intending
schemes and projects for their welfare and working for
resolution of their problems and issues. Overseas Pakistani workers are the second largest source of Foreign
Exchange Remittances to Pakistan after exports and over
the last several years, the foreign exchange remittances
have maintained a steady rising trend, with a recorded increase of 150% from US$6 billion in 2009 to estimated
US$15 billion during 2015.[262]
In 200910, Pakistanis sent home US$9.4 billion, the
eleventh-largest total remittance in the world.[434] By
2012, Pakistan increased its ranking to tenth in the world
for remittances with a total sum of US$13 billion.[433][434]
The Overseas Pakistani Division (OPD) was created in
September 2004 within the Ministry of Labour (MoL),
and has since recognized the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the nations economy. Together with Community Welfare Attaches (CWAs) and
the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF), the OPD is
improving the welfare of Pakistanis who reside abroad.
The division aims to provide better services through improved facilities at airports, and suitable schemes for
housing, education and health careits largest eort is
the facilitation of the rehabilitation of returning overseas
Pakistanis.

7.7

7.6

Architecture

23

Literature and philosophy

Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is part of Pakistans su heritage.

Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistans national poet who conceived the
idea of Pakistan.

Main articles: Literature of Pakistan, Urdu poetry and

Pakistani philosophy
Pakistan has literature in Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto,
Baluchi, Persian, English and many other languages.[435]
The Pakistan Academy of Letters is a large literary community that promotes literature and poetry in Pakistan
and abroad.[436] The National Library publishes and promotes literature in the country. Before the 19th century,
literature consisted mainly of lyric and religious poetry,
mystical and folkloric works. During the colonial age, the
native literary gures were inuenced by western literary
realism and took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose ction is now very popular.[437][438]
The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote
poetry in Urdu and Persian. He was a strong proponent
of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims binding all over the world
to bring about successful revolution.[439][440][441] Wellknown representatives of contemporary Pakistani Urdu
literature include Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Sadequain is known
for his calligraphy and paintings.[438] Su poets Shah Abdul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh and
Khawaja Farid are very popular in Pakistan.[442] Mirza
Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi
prose.[443]

Muhammad Asad, Maududi, and Ali Johar.[444] Ideas

from British and American philosophy greatly shaped
philosophical development in Pakistan. Analysts such as
M.M. Sharif and Zafar Hassan established the rst major
Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947.[445] After the
1971 war, philosophers such as Jalaludin Abdur Rahim,
Gianchandani, and Malik Khalid incorporated Marxism
into Pakistans philosophical development.[446] Inuential
work by Manzoor Ahmad, Jon Elia, Hasan Askari Rizvi,
and Abdul Khaliq brought mainstream social, political,
and analytical philosophy to the fore of Pakistani philosophical academia.[446] Global works by Noam Chomsky
have inuenced philosophical ideas in various elds of social and political philosophy.[447][448]

7.7 Architecture

Main articles: Pakistani architecture and Hindu and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan
Pakistani architecture has four recognised periods: preIslamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilisation around the middle of the
3rd millennium BCE,[449] an advanced urban culture developed for the rst time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.[450] Mohenjo
Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic
settlements that are now tourist attractions.[221] The rise
of Buddhism and the Greek inuence led to the developHistorically, philosophical development in the coun- ment of the Greco-Buddhist style,[451] starting from the
try was dominated by Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Syed, 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached

24

7 CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Minar-e-Pakistan is a public monument marking Pakistans independence movement.

The Lahore Fort, a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.

7.8 Food and drink

at the peak of the Gandhara style. An example of Bud- Main article: Pakistani cuisine
dhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Pakistani cuisine is similar to cuisine from other regions
Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[452]
The arrival of Islam in todays Pakistan meant a sudden
end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth
transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture. The most important Indo-Islamic-style building still standing is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam
in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements
of Persian-Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore,
occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits many
important buildings from the empire. Most prominent
among them are the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of
Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful,
the Mughal-style Wazir Khan Mosque,[453] the Shalimar
Gardens in Lahore and the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta.
In the British colonial period, predominantly functional
buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic
components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed
in modern structures like the Faisal Mosque, the Minare-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.[454] Several of the architectural infrastructure has been inuenced from the
British design, and such architectural designs can be
found in Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.[454]

A Pakistani dish cooked using the tandoori method.

of South Asia, since much of it originated from the royal

kitchens of sixteenth-century Mughal emperors. Pakistan has a greater variety of meat dishes compared to
the rest of the sub-continent. Most of those dishes have
their roots in British, Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine. Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of
spices, herbs and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric,
red chilli and garam masala are used in most dishes, and
home cooking regularly includes curry. Chapati, a thin

25
at bread made from wheat, is a staple food, served with
curry, meat, vegetables and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain, fried with spices, and in sweet
dishes.[217][455][456]
Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Black
tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan
and is taken daily by most of the population.[38][457] Sohan
Halwa is a popular sweet dish from the southern region of
Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan.[458]

and Jansher Khan won the World Open Squash Championship several times during their careers.[465] Jahangir
Khan also won the British Open a record ten times.[464]
Pakistan has competed many times at the Olympics
in eld hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and
shooting.[466] Pakistans Olympic medal tally stands
at 10 of which 8 were earned in hockey.[467] The
Commonwealth Games and Asian Games medal tallies
stand at 65 and 160 respectively.[468][469]

At national level, polo is popular, with regular national

events in dierent parts of the country. Boxing, bil7.9 Sports
liards, snooker, rowing, kayaking, caving, tennis, contract
bridge, golf and volleyball are also actively pursued, and
Main article: Sports in Pakistan
Pakistan has produced regional and international champions in these sports.[36][465][466] Basketball enjoys regional
The majority of the sports played in Pakistan are origi- popularity especially in Lahore and Karachi.[470]
nated and were substantially developed from the United
Kingdom who introduced in the British India. Field
Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan; it has won three 8 See also
Gold medallions in the Olympic Games held in 1960,
1968, and 1984.[459] Pakistan has also won the Hockey
Outline of Pakistan
World Cup a record four times held in 1971, 1978, 1982,
and in 1994.[460]
Index of Pakistan-related articles
Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the
country.[461] The cricket team (popular as Shaheen) has
won the Cricket World Cup held in 1992; it had been
runners-up once, in 1999, and co-hosted the tournament
in 1987 and 1996. Pakistan were runners-up in the inaugural World Twenty20 (2007) in South Africa and won
the World Twenty20 in England in 2009. In March
2009, militants attacked the touring Sri Lanka's cricket
team,[462] after which no international cricket was played
in Pakistan until May 2015, when the Zimbabwean team
agreed to a tour.

Pakistan Wikipedia book

9 Notes
[1] Include data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; Azad
Kashmir (13,297 km2 or 5,134 sq mi) and Gilgit
Baltistan (72,520 km2 or 28,000 sq mi).[12] Including
these territories would produce an area gure of 881,913
km2 (340,509 sq mi).
[2] Urdu: ALA-LC: Diyodr

10 References
[1] James Minahan (23 December 2009). The Complete
Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes].
ABC-CLIO. p. 141. ISBN 9780313344978.
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The A1 car of A1 Team Pakistan driven by the motorsport driver,

Adam Khan.

In athletics, Abdul Khaliq participated in 1954 Asian

Games and the 1958 Asian Games. He won 34 international gold, 15 international silver and 12 bronze medals
for Pakistan.[463]
In squash, world-class players such as Jahangir Khan[464]

[3] National Symbols and Things of Pakistan. Government

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12 External links
Ocial website
Pakistan entry at The World Factbook
Pakistan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Pakistan at DMOZ
Pakistan from the BBC News
Pakistan at Encyclopdia Britannica
Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan

[468] Pakistan Medals Tally by Games. Commonwealth

Games Federation. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan from

International Futures

[469] Asian Games Medal Count. Asian Games. Olympic

Council of Asia. Retrieved 22 April 2012.

Population Of Pakistan

[470] Welcome to the Pakistan Basketball Federation. Pakistan Olympic Association. Retrieved 7 August 2014.

11

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of Pakistan

Pakistan Public Policies & Researches

World Bank Pakistan Summary Trade Statistics
Geographic data
OpenStreetMap

related

to

Pakistan

at

40

13

13
13.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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cubano, Hari7478, Samitus mallicus, IRISZOOM, Kahlonsaab, Annilkhan, Nascar1996, Tbhotch, Gilliganisland123, Jogaizai, World8115,
Jrkso, 403asp, EasternAryan, Stephreef, Race911, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Auswiger, Chipmunkdavis, Generalboss3, Wiki id2,
Rana A.R, Andychen86, Peaceworld111, Myownworst, Taimur78, SebastienPoncet, WildBot, Kamran the Great, Polylepsis, EmausBot,
John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, JCRules, Prmm, Wiki.Tango.Foxtrot, 478jjjz, Iureor, Nerissa-Marie, AlphaGamma1991, Dewritech,
Racerx11, Saudahmed66, GoingBatty, Sentinel R, Toutvientapoint, Mesgul82, Bull Market, Hrh80, Qrsdogg, L235, FinnishDriver, Troydrew, Wanipk, Tofaan, Mollajutt, Werieth, Kkm010, HiW-Bot, The Madras, ZroBot, Liquidmetalrob, Yhasan, Iwanttoeditthissh, Mar4d,
Daneyal007, Salamaat, LordSuryaofShropshire, Semmler, Aeonx, Pakistanfanforeva, H3llBot, Malikqasim, QadeemMusalman, Ajdamico,
SporkBot, Mdmday, Triplespy, Nshapi5, Highvale, RaptureBot, Someone65, Isruma, Mohammad Salman Ibraheem, Zeeshanhaider1, Srkamal, JCAla, Brandmeister, Coasterlover1994, Sahimrobot, KazekageTR, Jcaneen, Shrigley, AllahLovesYou, Undertakeranshu, Donner60,
Quite vivid blur, Wiki.0hlic, Captain Assassin!, Bakrbinaziz, Hamad dar, Maharincess of Franistan, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, Sch2020,
Shemaroo, Younis khosa qatar, Pakistan Zindabad 2010, Someonepakistani, ClamDip, Justice007, JanetteDoe, Crown Prince, Vyshnavibalaji, Sk.doubled, Jsiraj, FeatherPluma, McCaster, Ahmad Nauman, Davey2010, Khestwol, SirSadiq, Beckhemluxur, Archiver of Records,
ClueBot NG, Saiwiki95, W.Kaleem, Moicinemaniac, Pradyumnas741, TheLonelyRex, LogX, Dmr-rsf, Code16, Lm 997, AStannard,
Kman665, Chitransh Gaurav, Tariq hilal, RJFF, Frietjes, Milad930, Hazhk, Monsoon Waves, Muhammad Ali Khalid, Modemlogic368,
Patapsco913, Qadeer294, CaroleHenson, Khattak1613, Shoaibsmarty, PakistaniAhsan, Ykwyr, North Atlanticist Usonian, Secret of success, IgnorantArmies, Jrobin08, Mightymights, Helpful Pixie Bot, Muzammil901, Alexandru M., Rohail 2012, AnsarParacha, Bhavin169,
Strike Eagle, Regulov, BG19bot, VonBismarck, Trip Tucker, Drspaz, Ali15uk, Umais Bin Sajjad, Sahara4u, HIDECCHI001, Stumpy05,
Meinterasaalkahoon, AvocatoBot, Hassalsharif, Darkness Shines, Jogi don, Pakistani47, Kadoshim, Mark Arsten, Mintri, Compfreak7,
Melotown, Jhfjdhfjhsdfkd, Azad888, LorLeod, Sreesha.c.n, Cadiomals, AnwarInsaan, Eeshugerman, Bokmanrocks01, Sheikh Mohammad
Shahzeb, Account.ka.naam, Ernio48, Maurice Flesier, Jawadreventon, Raju ban, Khushwanaseer, Ices2Csharp, Ciclone, Adamstraw99,
Chehticham, Fluernutter2, Love4pakistan, Shashwatpkumar, Aks23121990, Shredder2012, Sherepunjab, Novajet, Poarps, Pseudofusulina, BattyBot, Factsearch, Thebuck093, Kool777456, Highstakes00, Fajjuify, Johnsc12, Morsecoder, Mrt3366, Cyberbot II, FarazT,

13.2

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ChrisGualtieri, Lasharionline, Glaxal, Shahbazmalik97, Murali.gudipudi, Hipityhopity, Psnttp, Dadamkhan, Adnan bogi, Ankit21694,
TheJJJunk, CarrieVS, Khazar2, IceBrotherhood, Soulparadox, Farhan Khurram, Ivan trus, Gharjistan, Stumink, Faberglas, Symphonic
Spenguin, VS511, BrightStarSky, Dexbot, Profpremrajpushpakaran, BigJolly9, Shahhh, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, Tellonlytruth, Wanishah,
Vdr11, Alf54354353, Delljvc, PeerBaba, Samudrakula, Lugia2453, WaqarAhmedPK, Ms1288, Sabbarish.govindarajan, RingerHere!,
Ovsek, Nakashchit, Eaak79, Samee, Daniyal7871, Rao Asghar, Fareed30, Kashif choudhary, Faizan, Ahmed 313-326, Mirfanmaqsood,
La23553, Communist4444, CsDix, Frenchmalawi, Wanishahrukh, PrinceCharming786, Partho Chacko, The Anonybot, Rattan Hajveri,
Suhayb.Manzer, Evano1van, EvergreenFir, Dwscomet, Supersaiyen312, MysticSpiritOfTheNight, Wamiq, Ahmed.wikipedian, Rana Mohammad Talha Tariq, LouisAragon, Wikiuser13, Mainashfaq, Saladin1987, 1, Amfmaads, Nikhilmn2002, Nawabmalhi, Eagle3399,
Rvthkr4, Achmad Fahri, Sholokov, Fitzcarmalan, Asadwarraich, ShinHerzl, Kind Tennis Fan, Yoonadue, Blondeguynative, SJ Defender,
Adjutor101, Fahri Ahmad, Irfanbodla, Rajkumararslan, Goodfaith17, Chipperdude15, Andreas11213, ThecentreCZ, Meteor sandwich
yum, Uck22, RioDevez, Jazzmusician94, Theparties, Faizannehal, Edward93, Qasim900, Owllord97, Inside99, Manish2542, WikiWinters, Nauriya, Sajjad Altaf, Esmost, Monkbot, Muntazir764, Nestwiki, Filedelinkerbot, Ryopus, Hjalnobel, Lilpiglet, Septate, Mindraker2,
LandyZA, Vincius94, Owais Khursheed, Waldorfbp, AndyChua89, Sher Aziz, Faraz.sayyed5, ElectronicKing888, UsmanKhan, Typewriter123, Thehood1, Syed Hassan Raza Bukhari, Shuayb Sahib, SheriIsInTown, Nimrainayat6290, Jaggajat, Mujeeb Rahman Chandio,
Maounkhan780, Nawab khan baloch, Aledownload, KH-1, Plutowuto, Leox, SM Fire, Kautilya3, Saqib, Krzyhorse22, 468SM, Bongan, EChastain, Micaman45, FreeatlastChitchat, Saadkhan12345, TheSawTooth, Pak de beauty, Aimewiki, Anasaitis, Alicia Florrick,
GoldCoastPrior, Mean2014, \\'arrior 786, Mll mitch, Sudhirdeshwal, Human3015, Randhwasingh, MK-Globetrotter, RayPerdes, Conradjagan, Haz Tariq Mehmood, Truman098, Roshan014, Ggok12, Jerodlycett, Asad Saad 121, Humna Mehwish, Ankush 89, KasparBot,
Eulalefty, Sharif.tamal, Impactor3318, Capankajsmilyo, Boxman88, Zalingeishahpur, Superangles, ALSHEIKHULSHEIKH, Lkhoughton,
Engr Noman Ashraf, Khan839, Zmaghndstakun, , TheMiddleEuropeaner, Twitteristhebest, Filpro, Hussainabbas1988, Nyetoson,
Ele-phunk, Loorha, Akhila3151996, Hegday, Retention7, EDMultra7, TalhaZubairButt, HassanKhan95, Shahrukhwani1 and Anonymous:
2061

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File:A1_Team_Pakistan_topview.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/A1_Team_Pakistan_topview.

JPG License: CC BY 2.0 de Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lutz H
File:AJK_Districts_Names.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/AJK_Districts_Names.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tahir mq
File:Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 nl Contributors: [1] Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Fotocollectie Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (ANeFo), 1945-1989,
Nummer toegang 2.24.01.05 Bestanddeelnummer 933-9976 Original artist: Molendijk, Bart / Anefo
File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_
projection%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Map by Ssolbergj
Aquarius.geomar.de
Original artist:Koyos + Ssolbergj (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ssolbergj' title='User talk:Ssolbergj'>talk</a>)
File:Atta-Ur-Rahman_(cropped).jpg
Source:
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%28cropped%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Urooj rashid
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https://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/809055763/in/photostream/ Original artist:
Dr Ghulam Nabi Kazi
File:Balochistan_Districts.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Balochistan_Districts.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Schajee
File:Benazir_Bhutto.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Benazir_Bhutto.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: en:Image:Benazir01.jpg Original artist: iFaqeer
File:Chicken_Tikka.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Chicken_Tikka.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Chicken Tikka Original artist: Umair Mohsin from Karachi, Pakistan
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Pakistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Rugby471 assumed (based on copyright claims).
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Wikipedia
File:East.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil
File:Eight_Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17s_escort_Air_China_Boeing_747-400.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/06/Eight_Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17s_escort_Air_China_Boeing_747-400.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: http://
www.airliners.net/photo/Air-China/Boeing-747-4J6/2626797/L/ Original artist: Asuspine

44

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Empress_Market_at_Sunset.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Empress_Market_at_Sunset.jpg

License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Cyclops1789
File:FATA_Districts.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/FATA_Districts.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Schajee
File:Faisal_Masjid.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Faisal_Masjid.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Muhammad zahid ansari
File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: CC0
Contributors: http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112 Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Flag_of_Azad_Kashmir.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Original artist:Himasaram
File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others
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Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable
author provided. Baba66 assumed (based on copyright claims).
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domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
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Contributors: Originally from the Open Clip Art website, then replaced with an improved version. Original artist: w:en:User:Nightstallion
(original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version)
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Contributors: Original artist:User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:
Zscout370
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Contributors: [1] Original artist: MS05L
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? Original artist: ?
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Original artist: Various
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domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by: cs:User:-xfi- Original artist: Made by Andrew Duhan for the
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Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/
40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
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File:Flag_of_Oman.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
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File:Flag_of_Punjab.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Original artist:Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg: *Pk)punjab.gif: Original uploader was Jolle at es.wikipedia
File:Flag_of_Sindh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
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Contributors: see below Original artist: see upload history

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File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:

Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
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File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: SLS 693 - National ag of Sri Lanka Original artist: Zscout370
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Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
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File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ozbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrogi. The ocially dened colours are Pantone
313C for blue and 361C for green (source: [1], [2]). Drawn by User:Zscout370.
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