Et ZC362-L1

Environmental Pollution Control
ET ZC362
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
M K Hamirwasia
B.I.T.S, Pilani
Lecture - 1
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Introduction
ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control
Introduction
Systematic pollution of our environment is one of the
biggest hazards faced by humanity today
Task of preserving the purity of environment is of utmost
significance
Two most pressing demands are (1) protection of
environment (2) efficient use of natural resources
There is need of technical manpower who could develop
and implement effective means for protecting the
environment
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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Environmental Engineering
The application of science and engineering principles,
under constraint, to the protection and enhancement of
the quality of the environment and to the enhancement
and protection of public health and welfare.
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Impact of Man on the

Environment: An Overview
The Biosphere
The Hydrologic Cycle
The Nutrient Cycles Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Sulphur
Consequences of Population Growth Exponential Growth
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BIOSPHERE
The Environment which Supports Life and sustains
various human activities is known as biosphere
Extends to about 20 km from the bottom of ocean to the
highest point in the atmosphere where life can be
sustained without protective devices
Essentials for Life: Air, light, heat, water, food and
habitats are supplied by the biosphere
Biosphere is divided into smaller units or ecosystems
All ecosystems can be divided into two parts
Biotic (living) and Abiotic (non-living) components
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BIOSPHERE Variety of
Known Living Species
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BIOSPHERE
The biotic category is subdivided into three functional
groups
Producers (autotrophic self-nourishing): Green Plants and Algae

Consumers (heterotrophic other-nourishing): animal life; mammals, fish,
insects, birds they depend on consumption of Producers
Decomposers (heterotrophic organisms): bacteria, fungi that break down
complex compounds from waste materials
Example : Operating ecosystem: Pond
Abiotic substances water, nutrients, oxygen and CO2

Producers: large rooted plants and free floating minute plants (store energy and
liberate O2)
Primary Consumers: Benthos or bottom forms and zooplankton with little or no
swimming ability. Phytoplankton are consumed by zooplankton which in turn
eaten by large aquatic life such as fish.
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BIOSPHERE Pond Example

(contd)
Other consumers are insects, frogs and man

All these forms produce organic waste and dead organisms.
The decomposers bacteria and fungi utilize organic carbon and generate CO2
Used By Algae
The availability of the Nutrients carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen is sufficiently
small so as to limit the production of algae and maintain dynamic equilibrium.
The chemical elements circulate between the organisms and the environment
through pathways comprising of the natural cycles
1) Hydrologic cycle
2) Biogeochemical cycles
Carbon
Phosphorus
Nitrogen and
Sulphur
These cycles operate in a balanced state with little variation thereby contributing
to the stability of the biosphere.
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BIOSPHERE Pond Example

(contd)
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Hydrologic Cycle
Natural cycle : More than 97% of water in biosphere is in oceans, the remaining
3% is found in continents and atmosphere
More than 70% of this is in glaciers and icecaps
Water on which human depend such as lakes, streams and ground water
accounts for less than 1% of total supply
The hydrologic cycle of the biosphere depends on the reciprocity of evaporation
and precipitation. Liquid water on earth goes to the atmosphere as vapor by
evaporation and transpiration of the plants. The vapor is returned to Earth as
rain or snow over the oceans and oceans lose more water by evaporation than
they gain by precipitation. The difference is made up by runoff and seepage
from the continents, over which there is more precipitation than evaporation.
Continents lose more than 50% of the precipitation through evaporation and
remainder is stored in lakes, rivers or ground water which is later discharged
into oceans.
Each year 4,23,000 km3 water is evaporated, same quantity precipitated
Amount of water temporarily stored & later discharged is 37000 km3
This water is available for human use
Minor modification by diverting or regulating the runoff and storage
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The Hydrologic Cycle
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Nutrient Cycles (carbon cycle)

Dynamic equilibrium of formation, transformation and
decomposition of carbon compounds
The producers through photosynthesis reduce carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere to organic carbon
This then passes through consumers and decomposers,
which reenters the atmosphere through respiration and
decomposition
Even though the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is of major
concern, the atmospheric reservoir for carbon is the smallest
and oceans hold the largest amount as a vast sink for CO2
Typical reservoirs of carbon
Oceans 37,400 (billion tonnes)

Fossil fuels, rocks and minerals -5,000 to 10,000
Vegetation and Soil- 2,000
Atmosphere- 750
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Nutrients Cycle (carbon cycle)
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Oceans store 50 times as much as the atmosphere i.e. 750
Human activity releases roughly 11 billion tonnes of carbon
Out of 11 billion tonnes 50% accumulates in the atmosphere and the
rest is taken up by ocean and terrestrial plants
The exact mechanism by which the sea water interacts with the air
above it to remove CO2 is not clearly understood but the oceanic
reservoir tends to regulate the CO2 concentration.
Even though the 5.5 billion tonnes added to the atmosphere each
year is a tiny fraction of the total held by the atmosphere, it assumes
significance because the natural processes and the environment
maintain dynamic equilibrium whereas human activity puts extra
burden. Any global event that alters the exchange of CO2 between
the atmosphere and the ocean can significantly affect the
concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere
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Apart from daily consumption and production of carbon, earth
has significant reserves such as limestone and fossil fuels
(coal and petroleum)
Due of combustion some of bound carbon returns to the
atmosphere as carbon dioxide or carbonic acid
Plants grow faster in C02 enriched atmosphere but is offset by
the denudation of forests , as a result detectable increase of
C02 has been observed
Atmospheric C02 concentration stable at 280 +/- 10
ppm
till onset of industrial revolution
By 1959 C02 concentration reached 316 ppm, 1998: 367
(17% increase) and has reached 380 ppm by 2004 . Human
activities have disturbed the carbon cycle
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Nutrient Cycles (carbon cycle)
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Nutrient Cycles ( Nitrogen

cycle)
Nitrogen is gaseous form 78.05% in atmosphere

Cannot be used directly by most forms of life
It must be fixed before utilization by plants and animals
By fixation, nitrogen is converted to nitrates and ammonia
Physicochemical and biological means
Biological ( free living bacteria Azetobacter , Clostridium or leguminous

plants like Rhizobium and blue-green algae)
They are key for atmospheric movement nitrogen
The nitrates are assimilated to form amino acids , urea and other
organic residues in the producer, consumer and decomposer cycle.
Amino acids and urea---converted to ammonia through
ammonification
To complete the cycle the denitrifying bacteria convert the ammonia into
nitrates and nitrates and then back to nitrogen
Thus Total amount of nitrogen= total amount required to the
atmosphere as gas
Mans interference with the natural cycle by industrially fixing
nitrogen(fertilizers)
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Nutrient Cycles ( Nitrogen

cycle)
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Nutrient Cycles (Phosphorus

cycle)
Phosphorus plays important role in the growth of living tissue
Metabolic process of energy transfer does not form gaseous
compounds at normal T, P
Reservoirs in land are, rock and natural phosphate deposits
Much of it is fixed in soil or absorbed on to soil particles
Some of it lost to water bodies such as lake and streams and
eventually ends up in the ocean where phosphorus is
deposited partly in shallow sediments and partly in deep zone
Land plants take up inorganic phosphate salts from soil and
convert them to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)
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Nutrient Cycles (Phosphorus

cycle)
ATP and ADP are utilized by plants as energy carriers for their metabolic
reactions
Organic phosphates are transferred to consumers and decomposers and
subsequently available as inorganic phosphates for recycling via bacterial
decomposition
The inorganic phosphates that are leached from the land into the fresh
water systems are taken up rather rapidly by phytoplankton and are
converted to organophosphates. The phosphorus is ingested by
zooplankton which are consumed by other organisms . After the death the
phosphates are released into water by bacterial decomposition.
Ocean cycle-Phosphates from unlighted depths to the photosynthetic zone
where it goes through phytoplankton, zooplankton and animal stages.
Zooplankton-Excrete
Of that half is in inorganic form and rest organic
Some of the phosphorus returns to the land through fish harvesting. More
phosphorus is lost than it is being added. Some concern there. Growth
determining nutrient.
Lack of it caused infertility in soil , fertilizer is used frequently , therefore the
phosphorous cycle is substantially affected
Phosphorus pollution has contributed to the eutrophication of many water
bodies and may also affect natural food chains
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Nutrient Cycles (Sulphur

cycle)
Basic constituent of proteins in plants and animals

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) are important gaseous forms
Sulphate ion ( SO42-) is the common form found in water and soil
Sulphate ion is reduced after being absorbed from the soil by plants and baceteria
and utimately incorporated as sulphydryl group (-SH) in proteins. Some sulphates are
reduced under anaerobic conditions directly to sulphides, including H2S or to
elemental sulphur by a class of baceteria known as desulfovibrio found in ocean
bottom
Thus the hydrogen sulphide (H2S) escapes as a gas into the atmosphere and
replenishes the sulphur lost as precipitaion.
In the presence of oxygen H2S is rapidly oxidised to sulphates by bacteria of genus
Thiobacillus
Even in absence of oxygen several types of bacteria oxidise H2S to elemental
sulphur
Atmosphere receives sulphur through bacterial emission (H2S), fossil fuel burning
(SO2), sea salts (SO42-) and some volcanic emissions ( H2S, SO2, SO42-)
Most of the Sulphur in the form of SO2 or H2S is converted to SO3 , which dissolves in water
droplets to form sulphuric acid.
The sulphates and acid then precipitates with rain
Sulphur cycle is overloaded due to burning of fossil fuels at an ever increasing rate
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Nutrient Cycles (Sulphur

cycle)
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Consequences of Population
Growth
Factor degrading environment is population growth

Food- cultivating plants or taming animals (10000 years ago)
Man life style significantly altered
Famine and pestilence kept population under control
With the advent of chemical compounds to restore and
enhance soil fertility to help protect domesticated species man
was able to extend food producing capacity significantly
Modern medicine have helped reduce mortality
Therefore it is important to assess growth population to
understand impact of population on environments
Reasons for lower death rate ( food production, cheap energy sources, industrial
revolution, advances in medicine)
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Consequences of Population
Growth
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Exponential Growth
After Eighteen century the world Population, P showed a marked increase and the rate of
change can be represented as
K is exponential population growth rate, exponential change also called as

geometric progression
Integrating we get
P0 Population at time t0 (year)
The doubling time Td for exponential growth is the time it takes the population to double i.e
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Exponential Growth
Population growth are commonly expressed as Population growth are commonly expressed as a percent a percent
Where r= b-d +m
r= % rate of growth , d- death rate and m is net migration rate
Example: 1995-2000 b= 24.8 d= 8.7 per 1000 , since m=0 rate of growth becomes 1.6 It may not seem significant until the
exponential growth is examined.
6.2 billion population in 2000 becomes 12.4 in 2043 and 244.8 in 2086 India--- 2.5% land , 16% world population,
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ENERGY CONSUMTION AND

DEMAND
Previously only marginal utilization of energy was realized. The present
industrial civilization became possible only when supply of fossil
fuels was tapped by mining of coal about 900 years ago and oil 150
years ago.
Improvements in technology for discovery and utilization of fossil fuels.
Two main reasons for this growth in energy consumption
Exponential growth of worlds population
Per capita energy consumption rate which is also exponential
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ENERGY CONSUMTION AND

DEMAND
Population Growth exponentially can be represented as
Similarly total consumption of energy in the world can be expressed as
Where j is the energy consumption rate and

Is the energy consumption at time t0
Where
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Energy Consumption and

Demand (contd)
j= l+k
j is the sum of population growth rate (k) and the per capita
energy consumption growth rate (l)
assume k=0.016 (1.6%) and l= 0.019 (1.9%) per year and
j= 0.035 per year
E = PEpo
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Pollution of Air, water and Soil

Impact of Coal Mining
Requires lot of land

Open cast mine (75% of increased production)
They pollute aquatic streams
Destroy large land areas
Underground mining { acid mine drainage and health
and safety of miners}
80000 workers died in USA ---inhale coal dust ---result in
pneumoconiosis black lung
10-15% suffer from black lung
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Acid Rain
Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog,
cloud water, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic
components.
Distilled water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with
a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline.
"Clean" or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH, but usually no lower than 5.6,
because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic
acid, a weak acid according to the following reaction:
H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
H2CO3 (aq)
H++ HCO3
Carbonic acid is a weak acid and the acidity in rainwater can be quickly neutralized
in contact with materials. But the presence of sulphuric acid or nitric acid in the
atmosphere can lower the pH of rain droplets below 5.6 and such rain is
considered as acidic
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Greenhouse Effect
The Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form UV, visible, and
near IR radiation
most of the radiation passes through the atmosphere without being
absorbed or reflected.
Of the total amount of energy available at the top of the atmosphere
(TOA), about 26% is reflected back out to space by the atmosphere
and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds.
Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the Earth's surface.
The surface radiates thermal radiation that consists of wavelengths
that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed
Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere,
thereby warming it
The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the
part radiated downwards is absorbed by the Earth's surface. This
leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere
were absent.
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Greenhouse Effect
By their percentage
contribution to the
greenhouse effect on Earth
the four major gases are
water vapor, 3670%
carbon dioxide, 9
26%
methane, 49%
ozone, 37%
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Carbon Emissions and Global

Warming
Climate change and increasing concentrations of the so called greenhouse gases
CO2, CH4 , N2O, O3 and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs ) in the atmosphere due to

human activities are reasons for environmental problems
These gases magnify the natural green house effect and will increase the formation
of water vapor thus enhancing the warming trend
Fossils fuels 50%
Methane has cause- 16%
Ozone depleting CFCs are now banned by international treaty because of their
damaging effect on earths protective ozone layer.E
Global warming Energy and related activities contribute 50% and industry has
share of 24%.
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Carbon Emissions and Global

Warming
Impact :
Global avg tem to increase by 0.3 deg C per decade in next 100 yrs
Severe climatological changes
Alter the sea level , ( thermal expansion of earth surface and rapid
melting of glaciers and ice caps)
Oceans will rise
Low lying countries such as Bangladesh and Netherlands would be

devastated by such rises. Eastern Himalayas glaciers will vanish by
2035
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Reduction in Carbon
Emissions
Control strategy to reduce the emissions Carbon emissions: 1989- 5764 million
tonnes
Projected to double by 2020 if the current trend is maintained
To stabilize the Concentration of CO2 global emissions be cut to 2 billions tonnes

annually
---Use of coal, cut by 90%
----Oil by 50%
Technologies to be used : Energy efficient technology, combined cycle (25%),

switching to natural gas, forest related technologies, renewable energy sources
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Impact of Hydroelectric
Energy
Impact of Hydroelectric and Nuclear Energy:
Worlds Hydroelectric power production is half that of produced by fossil fuels .
Industrially developing regions of Africa, South America and south east Asia which
represent 60% of world total
India potential 41000 MW ( more than 50% of total potential realised)
Construction of large dams affects hydrology, terrestrial system and aquatic system.
Salinity increase, turbidity reduction lead to crop ruin.
Release of silt serious depletion of fisheries due to weed formation.
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Impact of Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Energy:
3 % of India Electricity generation
Ambitious plans to have installed nuclear capacity of 10,000 MW by year 2000 ( not realized)
Uranium reserves in India are 67000 tonnes of U3O8 and13000 present in monazite sands
Advantage: Air pollution is less, radioactive emissions can be kept very low
Land use optimum (1/17 of required for coal Uranium )
Fear-
Radiation hazard
its
decay
,
inhalation of
radon
gas
products, this causes cancer, genetic damage)
and
Waste Disposal!
Thermal Pollution aquatic life!
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Chemical Pollution
5 million chemicals have been synthesized in the world in last 40 years.
They are synthesized without proper technological and toxicology reports.
Steel, non ferrous metals, fertilizers and petroleum are the sources of lead, zinc arsenic, nickel,
beryllium and mercury. Greater threat to environment than SO2, etc.
Arsenic occurs in phosphate rocks (fertilizers and detergents). Ends up in water bodies.
Toxic substances like As and Hg slowly accumulate in the body, due to slow excretion. Build up
of highly toxic levels.
Excess Zinc leads to iron deficiency anemia.
Indiscriminate use of DDTlinks to food chain and accumulates in human body. Pesticide
residues are in all varieties of food like milk fish fruits and vegetables
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Marine Pollution
Human activities account for 75% of marine pollution worldwide
Land based sources for entry of pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens and thermal pollution,
such as sewage, forestry n farming activities, industrial discharges into the sea.
50% of oil pollutions comes from land as runoff from cars, heavy machineries and industries.
25% - shipping of crude oil, off-shore drilling, oil spills
The dicharge of nutrients and sedminets into the sea causes algal blooms, deplete water of
oxygen, impede photosynthesis, destroy marine life
Spread diseases like cholera and typhoid. Pesticides cause disease in fish. DDT and other fat
soluble toxicants work their way up in the food chain and accumulate in the fat of marine
mammals
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Ozone Depletion
Ozone layer in the stratosphere serves as a shield protecting the
earth surface from the suns deadly ultraviolet radiation . As
ozone absorbs UV radiation it is broken down into oxygen
molecule and an electronically excited oxygen radical. The
oxygen molecule and oxygen radical then recombine to form
a new ozone molecule available to absorb more UV radiation.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in air conditioning and
refrigeration were valued for their stable and non toxic
properties. The highly stable CFC produced in lower
troposphere pass the zone without any change and reach
stratosphere. Here they are impacted by UV radiation and
release destructive chlorine atoms.
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Ozone Depletion
Cl+O3ClO+O2(step 1)
ClO+O.Cl+O2(step 2)
The above reaction also removes oxygen radical thus preventing it from recombining . As seen
there is no net consumption of Cl atoms and merely act as a catalyst for the reaction. Thus
one atom can convert many ozone molecules to ordinary oxygen molecules before
ultimately forming a stable product .
CFCs phased out. HCFCs being phased out.
New processes use HFCs (as substitutes with much lower effect or zero effect)
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Course outline
1
Impact of Man on the

Environment: An Overview
Overview of environment & its impacts
Air Pollution
Types of air pollutants, Effect of air

pollution, Air pollution laws
Meteorological Aspects of Air

Pollutant Dispersion
Concept of dispersion of pollutants in

atmosphere, Understanding of air
dispersion models
Air Pollution
Measurement
Air Pollution Control Methods & Principles of air pollution control

Equipment
methods, Problems related to these
methods (control of particulates and
gaseous pollutants)
Control of specific Gaseous

Pollutants
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Sampling
and Details of air pollutant samplers
Various control techniques for criteria

pollutants such as SO2, NOX, CO and
hydrocarbons
44
Course outline
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Water Pollutants (Sources and

classification)
Introduction to water pollution,

Types of water pollutants, Laws &
standards of water pollution
Wastewater Sampling and

Analysis
Sampling methods, Understanding

of concepts of DO, BOD, COD,
TOC, inorganic substances, physical
characteristics of water
Waste Water Treatment
Concept of primary and secondary

treatment techniques
10
Solid Waste Management

including Hazardous Wastes
Classification of solid waste &

Various disposal methods.
Classification of hazardous waste &
Various disposal methods
11
Noise Pollution
Understanding of noise pollution &

its impact on environment
45
Environmental Pollution
Control
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46

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Environmental Pollution Control

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Impact of Man on the

Consequences of Population Growth Exponential Growth

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Producers (autotrophic self-nourishing): Green Plants and Algae

Example : Operating ecosystem: Pond

Abiotic substances water, nutrients, oxygen and CO2

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

BIOSPHERE Pond Example

Other consumers are insects, frogs and man

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

BIOSPHERE Pond Example

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

The Hydrologic Cycle

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrient Cycles (carbon cycle)

Oceans 37,400 (billion tonnes)

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrients Cycle (carbon cycle)

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrients Cycle (carbon cycle)

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrients Cycle (carbon cycle)

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrient Cycles (carbon cycle)

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrient Cycles ( Nitrogen

Nitrogen is gaseous form 78.05% in atmosphere

Physicochemical and biological means

Biological ( free living bacteria Azetobacter , Clostridium or leguminous

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrient Cycles ( Nitrogen

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrient Cycles (Phosphorus

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrient Cycles (Phosphorus

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrient Cycles (Sulphur

Basic constituent of proteins in plants and animals

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Nutrient Cycles (Sulphur

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

Factor degrading environment is population growth

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

K is exponential population growth rate, exponential change also called as

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

r= % rate of growth , d- death rate and m is net migration rate

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

ENERGY CONSUMTION AND

Per capita energy consumption rate which is also exponential

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control

ENERGY CONSUMTION AND

Similarly total consumption of energy in the world can be expressed as

Where j is the energy consumption rate and

ET ZC362 Environmental Pollution Control