Professional Documents
Culture Documents
14 Foreword -
15 Editorial
16 Acknowledgment with Thanks
SECTION-1 INDIA
19 18 Major herbal trading centers in India
19 Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) & their allied products Chapter-1
20 Revised list of Harmonised System (HS) codes of exports
22 Country wise exports of MAPs and their allied products (2007-08)
23 Exports of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2007-08)
24 Commodity wise split up of exports (2007-08)
25 India's MAPs exports to top 15 countries (2007-08)
25 India's exports trend of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2002-08)
26 Exports trend and information of individual commodity
65 49 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for medicinal plants Chapter-2
55 An overview on adulterants and substitutes of commercial herbal drugs Chapter-3
with reference to their quality standards
65 Dynamics of chain of custody in herbal raw material sector Chapter-4
69 Medherb Information Chapter-5
69 Info 1, 2 & 3 Government notifications and circulars
72 Info 4 International standard for sustainable wild collection (ISSC-MAP)
77 Info 5 Few important herbal drugs testing laboratories
79 Info 6 Indian flora species in the appendices of CITES
83 80 Info 7 Prohibited/negative list of medicinal plants for exports from India
81 Info 8 Protection of specified plants (The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972)
Special Features Chapter-6
83 - Gulab (Rosa damascena Miller.)
87 - Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.)
91 - Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.)
95 - Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.)
98 Stakeholders of Gulab, Henna, Isabgol and Senna
111 Stakeholder directory Chapter-7
111 112 Cultivation crops mentioned in cultivators' data
112 Words and their abbreviations used in stakeholders' directory
113 Cultivators
125 Dealers, Exporters, Importers
197 Exporters, Extractors, Manufacturers
293 Organisations
- SECTION-3 NEPAL -
332 Editor's (Janak Raj Rawal) Nepal visit
334 Major herbal trading centers in Nepal
335 Herbal drugs - The green gold of Nepal Chapter-1
339 Indo-Nepal treaty of trade (Revised in 2009) Chapter-2
335 347 Commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal Chapter-3
347 Most tradable medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal
350 Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal to India
352 Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) Chapter-4
353 Medherb information on Nepal Chapter-5
353 Info 1 Regulatory (Export negative list and CITES)
354 Info 2 Nepal gazette on MAPs royalty
357 Info 3 Website on MAPs by ethnobotanical society of Nepal
358 Info 4 Procedure of drug registration
347 (Ayurvedic, Unani and Homoeopathic products)
359 Info 5 News on medicinal and aromatic plants
361 Info 6 Major organizations involved in MAPs sector
Special Features Chapter-6
363 - Alaichi, Amomum subulatum Roxb. - An important cash crop
369 - Yarsagumba, Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. - A wonder drug
from the Himalayas
373 Stakeholders' directory Chapter-7
Dealers, Exporters, Importers, Manufacturers, Organisations
369
INDEX
384 English, Indian and Nepali names
389 Botanical names
Published literature on the trade of medicinal plants in the region is scanty, especially traders' modus operand; for sourcing
medicinal plants raw materials, and various other trade and management aspects including policy and legal issues. The present
volume of popular series of Medherb, divided into 3 sections and 15 chapters covers in a unique way, all aspects of medicinal
plants including trade, processing, policy, rules and regulations, name of stakeholders, and status of the products in the two
countries of Nepal and India. The monograph - second revised edition - will hopefully be found useful by the resource managers,
traders, industrialists, planners, policy makers, legal authorities, and educational and research organizations and institutions
engaged in the field of MADPs and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The orientation of the book is practical rather than
theoretical, explanatory rather than scholarly. Regarding the practical utility of the book, the publishers have strived to provide
more answers than questions. The systematic methods and information presented in this book are certainly indispensable, well-
organized, and easy to use by a diverse range of users, especially by producers, processors, marketers and enterprising
community in the region.
Given the huge importance of cross-border trade in medicinal plant between Nepal and India, there is always a demand for
more up to date information on products and prices of marketable MADP. This is therefore a timely and informative manual for
various types of medicinal plants stakeholders who otherwise cannot afford to get all the information under one cover. In other
words, this is indeed an interesting book which gives practical and updated information on MADP related prices, players, products
and places. It is visualized that the book will provide the readers an in-depth knowledge on the trade and other related topics on
the MADPs to promote sustainable management of medicinal plants and other NTFPs in the two countries. The book is likely to
create a strong momentum for the sustainable management of the sub-sector not only in Nepal and India but also beyond.
Mr. Janak Raj Rawal, having decades of experience in medicinal plant trade and management studies, with extensive field
works in the marketing of an array of MAP stakeholders is, undoubtedly, a well qualified person to compile a book of this standard.
Mr. Rawal has brought out an impressive array of topics covering various aspects of medicinal plants that I have had the pleasure
of reading in similar publications for many other countries.
Finally, I would like to conclude with these words - The use of this manual will certainly help raise the standard of future
works in medicinal plants trade and sustainable management. I do hope that this book will be especially useful to the
organizations and individuals who are working for the betterment of the life and livelihoods of mountain people in Nepal and
India.
Sincerely,
14
Starting with its 2003 edition, Medherb Green Pages (MGP) has established itself as the single largest information source
related to trade and commerce of herbals. With the current edition MGP moves into the eighth year of its publication. Apart from
the useful information on medicinal and aromatic plants species (MAPs) trade, that Medherb Green Pages is recognized for, this
issue puts a special focus on Nepal. Like all our country specific sections in previous editions, I personally devoted time and energy
in visiting Nepal to collect, collate and compile the information about the production and trade scenario of Nepalese MAPs. It was
also an important opportunity for me to discuss issues related to MAPs production and trade with various MAPs stakeholders
there. I hope the insights generated during the endeavor are adequately reflected in the volume at hand and will be considered
helpful by our patrons.
Nepal consists of one-third (800km) of entire length of the Himalayas (2500km) and is a transitional zone of
interpenetration between two differing environments of eastern Himalayas and the western Himalayas. Nepal lies on the
subtropical zone of the globe, most of its terrain being mountainous with bioclimatic variation from tropical to the Alpine and
Arctic zone. It makes a country with rich flora and biodiversity. Out of approx. 7000 species of higher plants found in that around
700 are medicinal, 250 being endemic to Nepal. There are 1624 species of ethnobotanical importance and about 100 of these
plants are commercially important for trade. Nepal is an important country from the perspective of MAPs trade. This had
prompted us to devote considerably towards it. Due to recent political changes, more opportunities may have opened up for
Indo-Nepal herbal trade.
Earlier surveys have indicated that 90% of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) of Nepal are consumed by India.
However, recent studies indicate that it is around 70% and rest is being exported to China. Major items of commerce between
India and Nepal are: Atis, Chiraiyta, Tejpat, Jatamansi (with & without oil), Chadilla, Kutki, Ritha, Pippali, Sughandhabala,
Sughandh Kokila, Yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis) and Timur.
Major plants under cultivation in Nepal are: Mentha, Citronella, Lemon grass, Palmarosa, Basil, Chamomile, Chirayita,
Eucalyptus, Stevia, Wintergreen, Juniper berry, Asparagus, Aloe vera, Taxus baccata, Jatamansi, Acorus calamus etc. Rauvolfia
serpentina is nearly extinct in Nepal and Kutki is also heading towards it. Development of nurseries for medicinal and aromatic
plants is being taken up in Nepal on a commercial basis with Dabur Nepal Ltd. and also Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC)
playing a major role in this context.
Some of the features of MAPs trade in Nepal are that the market is closed on every Saturday and follow the Bikram Samvat
calendar (starts with Baisakh i.e. 14th April) as financial year. There are about 10 retail shops exclusively devoted to Jari buti in
Killagarh near Inder Chowk in Kathmandu.
There is a trade misconception that Indian imports of Jatamansi oil from Nepal is of indigenous Nepalese origin (SAARC Treaty),
whereas actual trade volume of Nepal constitutes only 10% and the remaining 90% is being imported from China and exported to
India. This trend is observed for the last two-three years. Herbs Production and Processing Company Limited (HPPLC), the Nepal
Government undertaking, which extracts essential oil onsite in the fields has a small distillation unit with 100% 'buy back' from the
producers. Organic is another buzz word in herbal trade and Nepal has also entered into organic cultivation of essential oil crops
and soapnut.
JABAN and ANSAB are two organizations engaged actively in the development of herbal trade in Nepal. I very much
thankful to both esteemed organizations for their kind help and cooperation during my visit to Nepal. I had the chance to visit the
Dabur Nepal; I personally appreciate the wonderful work being carried out by the organization. I also thankful to Dr. Madhav Karki
(ICIMOD) to bringing out this issue; incidentally it was also Dr. Karki (then with IDRC) who was instrumental in bringing out earlier
issue on Nepal in 2004.
I am pleased to inform you that the next edition will cover yet another SAARC country i.e., Bangladesh, with updates from
India. Bangladesh is also one of the most important countries to consume herbs and their allied products from India. The
Ayurveda and Unani are recognized systems of medicine in Bangladesh. Lastly, I assure the readers of MGP of our best efforts to
serve them with authentic and updated information from the MAPs domain. I hope we continue to enjoy your faith,
encouragement and patronage in the years to come.
15
17
Kullu
Varanasi
Allahabad
Salem
Erode
18
Source: Directorate General of Foreign Trade, Department of Commerce,
Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India
COUNTRY WISE EXPORTS OF MAPs AND THEIR ALLIED PRODUCTS (2007-08) see fig. 03
Country Value (INR ’00000) Country Value (INR ’00000) Country Value (INR ’00000)
U S A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88094.98 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.63 Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.09
China P Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16706.97 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.99 Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.90
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13583.57 Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.68 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.35
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7176.79 Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.86 Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.94
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7064.87 Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.03 Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.18
U Arab Emts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6358.31 Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.50 Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4549.73 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.25 Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.08
Pakistan IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4245.69 Baharain Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.23 Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.96
U K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3890.52 Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.06 Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.64
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3667.80 Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.69 Fiji Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.34
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3665.23 Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.54 Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.20
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3615.07 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.30 Suriname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.49
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3568.80 Yemen Republc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.31 Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.42
Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3430.00 Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.99 Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.31
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2554.27 Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.05 Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.18
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.95 Tanzania Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.55 Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.14 Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.27 Cote D' Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.31
Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020.10 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.55 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.21
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.82 Afghanistan Tis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.87 Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.92
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.57 Korea Dp Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.96 Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.65
Korea Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971.00 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.85
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.84
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681.10 Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.82
Congo P Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.19
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1610.25 Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.43
Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.47
Saudi Arab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520.56 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.89
Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.50
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441.09 Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.59
Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.12
Egypt A Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206.88 Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.59
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.08 Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.80
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.55
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130.99 Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.46
Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057.50 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.45
Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.42
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039.23 Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.37
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027.46 Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.32
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.28 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.69 Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.23
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880.66 Kyrghyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.17 Papua N Gna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.22
Bangladesh PR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808.55 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.36 Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05
Vietnam Soc Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718.15 Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.12 Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709.58 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.45 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.97
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609.24 Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.49 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.88
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521.63 El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.15 Lao Pd Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87
Sri Lanka DSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.97 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.51 Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.67
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.88 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.73 Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480.59 Union Of Serbia & Montenegro . . . . . . . . 31.70 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.97 Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.56 Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.58
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.80 Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.27 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.98 Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.29 Netherlandantil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.43
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.00 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.02 Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.39
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.91 Panama Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.44 Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.34
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.44 Dominic Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.98 New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22
Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.90 Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.94 Dominica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17
Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.75 Br Virgn Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.05 Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12
Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.52 Trinidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.99 Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.34 Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.73 St Vincent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.14 Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.72 Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.31 Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.71 Unspecified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.61
1 Background- Need for Good Agricultural Practices 2 Definition of Good Agricultural Practices
1.1 India has a rich tradition of plant based health care systems A good agricultural practice in the context of medicinal
contained in its classical texts like Charak Samhita and plants is a cultivation programme designed to ensure
Sushruta Samhita. In recognition of the diversity of health optimal yield in terms of both quality and quantity of any
care practices, the Government of India have recognized
Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Siddha, Unani and crop intended for health purposes.
Homoeopathy as the alternative systems of medicine
under the National Health Policy. 3 Scope
1.2 Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Siddha, 3.1 This document is designed to play a facilitator role and shall
Unani and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in the Ministry of Health be recommended to all stake holders.
and Family Welfare has the responsibility for quality
3.2 In the current form, these GAPs are essentially meant for
assurance and standardization of the production processes
of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani(ASU) medicines and and applicable to commercial scale of farming.
disseminate the guidelines for production of raw material
used in ASU medicines. 4 Soil and climatic conditions
1.3 To ensure and enhance the quality of ASU medicines, the 4.1 The grower should identify the best possible environment
Government of India have notified Good Manufacturing where the plant can express its full potential in terms of
Practices under Schedule 'T' of the Drugs and Cosmetics both quality and quantity during its entire growth period
Act 1940. The guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices
seek to lay down standards for production of raw material (germination, growth and maturity). Meteorological data
that goes in to the making of the ASU medicines and collated for preceding three years should be taken into
standardize the production processes from farm to factory. account while judging the suitability of the site.
4.2 The selected site should qualify in terms of overall soil 5.4 Precautions
health for the purpose of cultivation of medicinal plant 5.4.1 Seed
species. The following should be avoided; i) The seeds chosen for cultivation purposes must be
4.2.1 In general sites designated with high-degree stress factors physically free from pests, diseases, foreign and inert
(salinity, acidity and toxicity), water logging conditions, matter.
industrial wastes and affluent. ii) The seed should be fresh and must have originated
4.2.2 The sites in proximity to grave yards, crematoria or having a from recent harvests and in the accompanying
document; the supplier should mention the date of
traceable history of such usage.
harvest.
4.3 A well drained fertile soil with optimum level of water iii) The seeds which is collected from wild sources must
holding capacity and productivity status should be used for invariably be from recently collected lots and only
medicinal plants cultivation. mature seed should be collected.
4.4 In soils with low fertility levels use of soil amendments as iv) Prescribed seed treatment protocols if any, for the
per the specific site and requirement of species are to be target species, must be completed well in advance so as
followed. The latest soil test report on physico-chemical to match the planting season.
parameters and nutrient profile should be obtained to v) The process for seedling production under nursery
decide the nature and quantity of soil amendments conditions should be initiated as per the recommended
required. agronomic practices for the target species and carried
4.5 The site must be in proximity to a reliable source of out reasonably well before the actual schedule of field
irrigation water. transplantation. Only healthy seedlings should be
4.6 The quality of irrigation water should have been transplanted.
5.4.2 Stem cutting
adequately understood and classified in the context of
I) When the grower takes the responsibility of root
both soil type and the target crop in terms of total salt induction in stem cuttings under nursery conditions for
concentration, Sodium absorption ratio, Bicarbonate and eventual transplantation into the field, the source of
Boron concentration etc. cuttings should be well authenticated for both
4.7 When the end-product is required to conform to standards botanical identity and quality of vegetative propagules.
of residual contaminants, the irrigation water must be ii) The stem cuttings collected for root induction should be
analyzed for heavy metals and residual pesticides also. of uniform dimensions in terms of length and diameter
4.8 When shade-loving crop is planned for, availability of shade and should be in tune with the requirements laid down
across the field should be ascertained. Provision for for the target species. Only healthy stem cutting giving
artificial shading should be examined in the light of crop desired rooting should be used.
economics. 5.4.3 Root cutting
The propagation materials in form of 'ready-to-transplant
5 Seeds and propagation material saplings' or root cuttings should be of uniform size and
maturity, both in terms of aerial and underground parts,
5.1 The seed/planting material should be accompanied with
and must be free from any disease and infection.
the following information:
• Name as per pharmacopoeial nomenclature, trade 6 Crop management for cultivation
name 6.1 Field preparation
• Botanical name The soil should be brought to the desired tilth to facilitate
• Cultivar/ Selection / Phenotype/ Chemotype/ favourable environment for growing seed and seedling.
Genotype The field operation performed should provide better
• Projected quality of crop in terms of physico-chemical rhizospheric environment, soil porosity and texture, and
analysis/ marker based analysis – on the basis of earlier keep it free from weeds for initial 20-30 days.
data/ reports 6.2 Sowing and transplanting
5.2 Marker based analytical projection for the end-product is 6.2.1 The recommended rate of seedings per unit of land area
mandatory requirement when the crop is meant for phyto- should be adhered to. The placement of seeds should take
pharmaceutical industries. place at the appropriate depth in the moist zone of the soil.
6.2.2 In cases where saplings are transplanted the spacing norms
5.3 When the planting material is obtained from wild
in terms of row-to-row and plant-to-plant distance should
resources as it happens during initial crop cycles, efforts
be governed by the needs of target crop as envisaged in the
should be made to establish its correct identity. agronomic protocol for target species.
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to foreign substance to increase the weight or potency of the product
mankind. In spite of the great advances observed in modern or to decrease its cost. In general, adulteration is considered as an
medicine in recent decades, medicinal plants still play a very intentional practice. However, unintentional adulterations also
significant role in the healthcare of humankind. The medicinal exist in herbal raw material trade due to various reasons. Owing to
plants constitute an effective source of Unani, Ayurvedic and collection of herbal drugs by unskilled workers from natural
Siddha systems of medicine and have played a key role in human habitats lead to unintentional adulteration. India has a number of
health. In fact today, approximately 70% of “synthetic” medicines vernacular languages in different regions and hence, this causes a
are derived from plants. In India, about 80% of the rural lot of confusion in the identity of the drug. For example Eclipta alba
population depends on medicinal herbs and/or indigenous Hassk. and Wedelia calendulacea Less. are known by the same
systems of medicine. In recent years, however, the popularity of vernacular name 'Bhringraj'. Hence, adulteration or substitution
herbal medicine worldwide and increasing demand of medicinal of the genuine raw material is the main cause of degradation of
plants/herbal drugs has led to overexploitation from wild and the desired therapeutic effect of a particular drug used in Indian
accordingly adulteration and substitution of medicinal System of Medicine. Therefore, the correct taxonomic
plant/herbal drugs also increased drastically. Consequently, the identification of botanical drugs is necessary for their quality,
safety and efficacy of these medicines have degraded significantly safety and efficacy. This article provide a comprehensively
and become an important issue for the health professions. reviewed information on adulterants and substitutes of herbal
Herbal adulteration is one of the common malpractices in drugs with reference to their quality standards with the scope that
herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is an intentional the data can be useful guide for identifying the correct botanical
substitution with another plant species or intentional addition of a source of a particular herbal drug.
Table 1: Adulterants and Substitutes of Herbal Drugs Used in Unani, Ayurvedic and Siddha Systems of Medicine
S.n. Botanical Name Drug Adulterant Substitute Ref. POQS*
1 Abrus precatorius Gunja - Glycyrrhiza glabra 9 A- I, II; T;
S- I; U- IV
2 Acacia catechu Khadira Uncaria gambier - 14 A- I; IH; T
3 Acacia leucophloea Arimeda - Cassia auriculata, C. fisutula, 11 A- II; U- VI
A. farnesiana,A. ferriginea
4 Acacia nilotica Babbula - A. ferru nesiana, A. leucophloea 9 A- I; IP-07;
Q-V; T; U- VI
5 Achyranthes aspera Apamarga Achyranthes bidentata 15 A- II; IH; S- I;
Cyathula prostrata U- IV
6 Aconitum chasmanthum Vatsanabha A.balfourii, A. falconeri A. balfourii, A. palmatum, 10;42; A- VI; U- IV
A. deinorrhizum, A. deinorrhizum, A. ferox, 53;56;
Delphinium demudatum A. laciniatum, A. luridum, 58; 64
A.spicatum
7 Aconitum heterophyllum Ativisha Asparagus racemosus, Aconitum kashmericum, 15; 18 A- I; IH; Q-IV;
A.gonocladus, A. palmatum, A. spicatum T; S- I;
Delphinium denudatum, U- I
Chaerophyllum villosum
8 Acorus calamus Vacha Alpinia officinarum, - 9 A- II; U- V
Alpinia galanga
9 Adhatoda zeylanica Vasa Ailanthus excelsa Adhatoda beddomei 9 A- I, IV; IH;
IP-07; T; S- I;
U- VI
10 Adiantum lunulatum Hamsapadi - A. capillusveneris, A.aethiopium, 41; 46 A- III
A.pedatum, A. venustum
11 Aegle marmelos Bilva - Feronia limonia 9 A- I, III, IV;IH;
Garcinia mangostana S- I; T; U- I
12 Aerva lanata Gorakshganja A.javanica, A.tomentosa, A. javanica, A. tomentosa, 10; A- V; B; S- I
Coleus aromaticus, Coleus aromaticus, 39; 68
Northosaerva bractiata, Northosaerva bractiata,
Rotula aquatic, Rotula aquatica,
Ammania baccifera, Ammania baccifera,
A. sanguinolenta A. sanguinolenta
13 Ailanthus excelsa Araluka Adhatoda vasica Holarrhena antidysentrica 11 A- III; Q-III
14 Alangium salvifolium Ankola - Alangium salvifolium 18 A- V; B; Q-V;
U- V
15 Albizzia lebbec k Siris A.odoratissima, - 52 Khatoon and
A. procera Mehrotra,
2009; Q-II
16 Allium sativum Lashuna - Allium porrum 17 A- III; IP-07;
Q-III; U- V
17 Aloe barbadenis Kumari Acacia catechu - 9 A- I; IH; T; U-I
18 Alternanathera sessilis Matsyakshi E. alba - 13 A- II; S- I
19 Amomum subulatum Sthoolaila Heracleum rigens, Amomum dealbatum 9 A- II; U- IV
Peucedanum grande, A.subulatum,
20 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Surana A.campanulatus A. campanulatus, A. cammutatus 10 A- III
21 Andrographis paniculata Bhunimba Andrographis echioides Andrographis echioides, 13; 14 IH; IP-07
A. paniculata,Swertia chiryata
22 Annona squamosa Sitaphala - A. cherimda, A. reticulata 4 -
A. glabra
23 Anogeissus latifolia Dhava - Acacia nilotica 9 A- VI; Q-III
24 Areca catechu Puga A. calisa, A. concinna, A. laxa, A.calisa, A.concinna, A.laxa, 13 A- I; Q-III; T;
A. nagensis, A.triandra. A.nagensis, A triand, Actinorhytis U- I
Bombax ceiba, Caryota urens, calapparia, Artocarpus lakoocha,
Ipomoea batatas, Metroxylon sagu, Calamus erectus,Choreospondias
Phoenix dactylifera axillaris, Dendrophothoe falcate,
Gnetum montanum,Heterospathe
elata,Horsfieldia kingie,
Pinanga dicksonii, Santalum album.
*POQS - Pharmacopoeial/ Other Quality. Standards
supply chain including collecting, cultivating, harvesting, handling, The amount and level of information available with all the
processing and other appropriate related activities. It is a system elements of the chain of custody varies considerable, thereby
of people organizations, technology, activities, information and leading to the exploitation of people having less information.
resources involved in movement of a product or service from its Collectors: Collectors of herbs may be defined as a person who
source of origin to the end user. earns fully or partly his livelihood through collecting herbs from
Channel of distribution and complexities involved, is one of the the wild (whole herb or its parts) with the purpose of selling it to
biggest challenges faced by the individual entrepreneurs and final someone who either sells it further or processes it. Collectors may
product manufacturers in determining quality and price of the be divided in two groups.
herbal raw materials. The length of supply chain is responsible for Independent collectors: They are generally poor farmers with
the receipt of low prices by primary collectors and farmers. As
small landholdings for cultivation and h a v i n g h a r d l y a n y
collection is still more common than cultivation, huge differences
alternative occupation to earn cash income. During period of
in the quality of raw materials occur. The differences concern the
their urgency they are compelled to take advance money from
amount of active ingredients based on the geographic location,
use of plant parts, harvest techniques and storing. local traders or middlemen, who are the only accessible credit
The discussion on supply chain demands total understanding source to them. These traders act as the only source of market
of each component involved in the process. information for the collectors.
Contract Collectors: they are engaged by the forest
Chain of Custody (Supply Chain) of contractors for collection of herbs according to the geographic
Medicinal & Aromatic Plants area allotted to the contractor. Sometimes the species are also
specified for collection.
Manufacturers
Being exposed to adverse weather conditions during
Pharmaceuticals, Herbal Drug, Nutraceuticals, Dyes, Cosmetics, Perfumery etc.
collection, collectors are forced to collect as much as and as
quickly as possible during the day.
Collectors suffer from inadequate business and
Bulk Suppliers Regional International entrepreneurial skills, lack of awareness on collection process,
of Ingredients Markets Market quality requirements, and knowledge on properties of herbs,
price, insufficient market information and regulations.
Cultivator: Herbal cultivators may be divided broadly in two
categories small-scale and large-scale according to their
Small Traditional Traders from Exporter
Extractors landholding capacity. The small-scale farmers may be categorized
Processors healers Other States
as unorganized and semi-organized.
Unorganized: They undertake cultivation of medicinal and
aromatic plants having short gestation period to generate an
Large Traders Market extra income during the unproductive period of their regular
crop and are mostly dependent on the middlemen or local
traders for their sales receiving smaller and smaller amounts
even though the middlemen may be receiving an increasing
Cultivation Small Trader / Cooperatives / profits.
Promoters Middlemen Govt. Agencies Semi-organized: these farmers are normally members of
certain group or cultivate by getting motivation from some
organization promoting medicinal and aromatic plants'
cultivation or against b u y b a c k a s s u ra n c e f ro m s o m e
Cultivator Collector Importer individual/firm.
Medherb Information 69
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
Ÿ Create a dedicated foreign inspectorate to increase FDA's 1. As you are aware that the office of DC (MSME) is implementing
ability to monitor foreign facilities producing food, drugs, National manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP)
devices, and cosmetics. consisting ten different schemes. One such Scheme titled ' L e a n
Manufacturing Scheme' had been approved by Government of
In view of the above, members are requested to intimate their India on pilot basis to initially cover 100 mini clusters in the
comments/ feedback, if any to this council at the earliest but not country.
later than 25th March, 2009. 2. Under the Scheme, it is proposed to deploy competent
consultants to carry out Lean Interventions i n s e l e c t e d
Thanking you, clusters. For the implementation of scheme on pilot basis,
With best regards, National Productivity Council has been entrusted the role of
National Monitoring and Implementing Unit(NMlU).
Dr. P.V. Appaji 3. The detailed Guidelines of the scheme are now available on
Executive Director
the website of of Office of Development C o m m i s s i o n e r
(MSME) (www.dcmsme.gov.in).
Information 2
4. It will be appreciated, if you extend full cooperation in the
Office of the Development Commissioner implementation Of the scheme, by publicizing it among the
(Micro Small & Medium Enterprises) Industries/Members. This will accelerate the implementation
Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Govt. of India, and facilitate success of the Pilot scheme.
No.17(2)/1/08-ME 27th July, 2009
Yours faithfully,
To
All Industries Associations
S.O.(E) In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 5 read with Section 3(2) of the Foreign Trade (Development & Regulation) Act,
1992 (No.22 of 1992) and also read with Para 1.3 and Para 2.1 of the Foreign Trade Policy, 2009-2014, the Central Government hereby
makes following amendments in Table B of Schedule 2 of ITC(HS) Classifications of Export and Import Items:
I. In Chapter 3, Note 1 below the chapter heading may be substituted to read as following:
“Note 1. The term “Marine Products” in this Chapter covers all the eight digit Exim Codes in the Chapter of the ITC (HS) Classification of
Export and Import items. All marine species that have been included in the Schedules of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 are
prohibited for export and other species listed in CITES are subject to the provisions of the CITES.”
II. In Chapter 5, Note 1 below the chapter heading may be substituted to read as following:
“Note 1. Export of wild animals and their parts and products as covered in Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 and CITES are prohibited and
other species listed in CITES are subject to the provisions of the CITES. See restrictions in Table A for detail.”
III. (a) In Chapter 12, existing entries in the column titled 'Item Description', 'Policy' and 'Nature of restriction' at S. No. 60, are substituted
to read as under:
Item Description Policy Nature of restriction
“(a) Plants and plant portions of wild origin, of species Prohibited Not permitted to be exported. Special exemption can be granted for the purpose
specified in any of the Schedules of Wild Life of research, education and life saving drugs on case by case basis by DGFT, on the
(Protection) Act, 1972 or Appendix I of CITES or Export recommendation of Ministry of Environment & Forests.
Licensing Note 1 Subject to production of a Certificate of Legal Possession in favor of the exporter,
issued by the DFO having jurisdiction where the exporter is situated. In case of
(b) Plants and plants portions of cultivation origin of Free species listed in Schedule VI of Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, subject to the
species specified in any of the Schedules of Wild Life exporter complying with the provision of S.17A of the Act. In case of species listed
(Protection) Act, 1972 or Appendix I of CITES or Export in Appendix I of CITES subject registration of the nursery and appropriate CITES
Licensing Note 1. documentation from the Asst. Management Authority.
70 Medherb Information
History Cambodia Kolaab
Rose has a long and lively history. Fossil evidence tells that rose English Cabbage Rose, Damask Rose,
is 35 million years old. Today, there are over 30,000 varieties of French Rose De Damas, Rose De Tous Les Mois, Rose
roses and it has the most complicated family tree of any known Hindi Gulab, Sudburg, Bussorah
flower species. Cultivation of rose most likely began in Asia around Indonesia Kembang Eros, Bunga Ros
5000 years ago. Cultivation of rose was introduced in Europe Kannada Gulabihuvu, Panniru, Roja, Gulabi
during late eighteenth century by China. Laos Kuhlaab
From this introduction, experts today tend to divide all roses Malayalam Panniruppu, Penimirpushpam, Rosappu
into two groups. There are old roses (those cultivated in Europe Malaysia Ros, Gul
before 1800) and modern roses (those which began to be Manipuri Atar-Gulab
cultivated in England and France around the turn of the 19th Marathi Gulad, Gulab
century).
Odia Golapa, Tarani
Rose has experienced the most horrible extremes of the
Roman Empire when the farmers were reduced to growing roses Sanskrit Shatapatri, Soumyagandha
instead of food crops in order to satisfy the demands of their Tamil Pannir, Pannirpu, Kulapu
rulers. Telugu Gulabi, Rojapuvu, Gulabipuvvu
More than 10,000 roses are known in cultivation and three Thailand Kulaap Mon, Yee Sun
types of odours are recognized, viz. those of the Cabbage Rose (R. Urdu Gul-E-Surkh, Arq Gulab
centifolia), the Damask Rose (R. damascena) and the Tea Rose.
indica) Plant description
It is a small perennial erect thorny shrub with unequal, large,
Names in different languages hooked spikes and many bristles; grows up to 1.5 meters in height.
Arabic Gulab Leaves are compound imparipinnate, with 5 leaflets, leaflets
Bengali Golap ovate-lanceolate, serrated. Flowers vary in color, usually pink,
Special Features 83
History Names in different languages
The earliest civilizations that can be proved to have used henna Arabic : Alhenna, Henna, Henneh, Hinna, Yoranna
include the Babylonians, Assyrians, Sumerians, Semites, Ugaritics Bengali : Mehedi, Mehndi, Shudi
and Canaanites. Crossing the limitation of boundaries of countries Bombay : Henne, Mendie
and religions “henna” has been used to celebrate and bless Burmise : Dan, Danbin
Canaries : Goranta, Gorante, Goranthu, Korate,
sexuality & fertility of women in over 60 countries among Hindu,
Chinese : Tche Kia Hoa
Muslim, Sepharadic, Jewish, Rom, B'hai, Parsee, Zoasterian, Sikh, Deutsch : Heena
Coptic Christian, and Armenian Christian communities; as a long English : Camphire, Cypress Shrub, Egyptian Privet, Henna
standing valuable social custom. French : Alcana D'orient, Alkanna d'Avicenne
Some scientists believe that the use of henna has originated in Greek : Kypros
ancient India as a cosmetic and medicine, while others suggest its Gujarati : Medi, Mendi, Panwar
use originated in Middle East & North Africa and was brought to Hindi : Hena, Mehndi, Mhindi
India in the 12th century by Egyptian Moguls. But it is Konkani : Meti
apprehended from the illustrations of Bodhisattavas and deities of Malay : Inai
Malayalam: Mayilanji, Pontalasi
cave wall murals that, it was probably used in India seven centuries
Mandarin : Bind, Bindi, Mindi
before the moguls invasion and hundreds of years before Muslim
Marathi : Mendhi, Mendi
religion began in the middle of the 7th century AD. The use of Odia : Mehendi, Mendi, Monjuati, Olota, Rongota
henna as a decoration in India took off with the advent of Muslim Persian : Hina, Panna
rule and become common. Henna is commercially cultivated in Philippines: Cinamomo, Cinamomo Del Pais
India, Pakistan, Iran, Yemen, Morocco and Sudan. Punjabi : Hinna, Mehndi, Nakrize, Panwar
Special Features 87
History Japanese : Obeko
Isabgol the common name in India for Plantago ovata, has Kanada : Isofgolu, Visamagolu, Issabagolu, Isabakolu
come from the Persian words "isap" and "ghol" that mean horse Kashmiri : Is-mogul
ear, which is descriptive of the shape of the seed. It is indigenous to Malayalam : Karkatasringi, Snigddhajirakam, Ispaghal
Mediterranean region and West Asia extending up to Sutlej and Marathi : Isabgola, Isapghol
Sindh in West Pakistan, also distributed from Canary Islands across Nepalese : Isabgol
Southern Spain, North Africa, Middle East and North-Western Nederlands : Bladvlo
Asia. In India the use of isabgol is as old as the Ayurveda System of Oriya : Isabgul
Medicine. It is commercially cultivated in North Gujarat, Western Persian : Ispaghol, Isparzah, Thikam-daridah, Isabghul
Rajasthan, Punjab, Hariyana, and Uttar Pradesh. Punjabi : Lisapghol, Bartang, Abghol
Sanskrit : Ashwagol, Ishadgola, Ashwakarnabeeja,
Names in different languages Sheetabeeja, Ishrawarabola, Snigdhajeeraka
Arabic : Bazre-quatuna, Bazre-katima Sinhalese : Isphgol Vithai
Bengali : Esphopgol, Isabgul, Ishopgul, Ispaghul Tamil : Iskolvirai, Iskol, Isphagol, Ishappukolvirai
Chinese : Ch'-Ch'ientzu Telugu : Isphagula, Isapgaluvittulu, Isapagala
Deutsch : Indische Psylli-samen Urdu : Ispaghul
English : Ispaghula, Psyllium, Blond psyllium, Spogel
seeds, Ripple grass The plant
Gujarati : Isapghol, Isafghol, Ghoda Jeeru, Umtojeeru Plantago ovata is an annual herb that grows to a height of 12 to
Hindi : Isabgol, Isabgul, Issufgul, Ispaghul, Isubgol 18 inches (3046 cm). Leaves are opposite, linear or linear
Special Features 91
History Names in different languages
Senna is an Arabic name. All ancient cultures, including the Arabic : Sanaehindi, Sonna
Aztecs, Asians, and Africans have used infusions of the Cassia Assemese : Sonamukhi
Bengali : Sannamakki, Shonpat, Sonpat
species as a laxative. The first records show the herb being used
Canaries : Nelavare, Nelavarike, Sonamukhi
medicinally by Arabian physicians in the 9th century BC. The herb
Chinese : Fan Hsieh Yeh, Ta Hwai Yeh
was originally brought to medicinal use in Egypt long ago, and from Deutsch : Alexandrinische Senna.
there it entered Greek medicine at the time of Hippocrates. It was English : Alexandrian senna, Indian senna, Senna,
first brought into use by the Egyptian physicians Serapion and Tinnevelly senna, True senna
Mesue. Achiarius was the first Greek to notice it. He French : Casse, Canéficier, Séné d'Alexandrie,
recommended senna pods over the leaf thinking them more Gujarati : Middiawal, Sonamakhi
Hindi : Hindisana, Sanay, Sonai, Sonamukhi
powerful. People in northern Africa and southwestern Asia have
Kashmiri : Sna
used senna as a laxative for centuries. It was considered a
Kannada : Nelavarika, Sonamukhi,
“cleansing” herb because of its cathartic effect. In addition, the Malayalam : Nilavaka
leaves were sometimes made into a paste and applied to various Marathi : Bhuitarvada, Mulkacha, Shonamukhi
skin diseases. Its name of Ringworm Cassia was given because a Myanmar : Puvekainyoe
leaf extract is used to combat that fungal infection, especially in Norwegian : Sennesplante.
Malaysia. Senna was given the name of Purging Cassia in Europe Oriya : Sunamukhi
Persian : Sanaehindi
during the Middle Ages because it was used at that time in an
Punjabi : Sanapati, Sarnapatta, Sannamakhi
Italian medical school as a purgative.
Special Features 95
Site: Dabur Nepal Nursery, Banepa (Nepal)
111
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INDIA AND NEPAL
Cultivators 113
Andhra Pradesh 135 Kerala 155
Assam 136 Madhya Pradesh 156
Bihar 136 Maharashtra 160
Chhattisgarh 137 Meghalaya 173
Delhi 138 Orissa 173
Gujarat 150 Punjab 174
Haryana 152 Rajasthan 177
Himachal Pradesh 152 Tamil Nadu 179
Jammu & Kashmir 153 Uttar Pradesh 188
Jharkhand 153 Uttarakhand 192
Karnataka 154 West Bengal 195
125
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INDIA AND NEPAL
197
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
293
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Organisation 295
301
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
English: Catechu
Indian: Khair
2
Nepali: Khayer
Neem bark has cool, bitter and astringent properties. It is traditionally used
to treat tiredness, worms, fever and loss of appetite. Because of its
antiseptic and astringent properties, it is especially helpful in healing
wounds. The bark extracts have been used to manufacture different
products, ranging from oral care to skin care, from traditional medicines to
allopathic drugs. 1
English: Bael
Indian: Bael
Nepali: Bael 3
English: Arnica
Indian: Arnica
2
Nepali: ***
English: Shoe-flower
Indian: Gudhal
Nepali: Japaa Puspi
Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Chamomilla recutita (L.)
Mahakali
Dadeldhura Karnali
Mahendarnagar
Seti
Kanchanpur
Dhangadhi
Birendranagar
Bheri
Dhawalagiri
Rapti
Nepalganj
Gandaki
Dang
The external boundary of Nepal as shown in this map is neither authentic nor correct, Not to scale.
Gorkha
Lumbini Butwal Bagmati
Krishnanagar
Kathamndu
Narayani Jiri
MakwanpurSagarmatha
Mechi
Birganj
Janakpur
Bhojpur
Kosi
Dharan Ilam
Birtamode
Jhapa
Biratnagar
334
Taxus baccata Linn.
Website on MAPs by Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal 4. Up-to-date manufacturing license issued by drug control
authority
It has been estimated that the Himalayan region harbors about 5. List of products and dosage forms intended to be registered
8000 species of medicinal and aromatic plants, supporting the 6. Letter of warranty (in format provided by Department of
livelihood of about 600 million people living in the area. The Drug Administration, Nepal)
medicinal plants of the Himalayas are a major source of income for 7. Latest GMP internal audit report
communities in the region; they provide basic healthcare for 8. Photocopy of wholesale registration of Nepalese importer
millions of citizens and possess immense cultural value. Up to 50% 9. A complete set of documents for at least one product
of rural household income of Nepal is derived from collection and needed for product registration, as mentioned below.
trade of medicinal plants. This resource base in terms of the plants If the submitted documents are satisfactory, the company will
themselves and the knowledge of their use is being eroded at an be listed for the audit of manufacturing site. The company will
alarming rate. Ensuring a sustainable future for this resource is a
have to pay USD 1500.00 (for the SAARC country) or USD
national imperative.
2500.00 (for countries other than SAARC) as inspection fee.
Information on Medicinal and aromatic plants are scattered
The company will be audited after the decision of the
and not easily available in public domain. Networking among the
Government of Nepal. If audit team is satisfied with GMP
different stakeholders (institutions, experts, researchers, traders,
farmers, and policy makers) is seriously lacking. In this context, it implementation status, the company will be registered on the
has been realized to develop a consortium or forum for the payment of NRs 50000.00 (for the SAARC country) or NRs.
national networking of medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal. To 80000.00 (for countries other than SAARC). If the team is not
fulfill this need MAPs-Net Nepal has been planned and developed. satisfied about GMP implementation status, registration will
MAPs-Net is a comprehensive database on medicinal plants of not be granted and no process for re-audit will be initiated for
Nepal built up at ESON with the support from MAPPA/ICIMOD. at least two years.
The database is targeted for incorporating all available After the company registration, this department can process
information on the medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) of for the product registration. The registration fee for the
Nepal. The main purpose is to compile information on different product registration is Rs. 2400 and Rs. 300 for import
issues of MAPs in the database in its own website and make the recommendation letter.
data accessible to all interested stakeholders.
In the first phase about 40 potential medicinal and aromatic 2. Registration of Product
plants has been selected for database. The following documents should be submitted through the
Nepalese importer for the product registration.
Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal (ESON) and International Centre 1. Schedule 4 'x' Application form for product registration as
per Registration Regulation of Drug Act 1978. (Available at
the department and to be filled by Nepalese importer) [see
Information 4 Annexure-1 on next page for the specimen copy of same]
2. Schedule 6 Application form for product recommendation
Procedure of Drug Registration letter as per Registration Regulation of Drug Act 1978.
(Ayurvedic, Unani and Homoeopathic Products) (Available at the department and to be filled by Nepalese
importer) [see Annexure-2 on next page for the specimen copy of
1. Registration of Manufacturer: same]
Application for registration will be accepted only from the 3. Attested copy of Valid Certificate of Pharmaceutical
manufacturers that are WHO-GMP certified. Products (CPP) as recommended by WHO (Attested by Drug
The following documents should be submitted through the Regulatory Authority or Notary Public).
4. Detail formulation including excipients, color, flavor etc.
authorized Nepalese importer for the company
5. Product specification
(manufacturer) registration.
6. Methods of analysis
1. An application by the company for the company registration
7. Samples of the product (2-unit pack), labels and carton.
2. Letter of authority to the importer issued by the responsible
8. Analytical report from own and reputed lab.
person of the company
The above documents are to be indexed and submitted in an
3. Site Master File (as per PICS guidelines or guidelines index file. The Product Registration Document for each
provided by Department of Drug Administration, Nepal) product should be submitted in separate individual file.
Uses than 70,000 families directly and indirectly. The growth in area,
production and productivity achieved in the recent years are
attractive at 29%, 100% and 59% respectively. There is more land
with suitable agro-climatic conditions available for further area
expansion. Since area is already expanding and it is likely to
appreciate further because of the present attractive price
situation and additional development support expected from the
Nepal government, production will reach 10,000 MT by 2012-13
registering 50% increase in the next five years.
The national average price of large cardamom was at the peak
Medicinal: The seeds are acrid, bitter, aromatic, thermogenic, at NRs 300per kg in 2000. Price gradually declined and touched the
deodorant, appetizer, carminative, digestive, stomachic, bottom level of NRs 144.01 per kg in 2005. This price nose dive
constipative, depurative, cardiac and liver tonic, expectorant, upset the farmers but they went on increasing area and
diuretic, febrifuge. Useful in anorexia, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, productivity of the crop as they had no other avenues to increase
hyperacidity, vomiting, diarrhoea, dysentery, skin diseases, their cash income. The increase in price is not due to hike demand
pruritus, wounds, ulcers, headache, toothache, neuralgia, cardiac alone but due to insufficient availability of large cardamom in the
debility, liver congestion, spleen enlargement, cough, bronchitis, international market. Production declined in Bhutan after the
fever, urinary problems and gonorrhea. right to cultivate crops in forest lands was taken away from farmers
Specifically they are useful in diseases of mouth, vomiting, in 1992. Disease incidence is also rampant in Bhutan. Bhutanese
flatulence, anorexia, piles, fever, cough, respiratory problems, farmers will only be prepared to revive large cardamom
weakness and headache. plantations if prices are rolled back to 2000 levels.
Eladi churna and Eladi gutika are two important formulations
containing Amomum subulatum Propagation
In Manipur, the seed is used in the treatment of cough, Large cardamom is propagated through seeds and suckers.
vomiting, enlarged spleen and diseases of rectum. Seedlings are preferable as the two devastating virus diseases
Culinary: The pods of A. subulatum are used primarily in the namely, Chirkey and Furkey are not transmitted through seeds.
cuisines of India. Black cardamom pods can be used in soup Suckers can be used for planting if collected from disease free
powders, casseroles, and marinades for smoky flavor, much in the mother plants and multiplied in a healthy nursery. While seedlings
way bacon is used. take 5-6 years to come to full bearing, suckers produce normal
In India and Pakistan, black cardamom seeds are often an yield in 3-4 years. Hence most of the farmers in Nepal prefer to use
important component of the Indo-Pak spice mixture garam suckers.
masala. Black cardamom is also commonly used in savory dal and There are a number of varieties of large cardamom cultivated
rice dishes .This is used in making traditional tea’ in Nepal and they are Ramsey, Golsey, Chibesey, Dambersey,
The pods are also often used in Vietnam, where they are called Sawney and Kantidaar. Among these, Ramsey, Golsey and
thao qua and used as an ingredient in the broth for the noodle Chibesey are wide spread in cultivation. For nursery rising, seeds
soup called pho. from fully ripe capsules are collected from high yielding and well
maintained plantations free from viral diseases. After de-husking,
Cultivation seeds are washed thoroughly in water to remove the mucilage
Amomum subulatum is an important economic crop in the completely. Then water is completely drained and seeds are mixed
Eastern Himalayas and especially in the District of Darjeeling and with wood ash, dried in shade and sown in primary nursery. When
state of Sikkim where it is cultivated in large areas. Large attain 3 to 4 leaf stage they are transferred to the secondary
cardamom is one of the old spices indigenous to the Eastern nursery. After growing for about 10 to 12 months, they are ready
Himalayas. The State of Sikkim (India) located between Nepal and for planting in the main field.
Bhutan is its original home. Large cardamom was introduced into
Ilam (Nepal) in 1865. However, its commercial cultivation started Harvesting
in Ilam much later in 1953. The establishment of Cardamom The right time for harvesting is when the top most capsules are
Development Centre at Fikkal in this district in 1975 paved the way fully mature and seeds turn black. At this stage spikes are
for the development of this crop. Today large cardamom is grown harvested by cutting with the help of a special knife. Harvested
only in three countries namely, India, Nepal and Bhutan. spikes are kept heaped overnight to allow other capsules to ripe
Large cardamom is an important cash crop of the Eastern and they are separated on the next day. The seed capsules are
Region of Nepal. With an annual production of 6647 MT from an harvested in autumn and dried and these aromatic dried capsules
area of 11498 hectares, the crop supports the livelihood of more are sold in markets.
caught the world's attention due to three female Chinese athletes Use in traditional medicine
who broke 5 world records for 1,500, 3,000 and 10,000 meters in Tibetan herders observed that the Yaks who eat Cordyceps had
1993 at the National Games in Beijing, China. After the games more energy and were more highly sexed. This encouraged the
coach Ma Junren revealed that the runners were taking Cordyceps herders to try Cordyceps which has since led to it use by people
sinensis. over the ages and increasingly all over the world. Now it is highly
prized by practitioners of Tibetan, Chinese and traditional herbal
Part used and form Folk medicines, in which it is used as an aphrodisiac and as a
Natural, wild Cordyceps includes the complete fungus treatment for a variety of ailments from fatigue to cancer. It is
(mushroom) which is attached to the forehead of the carcass of a regarded as having an excellent balance of yin and yang as it is
caterpillar. Occasionally, insects form the growth substrate instead apparently both animal and vegetable and considered potent at
of the more common caterpillar. Modern fermentation type of strengthening lung and kidneys, increasing energy and vitality,
stopping hemorrhage, decreasing phlegm. Traditionally it has
growth includes just the fungus, and does not include the
been used for backache, to increase sperm production and blood
caterpillar. The "caterpillar" has actually been totally transformed
production. Used specifically for excess tiredness, chronic cough
into fungal mycelial mass by the time the herb is collected. There is
and asthma, impotence, debility, anemia, to build the bone
no animal matter left and therefore the herb is vegetarian. marrow and taken for shortness of breath, asthma, impotency,
emission, soreness of loins and knees, dizziness and tinnitus. In
Distribution Chinese medicine C. sinensis is considered sweet and warm,
In Nepal caterpillar fungus is found on the subalpine pastures entering the Lung and Kidney channels.
in Dolpo in Karnali Zone and Darchula in Mahakali zone. It is also It is also known to relieve pain and be effective in the
common in Bhutan and India's Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand treatment of arthritis, spasms and cramps. It is believed that the
Himalayas. Dolpa - a remote district in western Nepal with high herb is known to help reduce cholesterol levels in the body and
steep valleys and dry climate is one of the foremost areas for assists in digestion and to improve appetite. It also provides
collecting Cordyceps. Almost 50% of the annual supply comes vitality and increases physical stamina of the body. Yarsa gumba is
from Dolpa alone. Other important districts are Darchula, used by the Chinese to cure chronic hepatitis B and immune
Gajhang, Mugu, Jumla, and Rasuwa.It is distributed in the sub- function such as dysfunctioning of liver.
alpine and alpine region (between 3000 and 5000 m altitude) Yarsagumba is also known as the “Himalayan Viagra” or
throughout the Himalayan regions of Nepal and neighbouring “Himalayan Gold” for its high medicinal and commercial value.
countries.
Traditional uses
Harvesting season • Cordyceps tonifies Qi.
The harvesting period of Cordyceps sinensis is between the • Cordyceps replenishes Yin and Yang Jing.
months of May and July. • Cordyceps is used to strengthen the body and mind.
• Cordyceps is believed in the Orient to have rejuvenation
Varieties and grading functions.
• Based on the belief that Cordyceps replenishes Yin and Yang
Cordyceps is one of the most rare and expensive herbs in
Jing, Cordyceps is believed in the Orient to h ave a nt i - a g i n g
Chinese tonic herbalism . It can also be grown in a semi-wild
functions.
manner, but this Cordyceps will be of lower quality (it is still very
• Cordyceps is also a Lung tonic.
good). Cordyceps grows in Tibet, Nepal & India Himalayas and in • Cordyceps is used for the purposes of strengthening the primal
Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces of China. Tibetan Cordyceps is Kidney functions, which include sexual f u n c t i o n s , b r a i n
considered to be the best. It is highly sought after and is more power, structural integrity and healing ability, according to
expensive than that from other sources. Wild Cordyceps from traditional Chinese health theory.
Tibet is the best Cordyceps in the world. • Cordyceps can have a benefit in the vascular system.
It is graded according to size, the larger the better. There are • Cordyceps improves the function of the micro-circulation and
occasional species of caterpillar which are larger but not of high improves efficiency at the capillary level.
quality. Fortunately, all Cordyceps is good---it's just that some is • Cordyceps is restorative after excessive exertion.
better than others. High grade Cordyceps is light brown in color • Cordyceps may improve physical endurance.
and neat. The caterpillar should have eight pairs of legs, the four • Cordyceps helps restore cellular energy levels after adapting to
middle ones being predominant. The mushroom, or stroma, stress.
should be slightly longer than the larva's body and will be slightly • Cordyceps helps boost functions associated with the adrenal
twisted. In good quality Cordyceps, most of this stroma will be cortex that aid in the adaptation to stress.
intact. Cordyceps possesses a rich and not unpleasant flavor. • Cordyceps increases respiratory capacity and efficiency.
STAKEHOLDERS’ DIRECTORY
Abdul Ajij Siddhike ..............................................................................D Ansari Traders ..................................................................................D E
Ward No 13, Sadarline, Bhansar Road, Nepalgunj, Ward No.9, Nepalgunj,
Banke..................................................................00977-81-521578 Banke..................................................................00977-81-522346
Abdul Ajij Siddhike ..............................................................................D Arna Bahadur Neupane ......................................................................D
Ward No 13, Sadarline, Bhansar Road, Nepalgunj, Dunai VDC,
Banke..................................................................00977-81-521578 Dolpa ..................................................................00977-87-550127
Abdul Sabir .........................................................................................D Arun Ranjit..........................................................................................D
Ward No. 5, Nepalgunj, Uttarganaga VDC, Ward No 8,
Banke..................................................................00977-81-522339 Shurket ..............................................................00977-83-520940
Abhiyan International Traders (Advt. in Last Colour Pages) ...................D E I Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture & Bioresources .................O
Kalanki Height, Kalanki, PO Box 11035,
Kathmandu.........................................................00977-1-4282427
Kathmandu.........................................................00977-1-4497547
E-mail.........................................................krrish3145@gmail.com
Fax ......................................................................00977-1-4476586
Adhikari Store .....................................................................................D
E-mail .................................................................ansab@ansab.org
Ward No 6, Phikkal VDC,
Website..................................................................www.ansab.org
Ilam ....................................................................00977-27-540175
Aduwa Kharid Bikri Kendra .................................................................D Aziz Kirana Store ..............................................................................D E
Ward No 5, Bhanjyang, Ward No. 13, Shurket Road, Nepalgunj,
Ilam ....................................................................00977-27-520728 Banke..................................................................00977-81-522603
Agro System Pvt. Ltd. .........................................................................M Babu Shahi..........................................................................................D
Kupondole, Ward No 4, Tribhuvan Chowk, Nepalgunj,
Kathmandu.........................................................00977-1-5537483 Banke..................................................................00977-81-520345
Fax ......................................................................00977-1-5552955 Badri Chaudhari Rameshwor Chaudhari.............................................D
E-mail..................................................chanddharm@hotmail.com Mechinagar Municipality, Dhulabari,
Alternative Herbal Products Pvt. Ltd..................................................M Jhapa ..................................................................00977-23-560138
PO Box 4555, Bahubali Herbal Essence & Extracts Pvt. Ltd. ..............................E M
Kathmandu.........................................................00977-1-6202842 Ganapur VDC-6, (Advt. on page 373 - 383)
E-mail .................................................................gpg@info.com.np Banke..................................................................00977-81-540234
Ambadutt Traders & Suppliers.........................................................D E E-mail .................................................jainbahubali@wlink.com.np
Ward No. 6, Bhagwati Tol, Kanchanpur, Bal Krishna Bohara..............................................................................D
Mahendra Nagar ................................................00977-99-524000 Dunai VDC,
Ambika Prasad & Sons ....................................................................D E Dolpa ..................................................................00977-87-550130
Butwal Municipality, Hatbazar Tole, Bal Krishna Khadka .............................................................................D
Rupandehi .........................................................00977-71-540843 Bhairab Road, Hetauda,
Amrit Multi Foods Production Pvt. Ltd.............................................M Makwanpur .......................................................00977-57-525458
Ganapur-6, Bal Mani Baral.....................................................................................D
Banke..................................................................00977-81-524369
Phidim VDC, Ward No 7,
Ananda Products..............................................................................D E
Panchthar ...........................................................00977-24-460383
Dharan,
Balaji Store.......................................................................................D E
Nepal ..................................................................00977-25-525017
Barbote VDC, Ward No 3, Biblyante,
Anita's Enterprises ..............................................................................D
PO Box 673, Ilam ....................................................................00977-27-520526
Kathmandu.........................................................00977-1-4264067 Basu Ansari .........................................................................................D
Fax ......................................................................00977-1-4226510 Ward No 5, Salyanibag, Nepalgunj,
E-mail ........................................................jrauniyar@hotmail.com Banke..................................................................00977-81-520543
Ansari Furniture ...............................................................................D E Bhagwati Kirana Store ........................................................................D
Gulariya VDC, Ward No 8, Ward No. 3, Baghbazar,
Bardiya ...............................................................00977-84-420483 Dandeldhura.......................................................00977-96-420223
Ansari Kirana Merchant ...................................................................D E Bhakta Bahadur Thapa .......................................................................D
DSP Road, Nepalgunj, Dunai VDC,
Banke..................................................................00977-81-521461 Dolpa ..................................................................00977-87-550114
Ansari Kirana Store .............................................................................D Bharat Neupane..................................................................................D
Ward No 13, Shurket Road, Nepalgunj, Halwar VDC, Ward No 2, Kalahkola,
Banke..................................................................00977-81-523058 Dang ...................................................................00977-82-520995